EP1971563A2 - Produit d'alumine frittee transparent au rayonnement infrarouge et dans le domaine du visible - Google Patents
Produit d'alumine frittee transparent au rayonnement infrarouge et dans le domaine du visibleInfo
- Publication number
- EP1971563A2 EP1971563A2 EP06847196A EP06847196A EP1971563A2 EP 1971563 A2 EP1971563 A2 EP 1971563A2 EP 06847196 A EP06847196 A EP 06847196A EP 06847196 A EP06847196 A EP 06847196A EP 1971563 A2 EP1971563 A2 EP 1971563A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- alumina
- product
- product according
- incident radiation
- dopant
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims description 42
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000013001 point bending Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 95
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009768 microwave sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002490 spark plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001739 density measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004621 scanning probe microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000035126 Facies Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910021193 La 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Mg+2] ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001954 samarium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940075630 samarium oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Sm+3].[Sm+3] FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007847 structural defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/64—Burning or sintering processes
- C04B35/645—Pressure sintering
- C04B35/6455—Hot isostatic pressing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
- C04B35/111—Fine ceramics
- C04B35/115—Translucent or transparent products
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/6261—Milling
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
- C04B2235/3208—Calcium oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. lime
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3224—Rare earth oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. scandium oxide
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3231—Refractory metal oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
- C04B2235/3232—Titanium oxides or titanates, e.g. rutile or anatase
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- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5445—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof submicron sized, i.e. from 0,1 to 1 micron
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- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5454—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof nanometer sized, i.e. below 100 nm
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- C04B2235/60—Aspects relating to the preparation, properties or mechanical treatment of green bodies or pre-forms
- C04B2235/602—Making the green bodies or pre-forms by moulding
- C04B2235/6027—Slip casting
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/66—Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
- C04B2235/661—Multi-step sintering
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/66—Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
- C04B2235/666—Applying a current during sintering, e.g. plasma sintering [SPS], electrical resistance heating or pulse electric current sintering [PECS]
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/66—Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
- C04B2235/667—Sintering using wave energy, e.g. microwave sintering
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- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/72—Products characterised by the absence or the low content of specific components, e.g. alkali metal free alumina ceramics
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
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- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/77—Density
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- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/78—Grain sizes and shapes, product microstructures, e.g. acicular grains, equiaxed grains, platelet-structures
- C04B2235/785—Submicron sized grains, i.e. from 0,1 to 1 micron
Definitions
- Sintered alumina product transparent to infrared radiation and in the visible range
- the present invention relates to a novel product that is resistant and transparent to infrared radiation, but also to visible radiation, in particular for manufacturing temperature viewing windows or missile domes, and a method of manufacturing such a product.
- polycrystalline magnesium fluoride is particularly known. This material, however, can not be used in many applications because of its poor mechanical properties (static mechanical properties, rain erosion, abrasion resistance).
- Sapphire a monocrystalline material, which offers both a transparency in the infrared and good mechanical properties. Its cost is however prohibitive in most cases.
- WO2004 / 007398 proposes polycrystalline alumina comprising zirconium oxide. This material is described as transparent in the visible range.
- EP 1 053 983 describes polycrystalline ceramics based on alumina having crystalline particles whose average size is between 0.3 and
- the raw products described in EP 01 053 983 are obtained by atomization and pressing.
- the inventors of the present invention have found that such a method does not make it possible to obtain a density greater than 99.95% of the theoretical density of the alumina product under consideration.
- the inventors also consider that the infrared radiation transparency of the products described in EP 01 05 983 is limited.
- EP 1 053 983 also describes the possibility of introducing an oxide of a metal of groups 3a and 4a, except Ti, in a proportion of less than 2 mol%, and preferably a metal oxide of the following list: Y 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , Sc 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , Dy 2 O 3 , Lu 2 O 3 in a proportion of between 0.02 mol% and 2 mol%.
- US 2003/0125189 discloses a sintered alumina product obtained from a powder of alumina with a purity higher than 99.99%, rather intended for dental applications. Its transparency is measured in the wet state ("wet transmittance"), and therefore under favorable conditions. Moreover, the measuring device used, and in particular that of the lighting, does not make it possible to measure an on-line transmittance, but only a total transmittance, the sum of the on-line transmittance (RIT) and the diffuse transmittance. The total transmittance measurements are therefore always greater than or equal to the RIT measurements, regardless of the wavelength considered. The three-point bending strength is also lower than that of the products of the present invention. Finally, as in EP 1 053 983, the density measurements described do not justify a density greater than 99.95%.
- this object is achieved by means of a sintered alumina product having a density greater than 99.95% of the theoretical density and consisting, for more than 99.95% of its mass, of alumina ( Al 2 O 3 ) alpha and, preferably, a dopant selected from Sm 2 O 3 , CaO and mixtures thereof, the total dopant content being less than 1000 ppma, and the average grain size of alumina being between 0.2 and 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the product according to the invention advantageously has a high mechanical strength and a very good transparency to infrared radiation.
- ⁇ -alumina and the dopant represent more than 99.95% by weight of the product according to the invention, or "doped product”.
- the sintered alumina doped product according to the invention further comprises TiO 2 titanium oxide as an additional dopant.
- TiO 2 titanium oxide as an additional dopant.
- the doped product according to the invention also remains of limited cost compared to sapphire.
- the doped product according to the invention also has one and preferably several of the following optional characteristics:
- the dopant is selected from Sm 2 O 3 , preferably without CaO or TiO 2 , and a mixture of CaO and TiO 2 , preferably without Sm 2 O 3 , the CaO / TiO 2 atomic ratio being preferably between 5 / 95 and 95/5, preferably between 55/45 and 45/55 or between 63/37 and 57/43, and more preferably 1 or 1.5.
- the total dopant content is greater than 50 ppma, preferably greater than 100 ppma and / or less than 750 ppma, preferably 500 ppma, preferably 300 ppma, more preferably 200 ppma.
- the CaO content is greater than 25 ppma, preferably greater than 50 ppma and / or less than 500 ppma, preferably less than 375 ppma, preferably less than 250 ppma, preferably less than 150 ppma, more preferably lower than at 100 ppma.
- the TiO 2 content is greater than 25 ppma, preferably greater than 50 ppma and / or less than 500 ppma, preferably less than 375 ppma, preferably less than 250 ppma, preferably less than 150 ppma, and even lower at 100 ppma.
- the average size of the alumina grains is less than 0.7 microns. It is further preferred that the average grain size is less than 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the microstructure of the product according to the invention has a surface density Fv of coarse grains, that is to say having a size greater than twice the average size of the other grains, less than 4% by surface, preferably less than 2%. surface area, more preferably less than 0.1% by surface area.
- the product according to the invention does not comprise grains having a size greater than twice the average size of other grains. In the rest of the description, these grains are called "coarse grains”.
- the method used to measure the density of coarse grains (Fv) is described in the following description.
- this characteristic gives the product a transparency to infrared radiation and mechanical performance, particularly in bending, remarkable.
- the product according to the invention has a flexural strength of three points at 20 0 C greater than 650 MPa, preferably greater than 750 MPa, more preferably greater than 830 MPa, preferably still greater than 950 MPa.
- the method used to measure this resistance in three-point bending is described in the following description.
- the product according to the invention has an on-line transmittance, measured on a sample thickness of 1 mm, greater than 75%, more preferably greater than 80%, and even greater than 82%, even 83%, for wavelengths of incident radiation between 2.5 and 4.5 ⁇ m, and / or
- the on-line transmittance can even exceed 50%.
- the invention also relates to a sintered alumina product consisting, for more than 99.95% of its mass, of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) alpha and, preferably, of a dopant chosen from Sm 2 O 3 , CaO and mixtures thereof, with TiO 2 as optional additional dopant, the total dopant content being less than 1000 ppma and the average size of the alumina grains being between 0.2 and 1.5 ⁇ m, and presenting an on-line transmittance (RIT) measured on a sample thickness of 1 mm, greater than 75%, preferably 78%, more preferably greater than 80% for an incident radiation wavelength of 1.5 ⁇ m, and / or
- this product still has one or more of the preferred features listed above.
- the invention also relates to a sintered alumina product consisting, for more than 99.95% of its mass, of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) alpha and, preferably, of a dopant chosen from Sm 2 O 3 , CaO and mixtures thereof, with TiO 2 as optional additional dopant, the total dopant content being less than 1000 ppma and the average size of the alumina grains being between 0.2 and 1.5 ⁇ m, the product having a coarse surface density Fv of less than 4% by area, preferably less than 2% by area, more preferably less than 0.1% by area, and preferably substantially zero.
- this product still has one or more of the preferred features listed above.
- a product according to the invention can be obtained by the implementation of a manufacturing method according to the invention comprising the following successive steps: a) preparation of a slip from an alumina powder whose average size (average diameter, measured by X-ray and / or X-ray diffraction and / or transmission electron microscopy and / or laser particle size) of the elementary particles is between 0.02 and 0.5 ⁇ m, b) casting of the slip in a porous mold then drying and demolding so as to obtain a green part, c) drying of the demolded green part, d) debinding at a temperature between 350 and 600 0 C, e) sintering at a temperature between 1100 and 1350 0 C until a sintered product whose density is at least equal to 92% of the theoretical density and f) hot isostatic compression, called "HIP", at a temperature between alumina powder whose average size (average diameter, measured by X-ray and
- the inventors have discovered that pouring a slurry gives the product a density greater than 99.95% of the theoretical density after the complete cycle of manufacture and that this very high density improves the transparency to infrared radiation.
- the method according to the invention comprises one or more of the following optional features:
- the aggregates of the slip consist of elementary grains having an average size of between 0.15 and 0.25 ⁇ m, preferably of 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the densification of the product is accelerated.
- step b) The temperature throughout step b) is between 20 and 25 ° C;
- the pressure of the slip inside the mold is between 1 and 1, 5 bar;
- the humidity of the mold environment is maintained between 45 and 55%, preferably between 48 and 52%, throughout step b);
- Hot isostatic compression is performed at a temperature below the sintering temperature; preferably the temperature of the hot isostatic pressing is less than 20 to 100 ° C., preferably less than 50 to 100 ° C., at the sintering temperature;
- the inventors have discovered that, in a process according to the invention implementing the casting of a slip, the fact of performing hot isostatic pressing at a temperature below the sintering temperature reduces the surface density of coarse grains Fv. .
- the microstructure of the product according to the invention may comprise less than 4% of coarse grain surface (Fv), and even substantially not comprise coarse grains. This results in improved in-line transmittance and remarkable flexural strength.
- step a) the dispersion in the slip of the grains of the alumina powder is improved by the addition of beads, called “grinding balls".
- the alumina content of these beads is, according to the invention, greater than 99.5% vol. This characteristic advantageously limits the number of coarse grains, and thus further improves the on-line transmittance and bending strength of the product obtained.
- These beads are removed from the slip before forming the slip.
- a slip is prepared so that the product obtained at the end of step f) consists essentially of only alumina (more than 99.95% by weight). alumina by weight), the other species likely to end up in the final product being impurities necessarily introduced with the alumina powder.
- step e) the sintering is carried out until a sintered product is obtained whose density is at least equal to 92% of the theoretical density of alumina.
- the method according to this first embodiment then makes it possible to manufacture highly transparent products in the infrared without the need to add dopant to the slip. The manufacturing process is advantageously simplified.
- a sintered alumina product according to the invention in particular manufactured according to the first embodiment of the process according to the invention, comprises, in percentage by mass, more than 99.95% of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) alpha, the average size of the alumina grains being between 0.2 and 1.5 ⁇ m, and has a density greater than 99.95% of the theoretical density of alumina (3.976 grams per cubic centimeter).
- this undoped sintered alumina product advantageously has a high mechanical strength and a very good transparency to infrared radiation.
- the average size of the alumina grains of this undoped sintered alumina product is greater than 0.3 ⁇ m, more preferably greater than 0.45 ⁇ m and / or less than 1.0 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 0.75 ⁇ m.
- step a) at least one dopant selected from the group formed by Sm 2 O 3 , CaO, precursors of these oxides and mixtures of these oxides and / or precursors are added. .
- titanium oxide TiO 2 or a precursor thereof is further added.
- the dopant content is determined so that the product obtained at the end of step f) is a doped product according to the invention.
- the dopant or dopants are added voluntarily, that is to say systematically and methodically, in quantities ensuring that the sintered product obtained in step f) is in accordance with the invention. .
- the ratio between the mean diameter of the particles of the dopant powder and the average particle diameter of the alumina powder is less than or equal to 1.
- step e) the sintering in step e) is continued until a sintered product whose density is at least equal to 92% of the theoretical density of the doped alumina product during manufacture is obtained.
- the sintering temperature is between 1280 0 C to 1350 0 C.
- the sintering step time is reduced.
- the method according to this second embodiment then makes it possible to manufacture highly transparent products not only in the infrared, but also in the visible range. The addition of these specific dopants also improves the mechanical strength of the product.
- the invention also relates to a product obtained according to a process according to the invention.
- the invention finally relates to the use of a product obtained by a process according to the invention, or a product according to the invention, doped or not, as a temperature sighting window or missile dome.
- the in-line transmittance and the remarkable flexural strength of the product according to the invention make it particularly suitable for these applications.
- the invention finally relates to a method for preparing a slurry comprising an alumina powder suspended in a liquid, beads being set in motion within said liquid to facilitate said suspension. This process is remarkable in that the alumina content of these beads is greater than 99.5% vol.
- this process is carried out as part of step a) of a manufacturing method according to the invention, so as to produce a sintered alumina product according to the invention.
- this results in a limited number of large grains in the product obtained.
- FIGS. 1 (relating to undoped products), 3 and 4 represent curves illustrating measurements of the on-line transmittance (RIT) of different products, manufactured according to the method according to the invention, as a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation, FIGS. 3 and 4 making it possible to measure the effect of the presence of dopants according to the invention in the visible and infrared fields, respectively;
- FIG. 2 represents curves illustrating calculations of the reflectance of various undoped products, manufactured according to the method according to the invention, as a function of the mean size of the grains, for different values of the wavelength of the incident radiation;
- FIG. 5 illustrates, by way of example, the actual curve of the measurements of the on-line transmittance (RIT) for a sample having a porosity to be determined and the corresponding modeled curve of the same product without porosity.
- the "size” or “diameter” of a grain or particle is its average size.
- a “powder” is a set of particles which themselves can be agglomerates of grains.
- the term “grains” refers to the elements forming these agglomerates. In particular, these grains are found in the form of alumina crystals in the finished product.
- the "average size” of particles or grains of a mixture of particles or a set of grains is the average size of these particles or grains.
- a slip is prepared from an alumina powder.
- slip means a substance formed by a suspension of particles in a liquid, usually water or an organic solvent (alcohol for example), with or without additives such as dispersants, deflocculants, polymers, etc.
- a liquid usually water or an organic solvent (alcohol for example)
- additives such as dispersants, deflocculants, polymers, etc.
- the slip has a temporary binder, i.e. removed from the product during sintering.
- the purity of the alumina powder is determined in a manner known per se so that the final sintered alumina product obtained by the process according to the invention comprises, in percentages by weight. , more than 99.95% AI 2 O 3 . Typically, the purity of the powder used is greater than 99.97% by volume.
- the average size of the alumina grains of the final product depends, in known manner, on the average particle size of the alumina powder used in step a).
- the average particle size (mean diameter) of the powder used is chosen between 0.02 and 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the powder used is chosen so that the mean size of the alumina grains of the final product is greater than or equal to 0.3 ⁇ m and / or less than 1.0 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 0.75 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the powder used may also be chosen such that the average size of the alumina grains of the final product is greater than or equal to 0.45 ⁇ m.
- a dopant selected from Sm 2 O 3 and a mixture of CaO and TiO 2 is introduced into the alumina slip.
- Precursors of these dopants can also be used.
- a "precursor of a dopant" is an element which, during the manufacture of the product according to the invention, is converted into said dopant.
- the proportions are determined in such a way that the CaO / TiO 2 atomic ratio is preferably between 5/95 and 95/5, preferably between 55/45 and 45/55 or between 63/37 and 57/43, and more preferably 1 or 1.5.
- the inventors have found particularly satisfactory results with these last two reports.
- the total content of dopant and precursors is determined in such a way that, in the doped final product, the dopant content is greater than 50 ppma, preferably greater than 100 ppma and / or less than 750 ppma, preferably 500 ppma, preferably 300 ppma, more preferably less than 200 ppma.
- the CaO / TiO 2 atomic ratio is preferably between / 95 and 95/5, preferably between 55/45 and 45/55 or between 63/37 and 57/43, and more preferably 1 or 1.5, and that the CaO and TiO 2 contents are preferably each greater than 25 ppma, preferably greater than 50 ppma and / or less than 500 ppma, preferably less than 375 ppma, preferably less than 250 ppma, preferably less than 150 ppma, more preferably less than 100 ppma .
- the particle size of the powder used is chosen so that the average size of the alumina grains of the final product is greater than 0.2 ⁇ m and less than 1.5 ⁇ m, preferably less than 0.7 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the slip may be manufactured in a container according to techniques known to those skilled in the art by mixing and homogenization of the alumina powder, the dopant powder or the optional dopant precursor (s), and the desired amount of liquid.
- the slip has more than 60% solids.
- the container containing the slip can be placed, temporarily, under a depression preferably greater than 0.5 bar to best eliminate residual air bubbles of the slip.
- the mold is dried beforehand.
- the setting time during drying step b) is reduced.
- the temperature during the pouring and forming operations of the preform is preferably maintained between 20 and 25 ° C.
- at least one porous wall of the mold absorbs, at least in part, the liquid of the slip.
- the complete filling of the mold and the evacuation can be promoted by pressurizing the inside of the mold, for example by using a feed column of height adapted to the geometry of the workpiece.
- the pressure of the slip inside the mold is between 1 and 1.5 bar.
- the density of the green part is thus increased and / or this makes the shaping of parts with a thickness greater than 3 millimeters possible.
- the hygrometry of the air surrounding the mold is maintained between 45 and 55%, preferably between 48 and 52%, throughout the step b).
- the drying time is thus controlled.
- the particles of alumina, and possibly of dopant immobilize relative to each other. This immobilization is called "taking the preform".
- the residual porosity between the immobilized particles allows the passage through the liquid.
- Complementary slip is preferably introduced into the mold as the liquid is absorbed.
- part of the volume left vacant by the liquid is thus filled with particles of alumina and possibly dopant of the complementary slip.
- step c) the green part undergoes additional drying, for example by storage in an oven at controlled temperature and humidity, according to conventional methods.
- step d) the dried green part undergoes debinding, preferably in air, at a temperature of between 350 and 600 ° C.
- Debinding is an operation known per se for removing organic products from the green part.
- the dried and unbound green part, or "blank” is sintered, that is to say densified and consolidated by a heat treatment.
- the blank is placed in a medium, preferably air, the temperature of which varies with time according to a predetermined cycle.
- the heat treatment comprises a phase for raising the temperature of the environment surrounding the part, then a temperature maintenance phase or "sintering stage" at a temperature of between 1100 and 1350 ° C., preferably, in the event of presence of dopant, between 1280 and 1350 0 C, then finally a phase of descent of the temperature.
- the sintering can be carried out in a conventional oven or by SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) or MWS (MicroWave Sintering).
- the duration of the sintering stage is preferably between 0 and 20 hours.
- the rates of rise / fall in temperature are between 50 and 150 ° C / hour.
- they are between 20 and 400 ° C / minute.
- the sintering causes a volume shrinkage, and therefore a densification of the piece. It is possible to obtain a density after sintering greater than or equal to 92% of the theoretical density of the product, that is to say, in the absence of dopant, alumina. This limit is considered by those skilled in the art as necessary to obtain, after the following step f) (HIP) a density greater than 99.95% of the theoretical density of the alumina or, if appropriate, of the mixture alumina and dopants.
- step f) the sintered part resulting from the sintering of the blank undergoes, after cooling, a post-heat treatment under pressure called "HIP" (of the English “Hot Isostatic Pressing", that is to say ie pressing, or “compression”, hot isostatic), preferably under a neutral gas (argon for example).
- HIP a post-heat treatment under pressure
- argon a neutral gas
- Hot isostatic compression is performed in an enclosure whose temperature is between 950 and 1300 0 C under a pressure of between 1000 and 3000 bar.
- the temperature within the chamber is preferably lower than the sintering temperature. More preferably, the temperature in the chamber is 20 to 100 ° C. lower than the sintering temperature.
- the duration of the temperature maintenance stage during hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is preferably between 15 minutes and 24 hours.
- the hot isostatic compression (HIP) operation makes it possible to further increase the density of the parts by eliminating the residual porosity possibly present after sintering, and to close some structural defects (micro-cracks), thereby improving the mechanical strength of the parts in question. ceramic.
- a sintered alumina product having, in percentages by mass, more than 99.95% of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), the average size of the alumina grains being between 0.2 and 1.5 ⁇ m, and having a density greater than 99.95% of the theoretical density of alumina.
- a doped sintered alumina product according to the invention in which the alumina and the dopant represent more than 99, 95% of the mass of the product, having a density greater than 99.95% of the theoretical density, the average size of the alumina grains being between 0.2 and 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the product does not have abnormal crystal growth. More generally, the product comprises less than 4%, preferably less than 2%, preferably less than 0.1%, more preferably substantially no "coarse grains".
- a "grosgrain” is a grain that is larger than twice the average size of the other grains, the size being measured by scanning microscopy images.
- this feature improves in particular the mechanical and optical performance of the product according to the invention.
- a dopant selected from Sm 2 O 3 , CaO, their precursors, and mixtures thereof, and optionally, especially in the presence of CaO, TiO 2 or a TiO 2 precursor also improves the product transparency in the infrared, as well as in the visible range.
- the addition of such dopants also renders superfluous any additional annealing step after hot isostatic compression (HIP).
- HIP hot isostatic compression
- Samples are prepared according to a method according to the invention as follows.
- Example 0 A slurry in the form of a suspension of 65% dry matter is prepared by mixing in a jar mill a dispersant, an organic binder and alumina powder with a purity higher than 99.97% and whose median diameter of aggregates d50 is 10 ⁇ m, consisting of elementary grains having a d50 of 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the grinding balls are alumina 99 vol%.
- the method according to the invention according to the first embodiment makes it possible to manufacture transparent products in the infrared without adding dopant such as magnesium oxide.
- the slip thus prepared is deaerated and poured into a plaster mold previously steamed for 48 hours at 50 ° C. During pouring and holding in the mold, the temperature is maintained at 23 ° C., the ambient air being at atmospheric pressure. and having a hygrometry of 50%.
- the green part After a first drying in the mold, followed by demoulding, the green part undergoes a complementary drying and debinding under air for 3 hours at 480 ° C., and is then left standing at ambient temperature and pressure conditions for 2 days.
- the blank obtained is then sintered in air at 1250 ° C. for 3 hours.
- the sintered part finally undergoes hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1200 ° C. for 15 hours.
- HIP hot isostatic pressing
- Infrared radiation can be transmitted, reflected or broadcast.
- a material is said to be “transparent” to infrared radiation when it is capable of transmitting this radiation online, that is to say it has an online transmittance (RIT, or, in English “Real in Line Transmittance ”) high.
- RIT online transmittance
- Pure material when the measured RIT values are close to the theoretical RIT values calculated taking into account the refractive index of the material, diffusion is negligible. Pure material is all the more “transparent” as it has a high RIT value and low reflection.
- the reflection is also calculated, according to the size of the grains, for different wavelengths of the infrared.
- the average grain size was measured by a "Mean" method
- Linear Intercept based on the analysis of images obtained by scanning microscopy from fracture facies. A method of this type is described in the American Linear Intercept Method (ASTM): NPA 04102. The results obtained by this method have been multiplied by a correction factor equal to 1, 2 to take into account the three-dimensional aspect.
- the density of a product was evaluated as follows: The average grain size and average pore size as well as a curve providing the RIT transparency as a function of the incident wavelength ("true curve") were determined from measurements on the product. Typically, the sizes can be determined by the American Linear Intercept Method (ASTM): NPA 04102 applied on a polished cut of the product.
- ASTM American Linear Intercept Method
- the curve drawn by the model approximates of the theoretical curve, until superimposed on it. It is considered that there is "superposition" when the correlation coefficient R 2 is greater than or equal to 0.995. Of course, if this is possible, however, a higher correlation coefficient is sought.
- the residual porosity value used to plot the theoretical curve superimposed with the actual curve is an estimate of the actual residual porosity of the product. The density of the product can then be determined from this evaluation.
- FIG. 5 illustrates, by way of example, the initial offset between the real curve
- the method used to measure the density of large grains Fv is as follows: A cut of the product is polished until a polishing quality mirror. After polishing, a thermal attack at a temperature of 50 to 80 ° C. below the sintering temperature, for 0.5 hours is carried out. A photograph, of total area AT, is then taken by Scanning Electron Microscopy. In this photograph, the large grains are polygonized by image analysis and the total area represented by the coarse grains is calculated: AGG.
- the "bulk density" of large grains Fv is the ratio of the total coarse grain area AGG divided by the total area AT, multiplied by 100.
- the mechanical strength of the sintered parts is measured in three-point bending on test specimens of dimensions 40 mm * 4 mm * 3 mm, with a distance between supports equal to 20 mm and a crosshead speed equal to 0.5 mm / min, using a Lloyd press, model LR150K.
- the curves of FIG. 1 show that to have a RIT greater than 70% for a wavelength between 2.5 and 5 ⁇ m, an average grain size of less than 1.5 ⁇ m is required. Preferably, it is desired to have a higher ITR than
- a slurry in the form of a suspension of 65% dry matter is prepared by mixing in a jar mill a dispersant, an organic binder, alumina powder with a purity greater than 99.97% and whose median diameter aggregates d50 is 10 ⁇ m, the aggregates consisting of elementary grains having a median diameter d50 of 0.2 ⁇ m, and samarium oxide powder (Sm 2 O 3 ) with a median diameter d50 equal to 5 ⁇ m, introduced at 150 atomic ppm.
- the grinding balls, used to improve the suspension of the alumina powder are alumina greater than 99.5% vol.
- the slip thus prepared is deaerated and poured into a plaster mold previously steamed for 48 hours at 50 ° C.
- the temperature is maintained at 23 ° C., the ambient air being at atmospheric pressure and having a hygrometry of 50%.
- the green part undergoes a complementary drying and debinding under air for 3 hours at 480 ° C., and is then left standing under ambient temperature and pressure conditions for 2 days.
- the resulting blank is then sintered in air at 1315 ° C for 30 minutes.
- the sintered part finally undergoes hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1265 ° C for 15 hours.
- HIP hot isostatic pressing
- a mixture of CaCO 3 and TiO 2 powder is milled in a jar mill containing 99% vol alumina beads, for the time necessary to reach an average particle size less than or equal to the average particle size of the alumina powder also entering the composition of the product.
- a slurry in the form of a suspension of 65% dry matter is prepared by mixing in a jar mill a dispersant, an organic binder, alumina powder with a purity greater than 99.97% and whose median diameter aggregates d50 is 10 ⁇ m, the aggregates consisting of elementary grains having a median diameter d50 of 0.2 ⁇ m, and the mixture of ground CaCO 3 + TiO 2 , introduced so that in the final product, the amounts CaO and TiO 2 are 75 atomic ppm each, for a dopant total of 150 atomic ppm.
- the grinding balls, used to improve the suspension of the alumina powder are alumina greater than 99.5% vol.
- the slip thus prepared is deaerated and poured into a plaster mold previously steamed for 48 hours at 50 ° C. During casting and residence in the mold, the temperature is maintained at 23 ° C., the ambient air being at atmospheric pressure and having a hygrometry of 50%.
- the green part undergoes a complementary drying and debinding under air for 3 hours at 480 ° C., and is then left standing at ambient temperature and pressure for 2 days.
- the resulting blank is then sintered in air at 1285 ° C for 15 minutes.
- the sintered part finally undergoes hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1200 ° C. for 15 hours.
- HIP hot isostatic pressing
- Example 3 The product of Example 3 is manufactured under the same conditions as the product of Example 1, except for the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) step carried out at 1275 ° C. for 15 hours.
- HIP hot isostatic pressing
- Table 2 above shows that the doped products according to the invention do not have abnormal grain growth. These products achieve a very satisfactory mechanical strength. Furthermore, Table 2 and Figures 3 and 4 confirm that the doping according to the invention improves the RIT transmittance. This improvement is observed whatever the wavelength, and, what is particularly remarkable, in the visible.
- Sm 2 O 3 gives the best performance in terms of mechanical strength and transparency.
- the use of the dopant mixture CaCHTiO 2 is also efficient, and also economically interesting, these oxides being more available.
- the product of Example 3 demonstrates the interest in implementing HIP hot isostatic compression at a temperature below the sintering temperature to reduce the coarse grain content. Furthermore, the inventors have found, in the examples, that the products according to the invention have an average pore size of less than 0.5 times the average grain size, preferably between 0.3 and 0.5 times the average grain size. average size of the grains.
- the invention thus makes it possible to manufacture a very dense and very homogeneous product, which disturbs only very little the passage of infrared radiation.
- this product, resistant and transparent in the infrared is of a reduced cost.
- the doping of the product according to the invention leads to products which are also very dense, without abnormal growth of the grains. It advantageously confers high mechanical strength and very good transparency in the wavelengths of visible light and in those of the infrared.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0513144A FR2895399B1 (fr) | 2005-12-22 | 2005-12-22 | Produit d'alumine frittee transparent au rayonnement infrarouge et dans le domaine du visible |
| PCT/FR2006/051406 WO2007074298A2 (fr) | 2005-12-22 | 2006-12-21 | Produit d'alumine frittee transparent au rayonnement infrarouge et dans le domaine du visible |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1971563A2 true EP1971563A2 (fr) | 2008-09-24 |
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| EP06847196A Withdrawn EP1971563A2 (fr) | 2005-12-22 | 2006-12-21 | Produit d'alumine frittee transparent au rayonnement infrarouge et dans le domaine du visible |
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| US (1) | US20090137380A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1971563A2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2895399B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2007074298A2 (fr) |
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| JP4983545B2 (ja) * | 2007-10-30 | 2012-07-25 | 東ソー株式会社 | 高靭性透光性アルミナ焼結体及びその製造方法並びに用途 |
| CN101468915A (zh) * | 2007-12-26 | 2009-07-01 | 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 | 一种具有择优取向的多晶氧化铝透明陶瓷及其制备方法 |
| JP5458552B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-18 | 2014-04-02 | 東ソー株式会社 | 高靭性且つ透光性の着色アルミナ焼結体及びその製造方法並びに用途 |
| WO2010058745A1 (fr) * | 2008-11-18 | 2010-05-27 | 東ソー株式会社 | Alumine colorée frittée de dureté et translucidité élevées, et procédé de fabrication et ses utilisations |
| JP5458553B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-18 | 2014-04-02 | 東ソー株式会社 | 高靭性且つ透光性の着色アルミナ焼結体及びその製造方法並びに用途 |
| US9287106B1 (en) | 2014-11-10 | 2016-03-15 | Corning Incorporated | Translucent alumina filaments and tape cast methods for making |
| JP6835748B2 (ja) * | 2015-06-16 | 2021-02-24 | セラムテック−イーテック ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツングCeramTec−Etec GmbH | 耐破壊性光学素子用の構成要素としての透明なセラミック |
| CA3018996A1 (fr) * | 2016-04-27 | 2017-11-02 | The Government Of The Usa, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Ceramiques haute resistance a nouveau mode de fracture |
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| US5780377A (en) * | 1993-09-02 | 1998-07-14 | Toto Ltd. | Light-transmissive ceramics and method of manufacturing same |
| CA2308933C (fr) * | 1999-05-19 | 2008-07-22 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Ceramique polycristalline translucide et methode de fabrication |
| US6878456B2 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2005-04-12 | 3M Innovative Properties Co. | Polycrystalline translucent alumina-based ceramic material, uses, and methods |
| CN101070242A (zh) * | 2002-07-10 | 2007-11-14 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | 透明的多晶氧化铝 |
| EP1521729B1 (fr) * | 2002-07-10 | 2015-09-16 | Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Oxyde d'aluminium polycristallin transparent |
-
2005
- 2005-12-22 FR FR0513144A patent/FR2895399B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2006
- 2006-12-21 US US12/158,695 patent/US20090137380A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-12-21 EP EP06847196A patent/EP1971563A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-12-21 WO PCT/FR2006/051406 patent/WO2007074298A2/fr not_active Ceased
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|---|---|
| US20090137380A1 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
| WO2007074298A3 (fr) | 2007-08-16 |
| WO2007074298A2 (fr) | 2007-07-05 |
| FR2895399B1 (fr) | 2008-05-09 |
| FR2895399A1 (fr) | 2007-06-29 |
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