EP1987202A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zum messen von bodenparametern mittels verdichtungsmaschinen - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zum messen von bodenparametern mittels verdichtungsmaschinenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1987202A1 EP1987202A1 EP07711578A EP07711578A EP1987202A1 EP 1987202 A1 EP1987202 A1 EP 1987202A1 EP 07711578 A EP07711578 A EP 07711578A EP 07711578 A EP07711578 A EP 07711578A EP 1987202 A1 EP1987202 A1 EP 1987202A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- contact
- contact element
- force
- determined
- soil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
- E01C19/22—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving for consolidating or finishing laid-down unset materials
- E01C19/23—Rollers therefor; Such rollers usable also for compacting soil
- E01C19/28—Vibrated rollers or rollers subjected to impacts, e.g. hammering blows
- E01C19/288—Vibrated rollers or rollers subjected to impacts, e.g. hammering blows adapted for monitoring characteristics of the material being compacted, e.g. indicating resonant frequency, measuring degree of compaction, by measuring values, detectable on the roller; using detected values to control operation of the roller, e.g. automatic adjustment of vibration responsive to such measurements
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
- E01C19/22—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving for consolidating or finishing laid-down unset materials
- E01C19/30—Tamping or vibrating apparatus other than rollers ; Devices for ramming individual paving elements
- E01C19/34—Power-driven rammers or tampers, e.g. air-hammer impacted shoes for ramming stone-sett paving; Hand-actuated ramming or tamping machines, e.g. tampers with manually hoisted dropping weight
- E01C19/38—Power-driven rammers or tampers, e.g. air-hammer impacted shoes for ramming stone-sett paving; Hand-actuated ramming or tamping machines, e.g. tampers with manually hoisted dropping weight with means specifically for generating vibrations, e.g. vibrating plate compactors, immersion vibrators
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D1/00—Investigation of foundation soil in situ
- E02D1/02—Investigation of foundation soil in situ before construction work
- E02D1/022—Investigation of foundation soil in situ before construction work by investigating mechanical properties of the soil
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
- E02D3/046—Improving by compacting by tamping or vibrating, e.g. with auxiliary watering of the soil
- E02D3/074—Vibrating apparatus operating with systems involving rotary unbalanced masses
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for determining a soil property by means of a soil compaction device, which has a swinging contact element for soil compaction.
- Vibratory plates and steamers, but also vibratory rollers, are known in particular as soil compacting devices. They each have at least one ground contact element, which is acted upon swinging by a vibration exciter and initiates the vibration in the soil, thereby achieving a compaction effect.
- roller bandages move periodically, resulting in a relatively uniform amplitude movement of the roller bandage.
- the known measuring methods and devices are not suitable. Vibration plates and tampers usually lose contact with the ground during a significant portion of a vibration loading cycle. Here, contact times have been found, which account for only about 10% of the total oscillation period.
- the measuring methods used in the case of vibrating rollers described above are designed so that the respectively measured signals originate from a largely steady state. Even if the drum bandages should jump, the flight phases are relatively short, so that the influence of the error is small.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method for determining soil properties, which is also suitable for soil compacting devices, the ground contact element always stands out from the ground and in particular even a longer flight phase - based on a vibration cycle - completed.
- the method should allow a determination of the soil parameters whenever the soil compaction device has contact with the ground during an excitation cycle, regardless of the specific movement behavior and / or contact behavior.
- Preferred applications are soil compaction devices with more chaotic movement behavior, in particular vibratory plates and tampers.
- a method according to the invention is used to determine a soil property by means of a soil compaction device, which vibrates vigorously. has impacted contact element for soil compaction.
- the contact element touches the ground during a contact phase and is exposed to a contact force F contact exerted by the ground and resets a contact path s contact .
- the contact force F contact is also referred to simply as the contact force F and the contact path s contact as the contact path s.
- the soil compaction device may be a vibratory plate or a vibratory rammer. It has a sub-mass comprising the contact element and an upper mass usually comprising a drive.
- the lower mass is coupled via a spring device with the upper mass.
- Component of the lower mass can also, for. B. in a vibrating plate, a vibration exciter, which acts on the contact element. In a vibration tamping the vibration exciter by means of a path excitation, z. B. by a crank mechanism which is arranged between the upper mass and the lower mass.
- the soil property which can be determined by the method according to the invention, is referred to as the dynamic deformation modulus E v dyn thinner and by the relationship
- ⁇ F C0M ( ⁇ c , / ⁇ s conlacl approximates (averaging) to the actual one
- ⁇ is a contact surface parameter for taking into account the geometry and shape of the actual contact surface of the contact element with the ground during a certain time period considered for the determination of the actual contact area.
- a dynamic shear modulus G may optionally taking into account ground-dependent parameter (Querkon Installions- number v) v. dyn Verd i chter be calculated.
- the contact surface parameter ⁇ which represents the influence of the actual contact surface as a geometry factor, will be explained in more detail below. Since the contact surface acting during a loading cycle as well as the con- If the contact force and the relevant contact path can change from cycle to cycle both in terms of their direction and their size, both the contact surface parameter ⁇ and the contact force and the contact path are determined during each load phase, ie during each load cycle.
- the factor k dyn represents the dynamic rigidity of the soil and is formed as a gradient of the contact force F and the contact path s. Also, the dynamic stiffness k dyn , which can also change within the loading phase, is determined during each loading phase in order to be able to precisely monitor the rigidity of the soil during the compaction process.
- the contact force and the contact path traveled by the contact element during the contact phase must first be determined.
- the components of the contact force F in the three spatial directions are determined from the set of center of gravity with respect to a coordinate system fixed in the center of gravity of the contact element.
- the components can also be used for a fixed coordinate system, eg. B. are determined with respect to the ground.
- ⁇ , X and N represent the respective rotational velocities in the pitch direction (about the y-axis), roll direction (about the x-axis) and yaw direction (about the z-axis) and m ⁇ the mass of the contact element.
- x s , y s , z s represent the respective translation speeds in the center of gravity of the contact element, while x s , y s , z ' s represent the corresponding accelerations.
- the sum of the attacking forces can therefore be specified for the individual spatial directions as follows
- F 2 F F + cz ECC, Z + F ⁇ - m u'8- cos ( ⁇ ) • cos (X)
- F c a contact force of the contact element (1) to the ground
- F 01 is a cutting force between the contact element (1) and the rest of the machine
- the total resulting contact force can then be calculated from the individual components F c , by determining the amplitude and direction of the total contact force corresponding vectorially from the subcomponents.
- the inventive method can be z. B. in a vibrating plate or a Vibrationsstampfer use. Since in such devices, the contact force acts predominantly normal to the contact surface, preferably the contact force component in the contact normal direction, that is determined in the direction of the z-axis by evaluating the momentum balance in this direction.
- the contact force can then z. B. be determined to simplify
- the translational acceleration x s y s , z s of the contact element in the center of gravity can, for. B. be measured by a provided on the contact element itself accelerometer. As accelerometer is z. B. a center-mounted triax transducers for measuring all three spatial directions simultaneously. The translational velocity components x s , y s , z s in the three spatial directions can then z. B. be determined by simple integration of the acceleration signals.
- no transducer can be mounted in the center of gravity - the translational acceleration of the center of gravity in the three spatial directions (x, y, z) and the rotational acceleration about the three axes x, y, z can be determined by at least six accelerometers. These are preferably distributed around the center of gravity of the contact element in such a way that in each case three acceleration pickups are arranged in the direction of a normal (z-direction) to the contact surface with respect to their measuring direction, but if possible are not arranged on a line. Three further accelerometers are arranged so that they are also not mounted on a line, but with respect to their measuring direction in the direction of a tangential to the contact surface.
- N can now be determined both the sought translational accelerations and the spins.
- the required rotational angles ⁇ and X can then be determined by double integration of the rotational accelerations ⁇ , X.
- the acceleration components in the direction of the contact normal can also be determined without contact, for example by optical laser sensors.
- the sensors are then preferably not provided on the contact element, but on an upper mass connected to the contact element via a spring device.
- the upper mass can also comprise, in a known manner, a drive motor of the soil compacting device.
- the speed of the contact element relative to the upper mass z. B. due to the Doppler effect or the distance z. B. can be determined by means of interference radar, which also allows a calculation of the accelerations, as described above.
- the exciting force F ECC coming from the vibration exciter may be measured by a force measuring device provided between the vibration exciter and the contact element.
- a force measuring device is for example a load cell, which is mounted under the vibration exciter.
- the exciting force F ECC can also be calculated from the instantaneous position of the exciter unbalances.
- the vibration exciter comprises two counter-rotating shafts with equal imbalance masses whose axes of rotation have the same orientation as the Y axis of the contact element and whose phase angle is mutually adjustable
- calculate the components of the exciting force F ECC coordinate system fixed on the contact element as a function of time t simplified by the following relationship F E cc , x (O EM - Q 2 s ⁇ n ( ⁇ phase / 2) • cos ( ⁇ • t)
- EM is the resulting mass of a rotating imbalance mass
- ⁇ is the exciting frequency of the vibrator
- ⁇ phase represents the phase angle between the two imbalance masses.
- the stimulating force F ECC can also be calculated with differently designed vibration exciters. As a rule, it is represented as a function of the time t, but it can also be made dependent on the phase position or angular position of the imbalance masses involved.
- phase angle ⁇ phase ie the relative phase angle of the two imbalance masses to one another, is variable depending on the setting of the operator.
- the position of the imbalances can be determined, for example, by proximity sensors (inductive, Hall sensors).
- the angular velocities of the imbalance shafts can then be determined from the positions of the imbalances.
- the cutting forces F u between the contact element and the rest of the machine can be z. B. by means of load cells, between the contact element and z. B. the upper mass of the soil compacting device are arranged.
- the contact path s required for the determination of the dynamic stiffness k dyn is determined at the points in time at which the contact element transmits ground contact forces, preferably in the vicinity of the resulting force application point, since the path of the point of application of force on the most likely related to the change in the effective contact force. The determination of the position of the force application point will be described below.
- the accelerations of the force application point are first determined. By double integration of the accelerations at the point of application of force then amplitude and direction of the path at the point of force application (contact path) can be determined.
- Force application point SP [SP x , SP Y , SP Z ] (relative to a coordinate system in the center of gravity S), the acceleration in the force application point a p from the kinematic relationships according to
- the contact path is preferably determined at the point of the force application point in the contact normal direction by evaluating the translational and the rotational motion components.
- z. B three acceleration sensors arranged on the contact element so that they are not in line, but are mounted with respect to their measuring direction in the direction of a normal to the contact surface.
- information about the contact force F and the associated contact path s are present in a particularly advantageous manner for different points in time, so that in each case one measuring point pair can be formed from the contact force F and the contact path s for one point in time.
- those measuring point pairs are determined which occur during a loading phase in which the contact element is increasingly pressed against the ground.
- measuring point pairs which are excluded from further evaluation during a release phase in which the contact element is relieved of load, or a phase of flight in which the contact element is in the air without touching the ground.
- a gradient dF con . tact / ds contact corresponding to the then applicable dynamic stiffness k dyn .
- the gradient dF / ds can also be formed as a ratio of two temporal changes (the force and the path).
- the resulting gradient for the respective pairs of measurement points are averaged by a statistical method, so that the resulting mean value can be determined as the relevant dynamic stiffness k dyn .
- a phase diagram can be formed by calculation.
- a mean gradient dF / ds is formed which represents the dynamic stiffness k dyn .
- a contact area parameter ⁇ is also required to take account of the actual contact area of the contact element with the ground.
- the contact surface parameter ⁇ is determined on the basis of a calculated position of a force application point of the contact force F.
- the contact element in particular a ground contact plate in a vibrating plate or a tamper, has a base surface which is in contact with the ground when the soil compacting device is at a standstill.
- the entire base area of the contact element will no longer be involved in the transmission of the contact force, but only a partial area, namely the actual contact area.
- the contact surface need not be flat as in the standard plate printing method, but may be concave or convex in the various directions (axes). Furthermore, there may be areas within the actual actual contact area in which, due to the instantaneous velocity distribution on the contact element, there is little or no transmission of contact forces. These must be taken into account when determining the relevant contact area.
- the size of the instantaneous actual contact surface has a decisive influence on the size of the transferable contact forces (with a larger contact area, a larger contact force can be transferred with otherwise identical, isotropic soil properties), it must be taken into account for the determination of the deformation moduli. Since the actual contact surface of a considered time step in an exciter oscillation cycle with respect to the base of the contact element will not be arranged symmetrically, but z. B. in a - relative to the main direction of the soil compacting device - rear portion of the contact element, the resulting from the ground contact voltage contact force F does not act on the centroid of the base of the contact element, but at a remote location, namely in particular at or near a centroid of the actual contact area. As a result of this deviation of the two centers of gravity or deviation of the force application point from the center of gravity of the contact element, additional forces and moments, which must be taken into account for detecting the soil properties, act on the contact element.
- the size and geometry of the contact surface changes during the contact. If z. B. a rectangular contact element at the beginning of a contact phase with a corner (triangular contact surface) touches the ground, the triangular area increases first by the penetration. The inclination of the contact element will then change so that its contact center of gravity (contact surface and force) shifts during penetration. He will initially move to the center of gravity of the contact element. Under certain conditions, however, the contact center of gravity may also shift beyond the center of gravity of the contact element. In extreme cases, the contact element works within an exciter oscillation period to the opposite corner.
- the contact element experiences through the eccentric force application point an additional rotational acceleration, which counteracts the moment of inertia of the contact element.
- contact surface parameter ⁇ can advantageously be determined according to the following relationship:
- ⁇ is a value in a range of 1, 5 to 2, 7, in particular the value 2, 1 and r hd represents the hydraulic comparison radius and according to
- a centroid of the actual contact surface of the contact element with the ground can be determined, which is determined from a force application point of the contact force F.
- the contact force F is a surface load acting on the contact surface of the contact element. It can be imaged by a resultant force acting on the resulting force application point.
- This force application point can be considered in a first approximation as identical to the area-center of gravity of the actual contact surface.
- a correction factor can be introduced, the z. B. is determined by simulation.
- the movement of the contact element during ground contact is detected by sensors. Based on the information determined by the sensors as well as on the basis of the contact force F, the position and the dimension of the actual contact surface lying within the base area of the contact element and / or the force application point of the resulting contact force can be determined.
- the sensors should be sensors that can detect linear and / or rotational movements of the contact element with respect to different degrees of freedom.
- a sensor can be provided with which a pitch-rotational acceleration of the contact element caused by the contact force F is determined with respect to a pitch axis (y-axis) transverse to the direction of travel of the soil compacting device.
- the pitch or roll acceleration caused by the contact force must be calculated with knowledge of the exciting exciter torque from the measured spin accelerations.
- a suitable sensor for detecting a rolling rotational acceleration of the contact element with respect to a rolling axis extending in the direction of travel (x-axis) also be provided a suitable sensor.
- the pitch axis and the roll axis each extend preferably through the center of gravity of the contact element.
- each angular momentum balances can be placed about the pitch axis and the roll axis, from which caused by the contact force F contact torques about the pitch axis and the roll axis taking into account stimulating torques z. B. due to an exciter and the cutting moments are determined to the rest of the machine.
- the lever arms of the contact force F with respect to the pitch axis and the roll axis and thus the position of the point of force application of the contact force F can be determined.
- the position of the force application point of the contact force can be regarded in a first approximation as the position of the centroid of the contact surface, so that thus the position of the centroid is also known.
- the contact surface parameter ⁇ can be determined.
- the relationship between see the contact surface parameter ⁇ and the position of the centroid or the force application point can be determined in advance by the manufacturer of the soil compacting device by means of experiments in order to obtain a meaningful relationship.
- the specification of this relationship can be stored in the form of a table or even a mathematical relationship.
- the contact surface parameter ⁇ can be determined during each compression cycle of the contact element and constantly adapted in dependence on the size or position of the contact surface.
- both the contact surface parameter ⁇ k as well as the dynamic stiffness dyn determined can be determined by the formula given above, the dynamic deformation modulus E v, determine dyn v erd i daughters.
- a correlation between the thus determined dynamic stiffness modulus E v can be determined with the aid of calibration measurements dyn v erd i chter and the modifiable with the help of conventional measuring deformation modules .
- tables can be set up which permit transferability of the dynamic stiffness modulus determined by the method according to the invention to other deformation moduli determined by means of standardized measuring methods.
- a soil compaction device comprising a drive-driven vibration exciter, a contact element acted upon by the vibration exciter, which can continuously contact the soil during a vibration cycle and lift it temporarily from the soil to be compacted, and with a measuring system for determining a soil property , which has at least one sensor for detecting a movement behavior of the contact element.
- the soil compacting device according to the invention is characterized in that the measuring system is operated according to the method of the invention indicated above.
- the soil compacting device is a vibrating plate or a rammer.
- An application on rollers is in principle also possible.
- Fig. Ia in a schematic side view of a vibration plate with a contact element, a vibration exciter and an accelerometer;
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the contact element of FIG. 1; FIG.
- FIG. 5a Fig. 5a and b) a contact element in operation, with a large contact surface
- 6 is a schematic representation of forces and moments on a contact element (simplified);
- FIG. 8 shows a contact element with a triangular contact surface
- FIG. 9 shows the contact element of FIG. 8 in plan view
- FIG. 10 shows a contact element with a quadrangular contact surface
- FIG. 11 shows the contact element of FIG. 10 in plan view
- FIG. 12 is a plan view of a contact element with pentagonal contact surface.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic side view of a soil compaction device serving as a vibratory ramming device.
- FIG. 1 shows, in a highly simplified schematic representation, a vibration plate serving as a soil compaction device with a contact element 1.
- the contact element 1 can also be part of a vibration rammer in the same way.
- the thus serving as a ground contact plate contact element transmits in a known manner vibration forces generated by a vibration exciter 2, in the soil to be compacted.
- the vibration exciter 2 can consist of two counter-rotating unbalanced shafts 3 in a known manner whose phase position can be changed to achieve steerability or a change in direction of the soil compacting device during travel operation.
- the contact element 1 is movably coupled via a spring device 4 with an upper mass 5.
- an upper mass 5 usually a drive for the vibration generator 2 is housed.
- a sensor 6 is shown, which can be formed for example by an accelerometer.
- the sensor 6 may be attached to the vibration exciter 2 or directly to the contact element 1.
- Fig. 2 shows a part of the construction of Fig. I a) in perspective view.
- the contact element 1 is greatly simplified as a rectangular plate reproduced. Instead of a single sensor 6, six sensors 7 are arranged on the contact element 1, which can also be designed as acceleration sensors.
- FIG. 2 also shows a pitch axis 8 (y-axis) extending transversely to a direction of travel X, as well as a roulette axis 9 (x-axis) extending in the direction of travel X.
- the pitch axis 8 and the roll axis 9 intersect at a center of gravity 10 of the contact element 1.
- the acceleration pickups 7 are arranged at a distance from the pitch axis 8 and the roll axis 9 to detect rotational movements with respect to the pitch axis 8 and the roll axis 9, in particular rotation angles or spin accelerations to be able to.
- the invention now relates to a measuring method for determining a dynamic deformation modulus of the soil compacted by the soil compacting device.
- the movement behavior of the contact element 1 is measured and evaluated in a suitable form, as will be described below.
- the measuring method has already been explained in detail above in the introduction to the description, only the essential aspects of the measuring method are summarized below.
- the dynamic deformation modulus is determined by the formula
- K dyn corresponds to the dynamic rigidity of the soil.
- the contact surface parameter ⁇ takes into account as geometric factor the characteristic size of the contact surface and in particular the deviation of the position of the force application point in relation to the total base area of the contact element. Both the dynamic stiffness k dyn and the contact surface parameter ⁇ can be determined during each load phase, so that an always current evaluation of these parameters and thus of the dynamic deformation module E v . d y n ve rd ic h te r is possible.
- the contact force F contact is determined from the set of center of gravity with respect to a coordinate system fixed to the contact element 1. For this purpose, in addition to the acceleration of the center of mass and the known mass of the contact element, the direction and magnitude of the exciting forces of the vibration exciter 2, the direction and magnitude of the cutting forces to the rest of the machine, weight forces and the normal acceleration forces resulting from the rotational speeds must be determined.
- the contact force F contact is simplified in the case of the vibration plate shown in FIG. 1
- m L is the mass of the contact element 1
- z ' L is the acceleration of the contact element 1 in the direction of the contact normal
- F ECC is the exciting force of the vibration element 2 acting on the contact element 1.
- the translational acceleration z L of the contact element 1 in the contact surface normal direction can be measured, for example, via the measuring sensor 6 (acceleration sensor) in the center of gravity 10 of the contact element 1 (see FIG.
- the translational and rotational acceleration in the contact normal direction and in the direction of the pitch and roll axis can also be measured with the aid of the six measuring sensors 7 (acceleration sensors), which in the manner shown in FIG. B. are attached to the center of gravity 10 of the Kunststoffele- ment determine.
- the acceleration in the direction of the contact normal can also be determined without contact, that is to say for example by optical laser sensors or with the aid of the Doppler effect, with corresponding sensors 6a preferably being attached to the upper mass 5 of the soil compacting device.
- EM is the resulting mass of the rotating unbalanced shafts 3
- ⁇ is the exciting frequency of the vibrator 2
- ⁇ phase represents the phase angle between the two unbalanced shafts 3.
- the phase angle ⁇ phase is variable depending on the setting of the operator. It relates to the relative position of the two unbalanced shafts 3 to each other and can therefore be changed depending on the desired direction of travel (forward, backward) by the operator.
- a measurement of the phase angle ⁇ PhaSe is possible , for example, by inductive or capacitive proximity switches or Hall sensors.
- FIG. 3 distinguishes a movement cycle of the contact element 1 in two phases, namely an air phase (also called flight phase) and a contact phase, which has a load phase and a release phase.
- air phase also called flight phase
- contact phase which has a load phase and a release phase.
- the contact element 1 flies over the soil to be compacted, while in the contact phase, an interaction between the contact element 1 and the ground takes place.
- the contact element 1 Due to the vibration effect, the contact element 1 is lifted from the ground to be compacted and moves - without contact with the ground and thus without contact force - flying over the ground.
- the oscillation path s in the contact phase is referred to as the contact path s contact . It can be calculated by double integration of the acceleration of the contact element. As explained above, the translational and rotational motion components should be taken into account, ie correspondingly also during the integration.
- the curve can be approximated by a polynomial with the aid of the least squares.
- the gradient of the approximated curve can then be calculated quite simply analytically from the polynomial coefficients.
- the dynamic stiffness k dyn is then determined by averaging the various gradients over the entire range of the stress phase so that finally a k dyn value can be found for a stress cycle as a measure of the dynamic stiffness which is a substantial part of the dynamic strain modulus E v dynVerdlchter according to equation (1) represents.
- the contact element 1 relative to the bottom surface 1 1 is tilted so that only a rear part of the contact element 1 touches the bottom 1 1 ,
- a contact surface 12 is shown, which represents the actual contact of the contact element 1 with the bottom 1 1.
- contact forces 13 act as surface load.
- the contact forces 13 are combined as the resulting contact force 14, which acts in the contact surface normal direction at a force application point 15 and corresponds to the abovementioned contact force F contact .
- the force application point 15, on which the contact force 14 acts on the contact element 1, has a distance a from the center of gravity 10 of the contact element.
- the force application point 15 does not coincide with a centroid of a base of the contact element 1, the would result if the contact element 1 is completely in contact with the ground. Rather, the contact force 14 acts asymmetrically or eccentrically on the centroid of the contact element 1 and also on the overall center of gravity 10 of the contact element. 1
- Fig. 5 shows in analogy to Fig. 4, a contact element 1, which acts on a bottom 1 1, wherein the contact surface 12 is significantly larger (see Fig. 5a)). This is the case, for example, when the bottom is softer than in FIG. 4a).
- the force application point 15 of the resulting contact force 14 then shifts closer to the center of gravity 10, so that the distance a is reduced.
- the position of the force application point 15 of the contact force 14 with respect to the position of the center of gravity 10 of the contact element 1 can now be used, for example.
- the background to this approach is the consideration that, with almost constant soil stiffness along the compaction path, the centroid of a large contact surface 12 (Figure 5a) is closer to the center of gravity 10 of the contact element 1 than to a small contact surface ( Figure 4a).
- the rotational accelerations caused by the contact force 14 are determined around the pitch and roll axes (reference numerals 8 and 9 in FIG. 2). From the knowledge of the momentarily resulting contact force 14 and the torques caused thereby, the force application point 15 can be calculated.
- the translational, the pitching and the rolling movement of the contact element 1 must be determined by means of sensors.
- the sensors 7 shown in FIG. 2 are suitable.
- the rotational movements occurring due to the contact can be determined from the rotational impulse balances in pitch and roll direction with knowledge of the a priori known moments of inertia of the contact element on the contact element 1, so that by the contact force 14 caused contact torques about the pitch axis 8 and the roll axis 9 calculate, as will be explained later.
- the rotational acceleration in the center of gravity of a moving body with respect to a coordinate system fixed in the center of gravity can be determined from the sum of the acting external torques
- the moments of inertia of the contact element 1, I x , I ⁇ , I z , etc. can be determined from CAD data or possibly also experimentally.
- the rotational accelerations can be determined by suitably positioned acceleration sensors 7, as described above.
- the components of the applied torques result from the cutting moments M ⁇ to the rest of the soil compaction device (upper mass), the moments M c caused by the ground contact force and from the moments M ECC exerted by the vibration exciter 2 about the respective axes x, y and z
- M x M cx + M ECCX + M ⁇
- M 2 M cz + M ECCZ + M ⁇ z
- M cj ⁇ F c, z - r c, ⁇ - F c, x - r c, z ( 13 )
- r c represent the coordinates of the force application point with respect to the center of gravity of the contact element 1.
- r c are thus the coordinates that define the position of the force application point 15 in relation to the center of gravity of the contact element 1. They can be determined by solving the above system of equations (13) taking into account the systems of equations (1 1) and (12).
- r cz is the z-coordinate of the underside of the contact element 1 and z.
- B CAD data known.
- the vibration generator has two counter-rotating shafts with equal imbalance masses whose axes of rotation have the same orientation as the Y-axis of the contact element 1 and whose phase angle is mutually adjustable, calculate the components of the exciting torque about the Y-axis (pitching moment) M y with respect ECC. of the stationary contact element on the coordinate system in dependence on the time t simplified by the following relationship
- M ECC Y EM - ⁇ 2 - [e. - (si 'n ⁇ + y s ⁇ n ⁇ H) - r s - (cos v + cos v)] (16)
- EM is the resulting mass of the rotating unbalanced mass 3
- ⁇ is the exciting frequency of the vibrator 2.
- the angles ⁇ v and ⁇ H represent the instantaneous phase angles of the front and rear exciter shaft with respect to the vertical (z-axis) , B. by means The vertical (z-axis) can be determined separately z by means of proximity switch y on each exciter shaft s represents half the distance of the exciter shaft centers and can be taken from CAD data or measured directly e z represents the distance of the exciter center of gravity from the center of gravity Lower mass in Z-direction and can also be determined from CAD data
- FIG. 8 shows a schematic perspective view of a contact element 1 with the direction of travel in the direction of the x-axis.
- a triangular contact surface 16 with straight boundary edges is drawn on the contact element 1.
- the outer boundary lines are known by the known outer geometry of the contact element 1
- FIG. 10 shows a case in which one of the points of intersection thus calculated according to FIG. 9 travels beyond the actual geometry, that is to say in particular beyond the relevant edge of the contact element 1. Then, the calculation of the inner contact edge 18 is performed again on the assumption that the contact surface 16 is now quadrangular.
- Fig. 1 1 shows the geometric determination of the centroid 15 of a trapezoidal, quadrangular surface.
- Fig. 12 shows a case in which due to the superposition of the rotational and translational velocity components in a part 16a (dotted area) of the contact surface 16, a velocity distribution arises at which this part moves away from the ground. Then these surface portions should be taken into account with a lower valence in the calculation of the actual contact surface 16, since there are transferred virtually no or very little ground contact forces.
- a speed zero line 19 runs between the surface part 16a shown in FIG. 12, which moves away from the ground, and the surface part 16b hatched in FIG. 12, which moves to the ground, that is, transmits ground contact forces.
- the presence and the position of the velocity zero line 19, in which the contact element velocity in the normal direction reverses its sign, can be calculated from the kinematic relationships with known translational and angular velocity of the center of gravity of the contact element 1. For the total velocity at a point (r x , r y ) of the con- Clock element 1 with pure translational movement in the Z direction and superimposed pitch / roll movement results
- FIG. 12 shows the resulting contact surface when speed zero line 19 is present in the vicinity of a corner 20. Since the centroid of the triangular surface to be subtracted (dotted surface part 16a) is known, the centroid of the dotted triangular surface 16a plus the hatched, actual contact surface 16b can be the center of gravity - calculate. For the resulting quadrilateral total area (surface parts 16a and 16b), the missing contact edge 17 can now be calculated again according to the method described above.
- the soil is loaded by a circular, rigid plate with radius r and a constant pressure distribution.
- F describes the applied force and s the sinking.
- the above-mentioned value ⁇ is set to 2, 1, which leads to suitable results.
- the transverse strain number v can vary with different soil qualities. Accordingly, the factor ⁇ may be in a range of 1.5 to 2.7.
- r hd represents the hydraulic comparison radius and can be according to
- the method according to the invention or a soil compaction device, such as a rammer or a vibrating plate, which are operated by the method according to the invention make it possible to determine the soil stiffness or the dynamic deformation modulus of the soil during the compaction work.
- the method is particularly well suited for soil compacting devices in which the contact element performs relatively long flight phases and in which due to significant rotational motion components, the contact force and the contact path often have unpredictable, changing directions.
- Also well suited is the method for taking into account different contact geometries or effective, actual contact surfaces.
- soil compaction devices with short or no flight phase can also determine the soil stiffness and the dynamic soil deformation module using the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 13 shows a side view of a typical vibration tamper, in which the method according to the invention can be used. Even machines in which a substantially constant contact behavior (vibrating roller) can be assumed can use the method described here for determining the soil stiffness and the soil deformation module.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
- Road Paving Machines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102006008266A DE102006008266B4 (de) | 2006-02-22 | 2006-02-22 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Messen von Bodenparametern mittels Verdichtungsmaschinen |
PCT/EP2007/001419 WO2007096118A1 (de) | 2006-02-22 | 2007-02-19 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum messen von bodenparametern mittels verdichtungsmaschinen |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1987202A1 true EP1987202A1 (de) | 2008-11-05 |
Family
ID=38134616
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07711578A Withdrawn EP1987202A1 (de) | 2006-02-22 | 2007-02-19 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum messen von bodenparametern mittels verdichtungsmaschinen |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8057124B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1987202A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5124488B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102006008266B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2007096118A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2013121563A (ru) * | 2010-10-13 | 2014-11-20 | Амманн Швайц Аг | Способ и устройство для определения жесткости и/или амортизации зоны объемности |
DE102010060843B4 (de) | 2010-11-26 | 2013-12-05 | Weber Maschinentechnik Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Messen von Bodenparametern mittels Verdichtungsmaschinen |
DE102011078919B4 (de) | 2011-07-11 | 2015-07-16 | Mts Maschinentechnik Schrode Ag | Vorrichtung zur Erfassung der Qualität von Erdreich |
WO2013152321A1 (en) * | 2012-04-06 | 2013-10-10 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Oklahoma | Method and apparatus for determining stiffness of a roadway |
US20150211199A1 (en) * | 2014-01-24 | 2015-07-30 | Caterpillar Inc. | Device and process to measure ground stiffness from compactors |
US9534995B2 (en) | 2014-06-11 | 2017-01-03 | Caterpillar Paving Products Inc. | System and method for determining a modulus of resilience |
US9139965B1 (en) | 2014-08-18 | 2015-09-22 | Caterpillar Paving Products Inc. | Compaction on-site calibration |
US20160076205A1 (en) * | 2014-09-16 | 2016-03-17 | Caterpillar Paving Products Inc. | Device and Process for Controlling Compaction Based on Previously Mapped Data |
DE102015006398B3 (de) * | 2015-05-21 | 2016-05-04 | Helmut Uhrig Strassen- und Tiefbau GmbH | Bodenverdichtung mit einem Baggeranbauverdichter |
CN104929179A (zh) * | 2015-06-26 | 2015-09-23 | 七台河宝泰隆煤化工股份有限公司 | 铲车振动夯实机 |
CN105926566B (zh) * | 2016-05-05 | 2019-02-01 | 上海交通大学 | 一种快速预测强夯引起的地表变形的方法 |
CN105912816B (zh) * | 2016-05-05 | 2019-02-05 | 上海交通大学 | 一种基于强夯处理的液化计算方法 |
DE102016009086A1 (de) | 2016-07-26 | 2018-02-01 | Bomag Gmbh | Handgeführte Bodenverdichtungsmaschine, insbesondere Vibrationsstampfer oder Vibrationsplatte |
US9926677B1 (en) | 2016-09-26 | 2018-03-27 | Caterpillar Inc. | Constant down force vibratory compactor |
US9945081B1 (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2018-04-17 | Caterpillar Inc. | Automatic shut-off for a vibratory plate compactor |
DE102019107219A1 (de) | 2019-03-21 | 2020-09-24 | Wacker Neuson Produktion GmbH & Co. KG | Bodenverdichtungsvorrichtung zum Verdichten eines Bodenbereiches |
CN110331712B (zh) * | 2019-08-15 | 2021-02-26 | 中铁城乡环保工程有限公司 | 一种道路桥梁施工路面养护装置 |
CN111122087B (zh) * | 2020-01-06 | 2021-03-23 | 山东大学 | 一种压实土体刚度系数与粘性阻尼系数的测定系统及方法 |
CN111122430B (zh) * | 2020-03-05 | 2022-05-20 | 沈阳理工大学 | 一种测量有涂层结合面参数装置和方法 |
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DE2322469A1 (de) * | 1973-05-04 | 1974-11-21 | Guenther Dr Baum | Dynamischer lastplattenversuch |
SE502079C2 (sv) * | 1993-10-14 | 1995-08-07 | Thurner Geodynamik Ab | Styrning av en packningsmaskin med mätning av underlagets egenskaper |
DE19731731A1 (de) * | 1997-07-23 | 1999-02-25 | Wacker Werke Kg | Bodenverdichtungsvorrichtung mit veränderbaren Schwingungseigenschaften |
DE10019806B4 (de) * | 2000-04-20 | 2005-10-20 | Wacker Construction Equipment | Bodenverdichtungsvorrichtung mit Schwingungsdetektion |
DE10028949A1 (de) * | 2000-06-16 | 2002-03-07 | Bomag Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Verdichtungsgrades bei der Bodenverdichtung |
DE10053446B4 (de) * | 2000-10-27 | 2006-03-02 | Wacker Construction Equipment Ag | Lenkbare Vibrationsplatte und fahrbares Vibrationsplattensystem |
JP4669173B2 (ja) * | 2001-09-05 | 2011-04-13 | 酒井重工業株式会社 | 振動型締固め車両における締固め度管理装置 |
KR20050031072A (ko) * | 2002-07-01 | 2005-04-01 | 컴팩션 테크놀로지 (소일) 리미티드 | 낙하 질량체에 의한 토양 다짐 |
JP2005042446A (ja) * | 2003-07-23 | 2005-02-17 | Shimizu Corp | 弾性係数導出方法、弾性係数導出装置、プログラムおよび地盤建設方法 |
EP1516961B1 (de) * | 2003-09-19 | 2013-12-25 | Ammann Aufbereitung AG | Verfahren zur Ermittlung einer Bodensteifigkeit und Bodenverdichtungsvorrichtung |
ATE373178T1 (de) | 2004-02-05 | 2007-09-15 | Luk Lamellen & Kupplungsbau | Mehrfach-kupplungseinrichtung |
DE202004015141U1 (de) * | 2004-09-27 | 2004-12-09 | Weber Maschinentechnik Gmbh | Bodenverdichter |
-
2006
- 2006-02-22 DE DE102006008266A patent/DE102006008266B4/de not_active Revoked
-
2007
- 2007-02-19 JP JP2008555682A patent/JP5124488B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-02-19 US US12/280,391 patent/US8057124B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-02-19 EP EP07711578A patent/EP1987202A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-02-19 WO PCT/EP2007/001419 patent/WO2007096118A1/de active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO2007096118A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2007096118A1 (de) | 2007-08-30 |
JP2009527664A (ja) | 2009-07-30 |
US20090166050A1 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
US8057124B2 (en) | 2011-11-15 |
DE102006008266A1 (de) | 2007-08-30 |
JP5124488B2 (ja) | 2013-01-23 |
DE102006008266B4 (de) | 2009-11-12 |
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