Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
  • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
  • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
  • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
  • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
  • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
  • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/0083—Converters characterised by their input or output configuration
  • H02M1/0085—Partially controlled bridges

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an improved isolated power transfer device.
• a high input dynamic preferably greater than two (ratio between maximum input voltage and minimum input voltage);
• a regulated output voltage at a constant value in particular, not very susceptible to variations in the input voltage source, which may be a battery whose voltage is very variable in the event of a large current draw of the load; a very small footprint;
• Such a device is particularly sought for the starting systems of auxiliary power units (APU) in aircraft.
• Power transfer devices of the state of the art do not offer all these qualities perfectly.
• a magnetic coupler type power transfer device with a full-wave rectifier bridge on the secondary side which forms a regulating circuit of the output voltage.
• the device To obtain a converter from a DC source, the device must in practice be associated with two pairs of series switches forming an H-bridge.
• the AC voltage source created by the H-bridge is directly connected to the terminals. the primary winding of the magnetic coupler.
• the magnetic coupler allows the use of the leakage inductance of the transformer as all or part of the storage inductance.
• the performance of the power transfer device is improved. More precisely, and as illustrated in the figure 1 a, we note at one terminal of the load and B the other terminal of the load, C 3 , the output filter capacitor connected between A and B, Np and Ns the number of turns of the primary and secondary windings of the transformer , L f the leakage inductance of the transformer, brought in series with the secondary winding.
• the rectifier bridge comprises two diodes 1 and 2, each diode connected between a respective end of the series secondary winding plus leakage inductance, and the terminal A of the load. It further comprises two switches 3 and 4, each connected between a respective end of the secondary winding and the terminal B of the load. Elements 1 and 3, respectively 2 and 4, are in series between A and B.
• These elements 1 to 4 form a full-wave rectifier bridge.
• the two switches 3 and 4 are simultaneously controlled in the on state during a phase of predetermined duration, which stores energy in the leakage inductance Lf. More precisely, during this phase, the storage inductor is connected to the primary voltage source and can therefore store energy.
• the duration of this phase may be longer or shorter depending on the application, that is to say according to the current requirements in the output load.
• the two diodes are naturally blocked during the energy storage phase, so as to prevent any transfer of energy to the load.
• Such a magnetic coupler offers a good efficiency of the order of 95%, but it is limited in dynamic input voltage. It is indeed necessary that the ratio of the maximum amplitude on the minimum amplitude of the input voltage is less than or equal to two, for this device to operate optimally, that is to say to maintain a high yield.
• the rms currents increase, and with them, the spectral content of the absorbed current. This results in additional losses in the semiconductors and inductive elements and implies the need to perform severe filtering of the input current, which is also a source of energy losses.
• It comprises an elevation inductance 5 in series with the DC voltage source V E , and following the inductance, on the one hand a diode 6 connected between the inductor and a terminal A of the load, of on the other hand a controlled switch 7 connected in series between the inductor and the other terminal B of the load.
• the controlled switch and the diode are thus connected in series between the terminal B and the terminal A of the load, and the midpoint of this series assembly is connected to the inductor.
• An output filtering capacitor Cs is provided in parallel between the terminals B and A.
• a converter of this type does not have the different qualities sought in the invention.
• the voltage rise ratio (output voltage divided by the minimum input voltage) that can be envisaged is limited, so that the components of the converter do not suffer too much stress that would limit their life.
• this elevation ratio is limited between 5 and 10, while the aim is to obtain a ratio between the output voltage and the input voltage of between 20 and 30.
• Figure 1c shows an isolated switching converter based on the same principle as the boost topology. It differs from the non-isolated converter illustrated in Figure 1b, by a transformer, two switches 7a and 7b in the primary, and two diodes 6a and 6b in the secondary.
• the transformer comprises two primary windings Np1 and Np2 and two secondary windings Ns1 and Ns2.
• the primary windings are wound in opposition and have the same number of turns.
• the secondary windings are wound in opposition and have the same number of turns.
• the switch 7a is in series with the first primary winding and the switch 7b is in series with the second primary winding.
• the diode 6a is in series with the first secondary winding and the diode 6b is in series with the second secondary winding.
• the operating principle is to switch in the closed state the switches 7a and 7b to store the energy in the inductance L B as in a boost, then switch the switch 7b open open state, to apply a positive voltage on the first primary winding Np1. This voltage is the output voltage multiplied by the transformation ratio Np1 / Ns1.
• the current in L B passes through the primary winding Np1 of the transformer and the switch 7a.
• the current in the storage inductance L 8 is directly transferred to the winding Ns1 and through the diode 6a while the switch 7b is open.
• a converter of this type makes it possible, thanks to the transformer, to produce a high voltage ratio, but it is limited in input voltage dynamics (ratio between the minimum input voltage and the maximum input voltage) by the elements. intrinsic parasites to the structure.
• the transformer for isolating the output voltage has a leakage inductance that changes the shape of the currents and generates stress on the switches and diodes. The leakage inductance causes voltage stress at the opening of the switches which can be compensated by the addition of switching assistance elements but which themselves are loss-generating.
• the invention relates to an improved isolated power transfer device, which does not have these various disadvantages, and has all the qualities listed above.
• An idea underlying the invention is to combine the device described in the aforementioned French patent application, which provides secondary regulation, with a switching converter by means of which a primary regulation is obtained, independently of the regulation at the secondary level. .
• the principle of placing in series a boost topology converter (fig.ib) and a magnetic coupler (fig.ia) is illustrated in FIG. 1d, with two pairs of switches in series forming a bridge in H between the two. All the power must pass through the primary boost converter and the bridge rectifier bi-alternation secondary. But the crossing of the various components causes energy losses, especially in the diode 6 of the boost converter.
• the idea behind the invention is to modify the structure of the converter and the coupler, in particular to obtain a better efficiency of the converter, soft switching, zero voltage across their terminals, so stress-free for the components, and the opening of the primary switches, a zero current in the leakage inductance.
• it goes beyond a simple serialization of a switching converter and a magnetic regulator coupler. Hybridization is carried out at the same time of the power and the law of control, which makes it possible to obtain better performances, with a lesser material volume, thus smaller components, in particular less surface silicon, a device less heavy and less dissipated heat.
• the switching converter makes it possible to obtain a fixed optimum voltage independent of the variations of the input voltage, and the regulation of the coupler makes it possible to obtain at the secondary level the desired output voltage as a function of the output load.
• the invention provides a particular topology of an isolated transfer device, with the primary, a switching voltage booster circuit providing a voltage greater than the nominal voltage provided by the input voltage source and two pairs of controlled switches controlling the application of the voltage supplied by the switching voltage booster circuit on the primary and secondary windings, a two-phase rectifier as described in connection with Figure 1a, which uses the transformer leakage inductance and a possible external inductance for storing energy.
• the invention relates to a power transfer device isolated on an output load connected between a first output terminal and a second output terminal, comprising a DC voltage source and a magnetic coupler comprising a transformer with a primary winding between two primary terminals, a secondary winding in series with a coupling inductor between two secondary terminals, the said coupling inductor comprising at least the leakage inductance of the transformer; a rectifier bridge comprising two diodes each diode connected between a respective secondary terminal and the first output terminal, and two controlled switches, each controlled switch being connected between a respective secondary terminal and the second output terminal, and a secondary controller of said controlled switches able to simultaneously put them in the closed state for a period of energy storage, characterized in that it further comprises a voltage-boosting circuit on the primary side comprising: an input inductance in series with the source DC voltage;
• a first and a second pair of switches controlled in series each pair connected in parallel on the active buffer stage and the point of connection between the two switches of each pair being connected to a respective primary terminal
• a primary controller switches of said pairs adapted to simultaneously put them in the closed state for a period of energy storage, for short-circuiting the inductance on the input voltage source, and in that the primary and secondary controller provide a independent regulation, the primary controller controlling the primary energy storage time to regulate the voltage across the capacitor of the active buffer stage to a peak value of the input voltage, and the secondary controller controlling the storage duration secondary energy to regulate the output voltage.
• the coupling inductor comprises the leakage inductance of the transformer and an additional inductance which may be on the primary and / or secondary winding.
• - Figure 1a is an electrical diagram of a magnetic coupler according to the state of the art
• - Figure 1b is an electrical diagram of a switching converter not isolated from the state of the art
• FIG. 1c is an electrical diagram of a switching converter isolated from the state of the art
• FIG. 1.d is an illustration of the series connection of the converter of FIG. 1 b and the coupler of FIG. 1.a;
• FIG. 2 illustrates an isolated power transfer device according to the invention
• FIG. 2a is a chronogram of the currents flowing in the device of FIG. 2;
• FIG. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating the different operating phases of the device of FIG. 1, with the shape of the different corresponding signals;
• FIGS. 4 to 17 illustrate each of the topological phases of the device illustrated in FIG. 2;
• FIGS. 18 and 19 show respectively the waveform of the current and the spectral content of the current in the invention and in a device according to the French patent application FR 2 786 339; and
• FIG. 20 and 21 respectively illustrate an example of primary controller and corresponding secondary controller.
• FIG. 2 shows a circuit diagram of a power transfer device isolated on an output load Z according to the invention.
• the load Z is connected between a first output terminal A and a second output terminal B.
• the device comprises a DC voltage source VE and a magnetic coupler CM which comprises:
• a transformer comprising, between two primary terminals E p i, E p2 , a primary winding Np, and between two secondary terminals E s1 , E S2 a secondary winding Ns in series with a coupling inductance L 0 , said coupler inductor comprising at least the leakage inductance L f of said transformer;
• a rectifying bridge comprising two diodes D s i, D S2 , each diode connected between a respective secondary terminal E s - ⁇ , E s2 and the first output terminal A and two controlled switches M s i, M S2 , each switch being connected between a respective secondary terminal E s - ⁇ , E S2 ⁇ t the second output terminal B.
• the insulated power transfer device further comprises a voltage boosting circuit comprising:
• This stage comprises in series, a controlled switch M ⁇ and a capacitor C ⁇ .
• the switch is connected to the inductor L 6 . It is associated with a clipping diode D ⁇ in parallel.
• the capacitor is connected to the DC input voltage source VE; and an H bridge comprising a first and a second pair of controlled switches connected in parallel on the active buffer stage, the midpoint of connection between the controlled switches of each pair being connected to a respective primary terminal E p i, E P 2.
• the first pair comprises a first switch M PH i and a second switch M PB i in series, the midpoint of connection between the two switches being connected to a primary terminal, in the example E p i.
• the second pair comprises a third switch IvW and a fourth switch M PB2 , the midpoint of connection between the two switches being connected to the other primary terminal, in the example E p2 .
• the switches controlled at the primary and secondary are advantageously semiconductor type switches. They can for example be switches of the bipolar type, MOSFET, IGBT, GTO ... without this list being limiting. It has been seen that the coupling inductance L c is formed by the leakage inductance L f of the transformer. It may furthermore comprise an additional inductor, noted L sc in the figure 2, which may be in practice an additional inductor placed on the primary and / or secondary winding (to simplify the representation the inductance is shown only on the secondary side in Figure 2).
• FIG. 2 also shows the primary resonance capacitances C rp and secondary capacitances C rs .
• Primary side the resonant capacitor C rp in parallel to the primary terminals E p i and E P2 corresponds to the equivalent parasitic capacity switches controlled primary PH M i, M PB i, M PH2, B 2.
• a function of the active buffer stage is to set the voltage applied to the H-bridge (either to the pairs of switches in series) at the primary of the transformer to a chosen value greater than the maximum of the input voltage supplied by source.
• the active buffer stage thus makes it possible to widen the range of the input voltage by charging the capacitor C ⁇ of the buffer stage to a voltage level higher than the peak voltage of the input voltage source.
• the switch M ⁇ of the active buffer stage is closed and the source charges the capacitor C ⁇ .
• the clipping diode may be the parasite source-drain diode intrinsic to the Mosfet.
• the assembly formed by the two pairs of controlled switches arranged between the active buffer stage and the primary winding allows the separate regulation of the primary and secondary voltage, and the provision at the terminals of the primary winding of a voltage having a good waveform.
• a device as shown in FIG. 2 makes it possible to output a high voltage isolated from the regulated voltage available at the terminals of the active buffer stage.
• the optimum voltage value at the primary is regulated by the time during which the four controlled switches of the primary are simultaneously maintained in the closed state, that is to say the time during which the input inductance is short-circuited with the input voltage source and stores energy.
• the control of the pairs of controlled switches is determined so that the voltage at the terminals of the capacitor C ⁇ of the active buffer stage has a value substantially equal to the output voltage Vs available on the load, at the transformation ratio near Np / Ns.
• This regulation can be performed in voltage mode, or in current mode, by means of a control circuit.
• primary and secondary control is mainly based on the control time in the closed state of the controlled switches of the primary and on the control time in the closed state of the controlled switches of the secondary.
• N p and N 3 are used in the text and drawings both to designate the primary or secondary winding, and their number of turns which conditions the transformation ratio. And we use the following other notations:
• V CT Voltage across the capacitor C ⁇ of the active buffer stage
• _ p Voltage between the secondary terminals E s i and E S 2, (thus between the set secondary series inductance and coupler inductance);
• I L p Input current in the primary winding N p ;
• V Ls Voltage across the secondary winding N 3 ;
• l Ls Output current of the secondary winding N 3 and the coupling inductance L 0 ;
• V Lc Voltage across the coupler inductor L c ;
• V sec Secondary voltage, between terminals E s i and E S 2;
• V 3 Output voltage at output terminals A and B of the load.
• the output current I LS is equal to the ratio of the number of turns N p of the primary winding to the number of turns N 3 of the secondary winding, times the input current I LP .
• This current I LS is the current flowing in the coupling inductor L c . It has a trapezoidal shape, 3 stages, including a zero bearing, so that the average value of the current is zero. Its spectral content is much better than in state-of-the-art devices. In particular, it is much better than that obtained in the coupler inductor of the magnetic coupler alone as described in the above-mentioned application FR, as illustrated in FIGS. 18 and 19.
• This control is carried out separately at the primary and the secondary, by means of a corresponding primary controller and a secondary controller as schematically illustrated in FIG. 2.
• the primary control is based on the regulation of the voltage across the terminals of Cj .
• the secondary control is based on the regulation of the voltage V 5 .
• the voltage V c ⁇ across the capacitor C ⁇ of the active buffer stage is regulated to a value close to V s * Np / Ns, under steady state conditions, by controlling the storage phase of energy in the input inductor.
• This storage phase is obtained by short-circuiting the input inductor on the input source VE, simultaneously putting all the controlled switches in the closed state.
• This regulation can be obtained in voltage mode or in current mode.
• the voltage V ⁇ is measured and compared with a reference Refi.
• the difference enters a corrector that generates a set voltage.
• the setpoint In the case of regulation in voltage mode, the setpoint will be compared to a ramp which causes the opening of switches M PH i and M PB i or M PH 2 and M PB 2 according to the phase. In the case of regulation in current mode, the setpoint will be compared with a measurement of current in the inductance L B which causes the opening of the switches M PH i and M PB i or M PH2 and M PB 2 according to the phase .
• the switch M ⁇ is controlled at closing by detecting a voltage zero at its terminals (voltage V T -V F ) or after a fixed fixed waiting time.
• the switch M ⁇ is controlled at the opening by a rising edge of a cutting clock.
• This chopping clock corresponds to a period clock equal to the period T of operation of the converter divided by 2.
• the switches M PH i and M PB i and M PH2 and M PB2 are controlled in the closed state by the voltage zero detection at F, corresponding to the inductance terminal L 5 which is connected to the switch M ⁇ or after a maximum delay after the opening of M ⁇ .
• the primary regulation determines the cyclic ratio ⁇ p in stabilized mode (equal to (V ⁇ -V E ) / V ⁇ ) which corresponds to the time ⁇ p * T / 2 of simultaneous conduction of the controlled switches of the pairs of the primary MPTHI, MPTBI Mp TH 2 , MPTB2, while the switch M ⁇ is in the open state, which corresponds to a storage phase of energy in the input inductance L B , where T is the switching period.
• the regulation of the voltage on the buffer capacity is obtained by controlling the duration ⁇ p * T / 2 during which the controlled switches of the pairs are simultaneously in the closed state.
• a switching command is applied to the open state (or OFF) on the switches of one of the pairs, for example on M PH i and M PB2. end of the energy storage phase.
• This primary control independent of the secondary regulation, is advantageously controlled so that the voltage V T charged by the capacitor C ⁇ of the active buffer stage is greater than the peak value of the input voltage, ie V ⁇ > V E -MA ⁇ , and preferably at a value equal to or close to V s * Np / Ns.
• the voltage drop VD of the secondary rectifier diodes must be taken into account in order to have an optimally designed converter. This consideration causes an adjustment of the voltage V ⁇ .
• the regulation of the output voltage V 8 is ensured by controlling the duration ⁇ s * T / 2 simultaneous conduction of the controlled switches of the secondary M s i and M S2 during which the value of the current in L 5 is no nothing. This is advantageously obtained as a function of the measurement of the current taken by the output load by a corresponding control cell.
• This regulation at the secondary is provided by a regulation controller as illustrated schematically in FIG. 21, on the basis of the observation of the currents I Ms i, I MS2 in the secondary switches, of the voltages V Es i, V ES2 at the terminals E s i and E s2 , and the output voltage V 5 .
• the output voltage V 3 is measured and compared to a reference Ref2.
• the difference enters a corrector that generates a set voltage.
• the setpoint will be compared to a ramp (sawtooth shape) which causes the opening of the switches M s i and M S2 according to the phase.
• the setpoint will be compared with a current measurement I MS2 for the opening command of Ms-i, and Ms I for the opening command of M S 2-
• the switch M s i is controlled at the closing by the detection of zero voltage in E s i and the switch M S2 is controlled at closing by the detection of zero voltage in E S 2-
• the precise study of the topology implies the addition of a maximum value control of duty cycle and peak current to avoid going into modes of reduction of the power output when the duty cycle is too high.
• the curve representing the output power as a function of the duty cycle a passes through a maximum for a value of aces less than 1 (inverted parabola-shaped curve) so it is necessary to guarantee the stability of the converter that the duty cycle is limited to the value of as to obtain the maximum power.
• the control schemes proposed as examples show that the converter can be slaved without problems but are not exhaustive.
• the invention makes it possible to dispense with the diode of the BOOST topology which generates losses. It provides all switches with zero voltage switching, in particular by opening the switching transistor M ⁇ of the active buffer stage. Such commutations soft to overcome the harmful influences of parasitic elements whose capabilities that degrade the performance of BOOST isolated from Figure 1 c.
• the inductances (L B and Lc / L sc ) are always taken between two points which form a quasi-zero impedance circuit at high frequency (output and buffer capacities) which prevents the generation of transient overvoltages.
• the invention by reducing the value of the effective currents in the semiconductors makes it possible to optimize the surface requirements of this component.
• the switches controlled in the closed state or "ON” are represented by a short circuit and those in the open or OFF state, by an open circuit.
• the closed state of the switches is obtained by an activation command in the high state
• the closed state of these switches is obtained by a command in the low state.
• the activation command is a voltage signal applied to their gate
• the closed state or "ON” means that these switches are in the on state
• the state open or “OFF” means they are in the off state.
• This figure 3 clearly shows that all the commutations take place at zero voltage (controlled switches) or current (diodes).
• FIG. 3 presents the 14 topological phases of a device according to the invention. These phases 1 to 14 are described successively below, in relation to the corresponding Figures 4 to 17.
• Phase 1 Command versus the previous phase (phase 14): Closure of
• the voltage across the primary winding V LP which is previously zero, drops to a value -VT at which the diode D ⁇ of the active buffer stage begins to conduct.
• the voltage V LP is then fixed and equal to -VT, and causes the rise of the current in the coupler inductor L c .
• the closure of M ⁇ makes it possible to ensure bidirectionality of the current, so that the capacitance CT can be charged and discharged
• the voltage V ⁇ can thus remain fixed.
• the voltage V LP at the primary of the transformer is always equal to Vj. This causes the current in the coupler inductor L c to drop.
• the opening command applied to the controlled switch M S2 terminates the energy storage phase in the coupling inductor L c . It therefore makes it possible to control the quantity of energy available at the secondary, by controlling the current in the coupling inductor.
• the diode D S 2 starts driving.
• the current is distributed to the load.
• V applied between the secondary terminals E s i and E s2 reaches the value -VS-VD, where VD is the voltage drop in the diode (and Vs the output voltage distributed to the load).
• This phase est is a resonance phase between the primary resonance capacitance C rp and the coupling inductance L c .
• the switch M ⁇ When the switch M ⁇ is opened, the voltage V ⁇ is no longer applied directly to C rp . The voltage across C rp is no longer fixed and can vary.
• the equivalent circuit is then the inductance L B in parallel with C rp .
• the current present in inductance L B makes it possible to start a conventional resonance phase when a capacitor and an inductor are associated. For this resonance phase to occur, a non-zero and negative current value in M 1 is initially required.
• LBMo y in Pout / V ⁇ * (1- ⁇ p). So lpMiddle ⁇ H * (1 - ⁇ p).
• This phase is the beginning of the energy storage phase in the primary input inductor, short-circuited on the input voltage source.
• the current IL B in the inductance decreases with a slope in -V E / L B.
• the voltage V LP across the primary winding is zero.
• the change of phase, from the phase ® to the phase ® must occur at the detection at zero voltage of the voltage V LP and / or after a suitable time to ensure a low voltage across the terminals of the light switch
• the opening command applied to the controlled switch M s i terminates the energy storage phase in the coupling inductor L c . It therefore makes it possible to control the quantity of energy available at the secondary, by controlling the current in the coupling inductor.
• the diode D s i begins to drive. The current is distributed to the load.
• V sec applied between the secondary terminals E s i and E S2 reaches + VS + VD, where VD is the voltage drop in the diode (and Vs the output voltage distributed to the load).
• This phase 12 is a resonance phase between the primary resonance capacitance C rp and the coupling inductance L c as described in phase (5).
• V LP at the terminals of the primary winding is switched to zero, it is controlled to close the open controlled switches of the primary, ie M PH 2, M PB i (phase 13).
• a power transfer device which has just been described makes it possible to reduce losses of the order of 15 to 30% with respect to the structures of the state of the art, thanks to the regulation at the secondary level.
• using the leakage inductance of the transformer as an energy storage element while maintaining a large input voltage dynamics of the order of 2 to 5 and a conversion ratio between output voltage and high input voltage on the order of 20 to 30 thanks to the primary voltage booster stage. This is achieved without stressing the components, in particular by zero-voltage switching of the controlled switches, and zero current in the diodes.

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