EP2006675A9 - Ultraschallsonde, ultraschall-fehlernachweisverfahren und ultraschall-fehlernachweisvorrichtung - Google Patents

Ultraschallsonde, ultraschall-fehlernachweisverfahren und ultraschall-fehlernachweisvorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2006675A9
EP2006675A9 EP06731169A EP06731169A EP2006675A9 EP 2006675 A9 EP2006675 A9 EP 2006675A9 EP 06731169 A EP06731169 A EP 06731169A EP 06731169 A EP06731169 A EP 06731169A EP 2006675 A9 EP2006675 A9 EP 2006675A9
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
waves
refracted
metal pipe
flaw detection
ultrasonic
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Application number
EP06731169A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2006675A2 (de
EP2006675B1 (de
EP2006675A4 (de
Inventor
Masaki Yamano
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd
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Publication of EP2006675A4 publication Critical patent/EP2006675A4/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/043—Analysing solids in the interior, e.g. by shear waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/221—Arrangements for directing or focusing the acoustical waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/225—Supports, positioning or alignment in moving situation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/24—Probes
    • G01N29/2487—Directing probes, e.g. angle probes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/042—Wave modes
    • G01N2291/0421—Longitudinal waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/042—Wave modes
    • G01N2291/0422—Shear waves, transverse waves, horizontally polarised waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/042—Wave modes
    • G01N2291/0428—Mode conversion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/056—Angular incidence, angular propagation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
    • G01N2291/106—Number of transducers one or more transducer arrays
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
    • G01N2291/263—Surfaces
    • G01N2291/2634—Surfaces cylindrical from outside

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an ultrasonic probe, an ultrasonic flaw detection method, and an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus.
  • the present invention relates to an ultrasonic probe, an ultrasonic flaw detection method, and an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus which can detect minute flaws present in the outer surface, the inner surface, the interior and the like of a tubular metal body being inspected and particularly a metal pipe for which the ratio (t/D) of the wall thickness t with respect to the outer diameter D is at least 15%, for example, with certainty and with high precision by angle beam flaw detection.
  • a known nondestructive testing method for detecting flaws which are present in a tubular metal body being inspected for example a metal pipe which is used as an oil country tubular good (oil well tubing and casing), line pipe, or a mechanical part (such as a hollow shaft, mechanical tubing used in an automotive part, or a stainless steel pipe used in high temperature environments) without destroying it is the ultrasonic flaw detection method in which ultrasonic waves are impinged on a metal pipe and the reflected echoes from flaws present in its interior are detected.
  • the angle beam ultrasonic flaw detection method in which ultrasonic waves are impinged on a surface undergoing flaw detection at an angle is used in order to detect flaws in the inner surface, in the outer surface, in the interior, and in welds of a metal pipe.
  • an angle probe is used which has an housing in which a transducer disposed so as to transmit ultrasonic waves at an angle with respect to a surface undergoing flaw detection, a sound absorbing material, and a couplant for contacting the surface undergoing flaw detection (a wedge or the like made of an acrylic or other resin) are included.
  • a couplant for contacting the surface undergoing flaw detection a wedge or the like made of an acrylic or other resin
  • Figure 11 is an explanatory view showing the relationship between incident waves 1 and refracted waves 2 and 3 in an angle beam flaw detection method.
  • the dashed line in Figure 11 and in Figures 12 and 13 to be described later indicates a normal to the flaw detection plane O.
  • the sound velocity of incident ultrasonic waves 1 in medium I (generally a liquid couplant typified by water or a wedge housed inside an angle probe) is Vi
  • the sound velocity of refracted transverse ultrasonic waves 3 in medium II is Vs
  • the sound velocity of refracted longitudinal ultrasonic waves 2 in medium II is VL
  • the angle of incidence of incident waves 1 is ⁇ i
  • the angle of refraction of refracted transverse waves 3 is ⁇ s
  • the angle of refraction of refracted longitudinal waves 2 is ⁇ L
  • Figure 12 is an explanatory view showing the propagation of refracted waves 2 and 3 in the interior 5c of a metal pipe 5.
  • incident waves 1 from a transducer 4 of an ultrasonic probe are incident on the metal pipe 5 with an angle of incidence ⁇ i
  • refracted ultrasonic waves 2 and 3 are propagated in the interior 5c of the metal pipe 5 while repeatedly reflecting off the inner surface 5a and the outer surface 5b of the metal pipe 5.
  • a flaw is present on the inner surface 5a or the outer surface 5b or in the interior 5c of the metal pipe 5
  • a reflected echo of ultrasonic waves reflected from the flaw returns to the transducer 4 and is received as a flaw echo. In this manner, ultrasonic flaw detection of the metal pipe 5 is carried out.
  • refracted longitudinal waves 2 and refracted transverse waves 3 are both propagated in the interior 5c of the metal pipe 5, namely, in medium II, so it is difficult to distinguish whether an echo received by the transducer 4 is due to refracted longitudinal waves 2 or refracted transverse waves 3.
  • the location of a flaw cannot be specified, the wave shape of a received signal becomes complicated, and the S/N ratio of a flaw echo decreases.
  • the angle of incidence ⁇ i is set at an angle which is larger than the critical angle of the refracted longitudinal waves 2 so that refracted transverse waves 2 are not included in the refracted waves propagated in the interior 5c of the metal pipe 5.
  • the sound velocity Vi of refracted longitudinal waves 2 in medium I at room temperature is approximately 1500 meters per second
  • the sound velocity VL of refracted longitudinal waves 2 in the metal pipe 5 which is medium II is 5900 meters per second and the sound velocity Vs of refracted transverse waves 3 is 3200 meters per second
  • the angle of refraction ⁇ s of refracted transverse waves 3 becomes approximately 33°. Therefore, in principle, if the angle of incidence of ⁇ i of incident waves 1 is set to be at least 15°, only refracted transverse waves 3 are present in medium II.
  • Patent Document 1 discloses using a first ultrasonic probe having a first transducer for which the refraction angle ⁇ s of refracted transverse waves inside a metal pipe is increased, such as to greater than 35°, and a second transducer for which the refraction angle ⁇ s is decreased, such as to less than 35°.
  • the first transducer is used by itself when performing flaw detection of a metal pipe 5 having a usual ratio (t/D), and the first transducer and the second transducer are used together when performing flaw detection of a high t/D metal pipe 6.
  • Non-patent Document 1 discloses an invention in which an acoustic lens having a front end surface with a spherical or cylindrical shape is disposed in front of a transducer, or in which the front end surface of the transducer is formed into a spherical or cylindrical shape, and when detecting flaws which are short in the axial direction of a metal pipe and have a small depth, an acoustic lens having a spherical end surface or a probe formed to have a spherical end surface is used, and when detecting flaws which are shallow but continuous in the pipe axial direction, an acoustic lens having a cylindrical end surface or a transducer which is formed to have a cylindrical end surface with the direction of curvature of the cylindrical surface extending in the circumferential direction of the metal pipe is used, whereby ultrasonic waves incident on the metal pipes are focused onto the metal pipe, and as a result, the strength of echoes is increased, whereby detection can be performed with
  • Figure 14 is an explanatory view showing the propagation of refracted longitudinal waves 2 and refracted transverse waves 3 which are propagated in the interior of metal pipes 5 and 6 when refracted transverse waves 3 are focused on the inner surface of the metal pipes 5 and 6 in accordance with the invention disclosed in Non-patent Document 1.
  • Figure 14(a) shows refracted transverse waves 3 when using a high t/D metal pipe 6 for which the ratio (t/D) is at least approximately 15%
  • Figure 14(b) shows refracted longitudinal waves 2 when using this high t/D metal pipe 6
  • Figure 14(c) shows refracted transverse waves 3 when using a metal pipe 5 for which the ratio (t/D) is less than approximately 15% (around 10%)
  • Figure 14(d) shows the case when using this metal pipe 5.
  • a portion of the refracted longitudinal waves 2 which are generated reach the inner surface 6a of the metal pipe 6 in the same manner as the refracted transverse waves 3, and the arriving refracted longitudinal waves 2 are propagated at an angle which is close to perpendicular with respect to the inner surface 6a of the metal pipe 6. As a result, they are reflected multiple times between the inner surface 6a and the outer surface 6b of the metal pipe 6.
  • Figure 15 is a graph showing one example of reflected echoes observed when performing flaw detection of a high t/D metal pipe 6 in this manner.
  • an echo from an inner surface flaw by refracted transverse waves 3 is buried among the multiply reflected echo of the refracted longitudinal waves 2.
  • This multiply reflected echo of the refracted longitudinal waves 2 becomes a noise signal which interferes with detection of flaws, and minute flaws cannot be detected with a high S/N ratio.
  • a flaw echo is completely buried in the flood of multiply reflected echoes of the refracted longitudinal waves 2, and even an experienced inspector cannot distinguish flaw echoes.
  • Patent Document 2 discloses an invention in which flaw echoes in a high t/D metal pipe are found by alternatingly performing flaw detection at two frequencies in which flaw echoes and multiply reflected echoes are detected by flaw detection at a certain frequency and only multiply reflected echoes are detected by flaw detection at a different frequency, and the multiply reflected echoes which are noise are removed by differential processing of the flaw detection waveforms at these frequencies.
  • Patent Document 2 has the problems (a) - (c) listed below.
  • the present invention was made in order to solve these problems (a) - (c) of the prior art, and its object is to provide an ultrasonic probe, an ultrasonic flaw detection method, and an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus which can perform flaw detection of minute flaws with high accuracy and with certainty by angle beam flaw detection, the minute flaws being present in the outer surface, the inner surface, the interior, or the like of a tubular metal body being inspected used as a oil country tubular good, line pipe, or mechanical part (hollow vehicle axle, mechanical tubing used in an automotive part and the like, a stainless steel pipe used in a high temperature environment, and the like) and particularly of a metal pipe having a ratio (t/D) of the wall thickness t to the outer diameter D of at least 15 %.
  • the longitudinal cross-sectional shape of the front end portion 8c of the transducer 8 is a shape in which at least a portion thereof has an asymmetrically curved shape having a radius of curvature which continuously increases from the one end 8b towards the other end 8a.
  • the size and the degree of increase of the radius of curvature, the proportion of the portion having an asymmetrically curved shape, and other parameters can be suitably and separately selected taking into consideration the type of metal pipe 6 and the like so that refracted transverse waves 3 reach the inner surface 6a of the metal pipe 6 and are focused at a specific location in the vicinity of the inner surface 6a.
  • the present invention is an ultrasonic probe for flaw detection of a tubular metal body being inspected by obliquely impinging ultrasonic waves from a transducer housed therein on the tubular body being inspected and generating refracted longitudinal waves and refracted transverse waves which propagate inside the tubular body being inspected, characterized in that the front end portion of the transducer has at least a portion with an asymmetrically curved shape having a radius of curvature which progressively increases from one end towards the other end of the portion.
  • the present invention is an ultrasonic probe which has a transducer disposed therein and an acoustic lens which is disposed in front of the transducer in the direction of generation of ultrasonic waves, and which detects flaws in a tubular metal body being inspected by obliquely impinging ultrasonic waves on the tubular body being inspected and generating refracted longitudinal waves and refracted transverse waves which propagate inside the tubular body being inspected, characterized in that the front end portion of the acoustic lens has at least a portion having an asymmetrically curved shape having a radius of curvature which progressively increases from one end towards the other end of the portion.
  • the present invention is also an ultrasonic probe which detects flaws in a tubular metal body being inspected by obliquely impinging ultrasonic waves on the tubular body being inspected from a transducer housed therein and generating refracted longitudinal waves and refracted transverse waves which propagate inside the tubular body being inspected, characterized in that the transducer comprises a plurality of oscillation-generating elements disposed side by side, and interference between ultrasonic waves generated by the plurality of oscillation-generating elements causes to generate incident waves having a wave front in which at least a portion thereof has an asymmetrically curved shape with a radius of curvature which progressively increases from one end towards the other end of the portion.
  • an ultrasonic probe according to the present invention is equipped with a delay time adjusting device which generates incident waves by adjusting the delay time for transmitting and receiving oscillating waves by the plurality of oscillation-generating elements.
  • an acoustic lens is preferably provided in front of the transducer as viewed in the direction of ultrasonic wave transmission.
  • the tubular body being inspected is a metal pipe for which the ratio of the wall thickness to the outer diameter is at least 15 %.
  • the present invention is a method of ultrasonic flaw detection characterized in that angle beam flaw detection is carried out with one of the above-described ultrasonic probes according to the present invention which is disposed with respect to a metal tubular body being inspected such that, as viewed from the center of the tubular metal body, the end having a smaller radius of curvature of the front end portion of a transducer or an acoustic lens constituting the ultrasonic probe is positioned on the side away from the direction of propagation of refracted waves in the tubular body and the end having a larger radius of curvature thereof is positioned on the side in the direction of propagation of the refracted waves, and such that incident waves can be generated which generate refracted longitudinal waves which do not reach the inner surface of the tubular body being inspected and refracted transverse waves which are focused on the inner surface of the tubular body being inspected.
  • the present invention is a method of ultrasonic flaw detection characterized in that angle beam flaw detection is carried out with the above-described ultrasonic probe according to the present invention which is disposed with respect to a metal pipe such that, as viewed from the center of the tubular metal body being inspected, the end having a smaller radius of curvature of the wave front at the end of incident waves which are generated by a transducer constituting the ultrasonic probe is positioned on the side away from the direction of propagation of refracted waves in the metal pipe and the end of the wave front having a larger radius of curvature thereof is positioned on the side in the direction of propagation of refracted waves, and such that incident waves can be generated which generate refracted longitudinal waves which do not reach the inner surface of the metal pipe and refracted transverse waves which are focused on the inner surface of the metal pipe.
  • the present invention is an ultrasonic flaw detection method characterized by performing flaw detection of a tubular metal body being inspected for which the ratio of the wall thickness to the outer diameter is a value greater than 15 % using the above-described ultrasonic flaw detection method according to the present invention.
  • the present invention is an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus characterized by being equipped with the above-described ultrasonic probe according to the present invention.
  • an ultrasonic probe according to the present invention by disposing an ultrasonic probe according to the present invention in a suitable location with respect to a tubular metal body being inspected, particularly even with a high t/D metal pipe for which the ratio (t/D) is at least 15 %, among the refracted waves propagating inside the tubular body being inspected, refracted transverse waves can be focused on the inner surface of the tubular body being inspected, while refracted longitudinal waves can be prevented from reaching it.
  • the strength of reflected echoes from minute flaws is increased by focusing the refracted transverse waves, while the occurrence of multiply reflected echoes due to refracted longitudinal waves can be eliminated because the refracted longitudinal waves follow a path of propagation which does not reach the inner surface of the tubular body being inspected.
  • high-accuracy angle beam flaw detection can be carried out with certainty, particularly on high t/D metal pipes.
  • flaw detection of minute flaws present inside a tubular body being inspected and particularly inside a high t/D metal pipe for which the ratio (t/D) is at least 15 % can be carried out with high accuracy and with certainty by angle beam flaw detection without a decrease in detecting efficiency or an increase in detection costs.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically showing the structure of this embodiment of an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 10.
  • this embodiment of an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 10 has an ultrasonic probe 11, an ultrasonic flaw detector 12, an alarm 13, and a marking device 14. These will be explained in sequence.
  • the ultrasonic probe 11 has a casing which houses a sound absorbing material, a transducer 15 which is installed so as to transmit ultrasonic waves obliquely with respect to a surface undergoing flaw detection, and the like.
  • the casing, the sound absorbing material, and the like can be well-known conventional members, so illustration thereof in Figure 2 and explanation thereof will be omitted.
  • water is used as a couplant, and a casing is used which can be filled with water so that the surface of a high t/D metal pipe 16 undergoing flaw detection is immersed in water.
  • the transducer 15 is excited at prescribed periods by input of a transmission signal from a pulser 19 which constitutes a below-described ultrasonic flaw detector 12.
  • a pulser 19 which constitutes a below-described ultrasonic flaw detector 12.
  • incident ultrasonic waves U are impinged at an angle on the outer surface 16b of the high t/D metal pipe 16 through a couplant in the form of water W.
  • the incident waves U are propagated in the interior 16c of the high t/D metal pipe 16 as refracted waves comprising refracted longitudinal waves U1 and refracted transverse waves U2.
  • Reflected echoes (flaw echoes and the like) of refracted transverse waves U2 due to flaws and the like present on the outer surface 16b, on the inner surface 16a, or in the interior 16c of the high t/D metal pipe 16 are received by the transducer 15. This received signal is transmitted to the ultrasonic flaw detector 12. In this manner, angle beam flaw detection of the high t/D metal pipe 16 is carried out.
  • a portion of the front end 15c of this transducer 15 is formed so that it has a portion with an asymmetrically curved shape for which the radius of curvature progressively increases from one end 15b thereof towards the other end 15a thereof from a radius of curvature ⁇ 1 to a radius of curvature ⁇ 2 .
  • the transducer 15 is constituted not by a commonly used ceramic piezoelectric element typified by PZT (PbZrO 3 -PbTiO 3 ) which is hard and difficult to machine, but by a PZT-epoxy composite piezoelectric element, which has good machinability.
  • PZT PZrO 3 -PbTiO 3
  • the portion of the front end 15c having an asymmetrically curved shape is determined based on the following steps (abbreviated below as S) S1 - S8, for example,
  • Figure 3 is a flow diagram schematically showing the steps in designing the shape of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15.
  • Figures 4A - 4D are explanatory views showing the steps in designing the shape of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 when a high t/D metal pipe 16 with an outer diameter of 40 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm is being inspected.
  • the sound velocity Vi of incident waves in the couplant, the sound velocity Vs of refracted transverse waves U2 in the high t/D metal pipe 16, and the sound velocity VL of refracted longitudinal waves U1 may use known numerical data based on the type of couplant and the material and the like of the high t/D metal pipe 16, or previously collected experimental data may be used as set values.
  • the length of the front end portion of the transducer 15 in the circumferential direction of the high t/D metal pipe 16 may be set to a length so as to obtain an adequate sensitivity in transmission and reception and so that actual manufacture is possible. Usually, although it depends upon the shape of the high t/D metal pipe 16 and the dimensions of the flaws to be detected as well as the material properties of the transducer and the like, the length of the transducer 15 in the circumferential direction of the high t/D metal pipe 16 is around 6 - 20 mm. Then, the procedure proceeds to S2.
  • This provisional setting of the focal point 17 preferably takes the reflectivity of flaws into consideration. Namely, as shown in Figure 6 which explains the relationship between the angle of incidence ⁇ at a flaw and the reflectivity (percent) on a slit flaw present in the shape of a slit extending in the axial direction of the high t/D metal pipe 16, the reflectivity of refracted transverse waves U2 on a slit flaw depends on the angle of incidence ⁇ of transverse ultrasonic waves. If the range of angles of incidence ⁇ which can be actually set is considered, the echo height from the flaw increases when the angle of incidence ⁇ is around 40 - 50°. In order to increase the accuracy of flaw detection and increase the echo height from a flaw, a focal point 17 for which the angle of incidence ⁇ becomes around 40 - 50° is preferably provisionally set as an origin. Then, the procedure proceeds to S3.
  • the propagation paths of refracted transverse waves U2 propagated to provisionally set focal point S are calculated. Namely, as shown in Figure 4A , first, a plurality of propagation paths of the refracted transverse waves U2 are drawn radially from the focal point 17 set on the inner surface 16a of the high t/D metal pipe 16 towards the outer surface 16b (in actuality, the refracted transverse waves U2 propagate from the outer surface 16b towards the focal point 17), and then, based on Snell's law at the interface between the outer surface 16b of the high t/D metal pipe 16 and the couplant W, the angle of incidence of the incident waves is calculated based on above-described conditions (2) and (4), and each of the propagation paths of longitudinal ultrasonic waves U in the couplant W connected to each of the propagation paths of the refracted transverse waves U2 is calculated.
  • the origin of each propagation path of the refracted longitudinal waves U1 and the refracted transverse waves U2 propagating to the focal point 17, i.e., the end point 18 at the opposite side from the focal point 17 is set so that the origin 18 is spaced from the high t/D metal pipe 16 by just a distance roughly equal to the estimated offset distance between the transducer 15 and the high t/D metal pipe 16 and so that the propagation time of the ultrasonic waves along each of the propagation paths (calculated by the lengths of the propagation paths and the velocity of waves) are the same as each other.
  • the propagation paths of the refracted transverse waves U2 which propagate to the focal point 17 are calculated from Snell's law based on the shape (the outer diameter D, the wall thickness t, and the like) of the high t/D metal pipe 16 undergoing flaw detection, the sound velocity V2 of refracted transverse waves U2 in the metal pipe 16, the sound velocity Vi of incident waves in the couplant, and the focal point 17 of refracted transverse waves U2 in the metal pipe 16. Then, the procedure proceeds to S4.
  • the shape of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 is calculated. Namely, the length of a curve successively connecting the origins 18 of each of the propagation paths or a curve estimated by the least squares method based on the origins 18 is calculated. This is compared with above-described condition (5), and unneeded propagation paths are deleted from the ends so that both have roughly the same length, and the curve D found from the origins 18 of the remaining propagation paths is made the longitudinal cross-sectional shape of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15.
  • FIG. 4A shows the case in which unneeded propagation paths are deleted so as to achieve a shape of the front end portion such that the lengths of the front end portion on the left and right sides are roughly the same with respect to the central axis of the high t/D metal pipe 16.
  • the shape of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 is calculated and determined so as to achieve an asymmetrically curved shape in which, as described above, the radius of curvature progressively increases from one end 15b towards the other end 15a from a radius of curvature ⁇ 1 to a radius of curvature ⁇ 2 . Then, the procedure proceeds to S5.
  • Figures 4B - 4D are explanatory views showing this repeated calculation.
  • the set position of the focal point 17 is changed by being spaced in steps from the central axis of the high t/D metal pipe 16 along the inner surface 16a of the high t/D metal pipe 16.
  • none of the propagation paths of the refracted longitudinal waves U1 reaches the inner surface 16a of the high t/D metal pipe 16 any more.
  • the procedure proceeds to S8, and the shape of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 which was provisionally set by the immediately preceding calculation is set as the final shape of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15.
  • the shape of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 when the state shown in Figure 4D is achieved is made the final shape of the front end portion 15c.
  • the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 is set to have an asymmetrically curved shape having a radius of curvature which progressively increases from one end 15b towards the other end 15a from a radius of curvature ⁇ 1 to a radius of curvature ⁇ 2 .
  • the present invention includes the case in which a portion with an asymmetrically curved shape is present in an intermediate region in the circumferential direction of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 and a portion with a shape other than an asymmetrically curved shape exists at one or both sides of the region with an asymmetrically curved shape.
  • the proportion of the portion or region with an asymmetrically curved shape formed on the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 with respect to the entire front end portion 15c in the circumferential direction is preferably at least 70 % and more preferably at least 80 % when the object being inspected is a high t/D metal pipe 16 for which the ratio (t/D) is at least 15 %.
  • radius of curvature ⁇ 1 and radius of curvature ⁇ 2 are such that ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ 2 .
  • the radius of curvature can be suitably selected based on the relationship between the outer diameter and the wall thickness of the pipe being measured. As a result, angle beam flaw detection can be carried out on a high (t/D) pipe with a specific ratio (t/D) without producing multiple reflection of refracted longitudinal waves.
  • Steps S 1 - 8 can be carried out each time by drawing a diagram by a designer, but they can of course be programmed and automatically carried out, and the latter is preferred from the standpoint of design efficiency.
  • Figure 5 is an explanatory view showing one example of the result of design of the shape of the front end portion 15c of a transducer 15 based on the above-described steps S1 - 8 for high t/D metal pipes 16 having three different dimensions (an outer diameter of 40 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm, an outer diameter of 26 mm and a wall thickness of 6.5 mm, and an outer diameter of 60 mm and a wall thickness of 15 mm).
  • the shapes of these front end portions 15c are asymmetrically curved shapes for which the radius of curvature progressively increases from a radius of curvature ⁇ 1 to a radius of curvature ⁇ 2 from one end 15b towards the other end 15a.
  • this embodiment is not limited to being applied to a high t/D metal pipe having an outer diameter of 40 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm which was explained while referring to Figures 4A - 4D , and it can be applied in the same manner to a metal pipe with a usual ratio (t/D) or to high t/D metal pipes with various dimensions.
  • the above-described ultrasonic probe 11 is constructed so as to transmit incident waves U directly from the transducer 15, but instead, an acoustic lens (not shown) made of, for example, an acrylic resin or the like may be disposed in fornt of the transducer 15 in the direction of generation of ultrasonic waves, and incident waves U can be obliquely incident on a high t/D metal pipe 16 through the acoustic lens to generate refracted longitudinal waves U1 and refracted transverse waves U2 which propagate inside the high t/D metal pipe 16.
  • an acoustic lens made of, for example, an acrylic resin or the like
  • the transducer 15 may have a front end portion with a usual circular-arc shape, and the front end portion of the acoustic lens may be given an asymmetrically curved shape having a radius of curvature which increases continuously from one end towards the other end from a radius of curvature ⁇ 1 to a radius of curvature ⁇ 2 .
  • a ceramic piezoelectric element typified by PZT having poor workability but having a good piezoelectric effect as a transducer 15.
  • An ultrasonic probe 11 of this embodiment is constituted as described above.
  • an ultrasonic flaw detector 2 has a pulser 19, a preamplifier 20, a filter 21, a main amplifier 22, and a flaw determining part 23.
  • the pulser 19 and the preamplifier 20 are both connected to the transducer 15 through a connecting plug provided in the rear portion of a casing of the ultrasonic flaw detector 11 by coaxial cables C (both not shown).
  • a transmitted signal is input from the pulser 19 to the transducer 15 at prescribed intervals, the transducer 15 is thereby excited, and incident waves U are incident on the high t/D metal pipe 16 through water W as a couplant. Then, the incident waves U are propagated inside the high t/D metal pipe 16 as refracted waves comprising refracted longitudinal waves U1 and refracted transverse waves U2.
  • the received signal is amplified by the preamplifier 20, and after filtering in a prescribed frequency band is performed by the filter 21, the signal is further amplified by the main amplifier 22.
  • the output signal from the main amplifier 22 is compared with a previously set prescribed threshold value in a flaw determining part 23.
  • the flaw determining part 23 determines that there is a flaw if the output signal is larger than the threshold value, and when it is determined that there is a flaw, an operating command is output to the alarm 3 and the marking device 4.
  • the ultrasonic flaw detector 12 of this embodiment is a well-known ordinary one constituted as described above, so a further explanation of the ultrasonic flaw detector 12 will be omitted.
  • the alarm 13 outputs an alarm sound in response to an operating command from the ultrasonic flaw detector 12.
  • the alarm 13 of this embodiment is a well-known ordinary one having the structure described above, so a further explanation of the alarm 13 will be omitted.
  • the marking device 14 carries out prescribed marking of the surface of the high t/D metal pipe 16 in response to an operating command from the ultrasonic flaw detector 12.
  • the marking device 14 of this embodiment is a well-known ordinary one have a structure as described above, so a further explanation of the marking device 14 will be omitted.
  • the transducer 15 is positioned with respect to the high t/D metal pipe 16 so that as viewed from the center of the high t/D metal pipe 16 which is the object of ultrasonic flaw detection, one end 15b of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 of the ultrasonic probe 11 which constitutes an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 10 of this embodiment is positioned on the side away from the direction of propagation of refracted waves in the high t/D metal pipe 16 (on the right side of the high t/D metal pipe 16 of Figure 2 ), and the other end 15a of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 is positioned on the side in the direction of propagation of refracted waves (on the left side in Figure 1 (a) ), and angle beam flaw detection is carried out.
  • the ultrasonic probe 11 is positioned with respect to the high t/D metal pipe 16 so that one end 15b of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 is positioned on the side away from the direction of propagation of refracted waves in the high t/D metal pipe 16 (on the right side of the high t/D metal pipe 16 of Figure 2 ), and the other end 15a of the front end portion 15c of the transducer 15 is positioned on the side in the direction of propagation of refracted waves (on the left side of the t/D metal pipe 16 of Figure 2 ).
  • the ultrasonic probe 11 is positioned with respect to the high t/D metal pipe 16 in this manner, the angle of incidence of incident waves U transmitted from the other end 15a having a larger radius of curvature and the angle of refraction of the refracted longitudinal waves U1 can be made large values.
  • the refracted transverse waves U2 can be focused and the refracted longitudinal waves U1 can be prevented from reaching the inner surface 16a of the metal pipe 16.
  • the strength of reflected echoes from minute flaws is increased, and refracted longitudinal waves U1 follow a propagation path which does not reach the inner surface 16a of the metal pipe 16, so the occurrence of multiply reflected echoes by the refracted longitudinal waves can be eliminated.
  • high accuracy angle beam flaw detection can be carried out with certainty, particularly with respect to a high t/D metal pipe 16.
  • minute flaws present inside a high t/D metal pipe 16 such as one having a ratio (t/D) of at least 15% can undergo flaw detection with high accuracy and certainty by angle beam flaw detection without an accompanying decrease in inspection inefficiency or increase in inspection costs.
  • the high t/D metal pipe 16 is transported in the axial direction while rotating in the circumferential direction, whereby it is possible to perform flaw detection over roughly the entire surface of the high t/D metal pipe 16.
  • the invention is not limited thereto, and the ultrasonic probe 10 may be rotated in the circumferential direction of the high t/D metal pipe 16 while the high t/D metal pipe 16 is transported straight ahead in its axial direction.
  • An ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 10 is particularly suitable for flaw detection of the interior of a steel pipe having a ratio (t/D) of at least 15% such as mechanical tubing used in automotive parts and the like or stainless steel pipe and the like used in high temperature environments.
  • Figure 7 is a graph showing an example of a flaw detection waveform which is the output signal waveform of the main amplifier 24 which was obtained when performing flaw detection of a minute flaw with a depth of 0.1 mm present on the inner surface of a mechanical tube comprising a high t/D metal pipe by the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 10 according to this embodiment.
  • refracted transverse waves U2 are focused on the interior of the high t/D metal pipe 16, whereby the strength of reflected echoes from minute flaws is increased, while the refracted longitudinal waves U1 which are simultaneously generated follow a propagation path which does not reach the inner surface 16a of the high t/D metal pipe 16, so multiply reflected echoes due to the refracted longitudinal waves U 1 can be suppressed, and it is possible to detect only the flaw echoes with a good S/N ratio.
  • Figure 8 is an explanatory view schematically showing the structure of an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 30 of this embodiment.
  • an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 30 has two ultrasonic probes 32 each having a transducer 31, 31, an ultrasonic flaw detector (not shown), an alarm (not shown), and a marking device (not shown).
  • the unillustrated ultrasonic flaw detector, alarm, and marking device have the same structure as in the above-described first embodiment, so an explanation thereof will be omitted.
  • This ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 30 has probe holders 33, 33 which respectively hold transducers 31, 31, lower horizontal arms 34, 34 which respectively hold probe holders 33, 33, vertically movable arms 35, 35 which support the lower horizontal arms 34, 34 and are connected in the vertical direction with an upper horizontal arm 37, horizontally movable arms 36, 36 which are secured to the upper portion of the vertically movable arms 35, 35 and are installed so as to be able to move the upper surface of the upper horizontal arm 37 in the direction in which the upper horizontal arm 37 extends (to the left and right in Figure 8 ), the upper horizontal arm 37 which is mounted so as to be able to move the horizontally movable arms 36, 36 and the vertically movable arms 35, 35 in the horizontal direction and which is supported so as to be raised and lowered by an air cylinder 39, a pipe following mechanism 38 which is supported by the air cylinder 39 so as to be capable of being raised and lowered, and the air cylinder 39.
  • the probe holders 33, 33 are connected to the pipe following mechanism 38 through the lower horizontal arms 34, 34, the vertically movable arms 35, 35, the horizontally movable arms 36 and 36, and the upper horizontal arm 37.
  • the pipe following mechanism 38 is connected to the air cylinder 37 and moves up and down therewith.
  • the lower horizontal arms 34, 34, the vertically movable arms 35, 35, the horizontally movable arms 36, 36, and the upper horizontal arm 37 also move up and down, and the probe holders 33, 33 are thereby moved up and down as a unit.
  • the transducers 31, 31 which constitute the ultrasonic probes 32, 32 have a front end portion which, as shown in Figure 1 , is formed with an asymmetrically curved shape having a radius of curvature which progressively increases from one end 15b towards the other end 15a from a radius of curvature ⁇ 1 to a radius of curvature p2 in accordance with the material properties (the sound velocity of refracted longitudinal waves and refracted transverse waves of ultrasonic waves), the outer diameter D, the wall thickness t, and the like of a metal pipe 9 which is being subjected to measurement, and they are mounted manually or automatically in the probe holders 33, 33.
  • the transducers 31, 31 are disposed so that when the vertically movable arms 35 and the horizontally movable arms 36 are driven, one end 15b of each transducer 31, 31 is positioned with respect to the metal pipe 9 on the side opposite from the direction of propagation of refracted waves in the metal pipe 9 (in Figure 8 , on the righthand portion of the metal pipe 9 for the lefthand transducer 31 and on the lefthand portion thereof for the righthand transducer 31), and the other end 15a is positioned on the side in the direction of propagation of refracted waves (in Figure 8 , on the lefthand portion of the metal pipe 9 for the lefthand transducer 31 and on the righthand portion thereof for the righthand transducer 31).
  • linear guides are preferably used as the vertically movable arms 35, 35 and the horizontally movable arms 36, 36.
  • the metal pipe 9 When performing flaw detection of a metal pipe 9 using an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 30 having the above-described structure, in a state in which the front end portions of the metal pipe 9 are sealed by plugs (not shown) for preventing ingress of water, the metal pipe 9 is passed through a flaw detection water tank (not shown) by being transported in its axial direction while rotating in the circumferential direction.
  • the air cylinder 37 is started when the front end portion of the metal pipe 9 is sensed by a prescribed material sensing sensor, the pipe following mechanism 38, the vertically movable arms 35, 35, the horizontally movable arms 37, and the probe holders 36, 36 are lowered by it as a single unit, and the pipe following mechanism 38 is pressed against the outer surface of the metal pipe 38 with a suitable pressure.
  • the pipe following mechanism 38 which is pressed with a suitable force is constituted so as to be able to move up and down and side to side within just a prescribed range, so it follows vibrations during transport of the metal pipe 9 and moves up and down and side to side while maintaining a state in which its lower surface contacts the outer surface of the metal pipe 9.
  • the vertically movable arms 35, 35, the horizontally movable arms 36, 36, and the probe holders 38 connected to the following mechanism 38 also perform following by moving up and down and side to side.
  • the positional relationship between the transducers 31, 32 mounted on the probe holders 33, 33 and the metal pipe 9 is maintained constant.
  • the strength of reflected echoes from minute flaws is increased by focusing refracted transverse waves, and refracted longitudinal waves which are generated at the same time follow a propagation path which does not reach the inner surface of the metal pipe 9, so the occurrence of multiply reflected echoes by refracted longitudinal waves can be eliminated, and it is possible to detect just flaw echoes with a good S/N ratio.
  • the transducer is constituted by a plurality of oscillation-generating elements disposed side by side so as to have a planar shape.
  • FIG. 9 is a block diagram schematically showing the structure of an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 40 according to this embodiment.
  • the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 40 according to this embodiment has an ultrasonic probe 42 equipped with a transducer 41, a transmission circuit 43, a receiving circuit 44, an alarm 45, and a marking device 46.
  • the alarm 45 and the marking device 46 have the same structure as in the above-described first embodiment, so an explanation thereof will be omitted.
  • the transducer 41 constituting the ultrasonic probe 42 is constituted by a plurality (such as 32) of minute piezoelectric elements 41a which oppose the outer surface 47a of a metal pipe 47 and are arranged side by side in a straight line in a direction perpendicular to the axial direction of the metal pipe 47 with a spacing of 0.5 mm, for example.
  • the ultrasonic probe 42 is thus a so-called array probe.
  • the transmitting circuit 43 is equipped with the same number of pulsers 48 and delay circuits 49 (transmission delay circuits) as the number of piezoelectric elements 41 a in the probe 41.
  • Each pulser 48 is connected to one of the piezoelectric elements 41a of the probe 41 and to one of the delay circuits 49.
  • Each piezoelectric element 41a is excited at prescribed intervals by a transmitted signal from the pulser 48 connected to the piezoelectric element 41a, and it produces incident ultrasonic waves U which are incident on the metal pipe 47 through water W as a couplant.
  • the timing of transmission of the transmission signals from each of the pulsers 48 can be made different for each pulser 48 in accordance with a transmission delay time set by each delay circuit 49.
  • a mode can be realized which is the same as the mode shown in the first and second embodiment in which incident ultrasonic waves U are transmitted from a transducer having a front end portion with an asymmetrically arc curved shape.
  • the incident waves U which are incident on the metal pipe 47 are propagated to the interior 47c of the metal pipe 47 as refracted waves comprising refracted longitudinal waves U1 and refracted transverse waves U2, their reflected echoes are received by the piezoelectric elements 41a of the transducer 41, and the received signals are sent to the receiving circuit 44.
  • the receiving circuit 44 is equipped with the same number of preamplifiers 50 and delay circuits 51 (receiving delay circuits) as the number of piezoelectric elements 41a with which the transducer 41 is equipped.
  • the receiving circuit 44 has an adder 52, a main amplifier 53, and a flaw determining part 54.
  • Each preamplifier 50 is connected to one of the piezoelectric elements 41a of the transducer 41 and to one of the delay circuits 51.
  • the received signal from each piezoelectric element 41a is amplified by one of the preamplifiers 50 connected to the piezoelectric element 41a, and then it is delayed by the delay circuit 51 connected to the preamplifier 50 by the same receiving delay time as the transmission delay time of the piezoelectric element 41a (the transmission delay time of the pulser 48 connected to the piezoelectric element 41a).
  • the output signals of each of the delay circuits 51 are summed by the adder 52 with which the receiving circuit 44 is equipped, and then the result is amplified by the main amplifier 53.
  • the output signal from the main amplifier 53 is input to a flaw determining part 54 having a structure like that of the flaw determining part 23 of the first embodiment, and it is determined whether there are flaws.
  • Figure 10 is an explanatory view for explaining a method of setting the transmission delay time and the receiving delay time.
  • the length in the horizontal direction (to the left and right in Figure 10 ) of the asymmetrically curved shape D designed by steps like steps S 1 - 8 shown in Figure 3 is compared with the length of the transducer 11, and the piezoelectric elements 41a to be used are selected so that both have approximately the same length.
  • the collection of selected piezoelectric elements 41a is referred to as the selected element group.
  • the coordinates of the center of the piezoelectric elements 41a constituting the selected element group and the relative distance from the asymmetrically curved shape D are calculated, with taking the relative distance between one of the piezoelectric elements 41a and the asymmetrically arcuate shape D as 0 (zero).
  • the relative distance between the righthand piezoelectric element 41a and the asymmetrically arcuate shape D was made 0.
  • a value equal to the relative distance divided by the sound velocity of incident waves U in the couplant W is set as the transmission delay time and the receiving delay time corresponding to each element 41a.
  • An ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 40 has an ultrasonic probe 42 having a transducer 41 constituted by a large number of piezoelectric elements 41a to form an array probe, and the delay times of transmitted and received ultrasonic waves are suitably set for each piezoelectric element 41a, whereby an ultrasonic probe having a transducer having a front end portion with an asymmetrically curved shape as explained with respect to the first and second embodiments is simulated.

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EP06731169.6A 2006-04-05 2006-04-05 Ultraschallfehlernachweisverfahren für einen metallischen röhrenförmigen Körper Ceased EP2006675B1 (de)

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AR060304A1 (es) 2008-06-04
CN101460838A (zh) 2009-06-17
EP2006675A2 (de) 2008-12-24
CN101460838B (zh) 2012-01-25
EP2006675B1 (de) 2017-11-01
CA2648120C (en) 2011-09-27
EP2006675A4 (de) 2012-06-20
WO2007113907A1 (ja) 2007-10-11
US7874212B2 (en) 2011-01-25
US20090095087A1 (en) 2009-04-16
JPWO2007113907A1 (ja) 2009-08-13
CA2648120A1 (en) 2007-10-11

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