EP1613693A1 - Polyolefinrohr - Google Patents

Polyolefinrohr

Info

Publication number
EP1613693A1
EP1613693A1 EP04704576A EP04704576A EP1613693A1 EP 1613693 A1 EP1613693 A1 EP 1613693A1 EP 04704576 A EP04704576 A EP 04704576A EP 04704576 A EP04704576 A EP 04704576A EP 1613693 A1 EP1613693 A1 EP 1613693A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
silane
component
tert
butyl
crosslinked polyolefin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04704576A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Udo Steffl
Volker BÖHM
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rehau Automotive SE and Co KG
Original Assignee
Rehau AG and Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rehau AG and Co filed Critical Rehau AG and Co
Publication of EP1613693A1 publication Critical patent/EP1613693A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/49—Phosphorus-containing compounds
    • C08K5/51—Phosphorus bound to oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/13—Phenols; Phenolates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/14—Peroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/22—Compounds containing nitrogen bound to another nitrogen atom
    • C08K5/24—Derivatives of hydrazine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/36—Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds
    • C08K5/37—Thiols
    • C08K5/372—Sulfides, e.g. R-(S)x-R'
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/54—Silicon-containing compounds
    • C08K5/541—Silicon-containing compounds containing oxygen
    • C08K5/5425—Silicon-containing compounds containing oxygen containing at least one C=C bond
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
    • F16L9/12—Rigid pipes of plastics with or without reinforcement
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
    • Y10T428/1372—Randomly noninterengaged or randomly contacting fibers, filaments, particles, or flakes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
    • Y10T428/1386—Natural or synthetic rubber or rubber-like compound containing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
    • Y10T428/139—Open-ended, self-supporting conduit, cylinder, or tube-type article
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
    • Y10T428/139—Open-ended, self-supporting conduit, cylinder, or tube-type article
    • Y10T428/1393—Multilayer [continuous layer]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
    • Y10T428/1397—Single layer [continuous layer]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a silane-crosslinked, chlorine-resistant polyolefin tube which has been produced using the so-called single-stage silane process.
  • Plastic pipelines are made from a variety of polymer materials.
  • thermoplastic pipe materials polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene or crosslinked polyolefins are used in particular.
  • the polyolefins can be crosslinked chemically or physically. As described, for example, by H. U. Voigt "About the Crosslinking of Polyolefins" in Rubber, Rubber, Plastic, 34th Year, No. 3/1981, pp. 197 ff, a distinction is made in the technically important crosslinking technologies between radiation crosslinking, peroxide crosslinking and silane crosslinking.
  • the last-mentioned process stands out from the other crosslinking methods primarily through process technology: in a first process step, polymer chain radicals are first generated with the aid of conventional radical initiators, to which the silane molecules with their vinyl function are added in a second process step. Such silane-grafted polymers can still be processed thermoplastically. The actual crosslinking then takes place after shaping by a silane condensation reaction in the presence of heat and moisture. This so-called two-stage silane process is described in US 3646 55.
  • GB 1526398 describes the so-called single-stage silane process. All additives are dosed simultaneously with the polymer in a specially designed extruder and the desired extrudate is generated online. Then crosslinking takes place in the presence of heat and moisture.
  • An application of the single-stage silane process in particular for drinking water pipes in the USA is described in US 6284178.
  • a maximum of 1.8 percent by weight of silane / peroxide / catalyst mixture and setting a crosslinking time of more than 4 hours By using a maximum of 1.8 percent by weight of silane / peroxide / catalyst mixture and setting a crosslinking time of more than 4 hours, a residual methanol content in the tube of less than 12.2 ppm is achieved.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a silane-crosslinked polyolefin tube - produced in a one-step process - which is chlorine-resistant at a chlorine content of between 0.1 and 5 ppm, has a minimum degree of crosslinking of 60% and the standard specifications for crosslinked polyethylene tubes, recorded in the various ASTM and NSF standards, fulfilled.
  • a tube with a polyolefin composition comprising:
  • the main difficulty in solving the task was the fact that the added stabilizers and the radical-generating components influence one another in the reactive extrusion process and thus change the degree of final crosslinking and the residual stabilization in the tube after processing in a negative sense.
  • the level of residual stabilization is decisive for good chlorine resistance and is only achieved through a targeted selection of the individual components in terms of type and quantity.
  • the possible extraction of the stabilizer package in chlorinated water is also critical. A corresponding extraction resistance can only be achieved if the phenolic component combines a high molecular weight with a high melting point and the sulfur-containing component, the phosphorus-containing processing stabilizer and the metal deactivator have large apolar partial chains.
  • the degree of crystallinity of the cross-linked tube is an important factor, it is essential for the creep resistance.
  • the degree of crystallinity of the polyethylene (PE) used is reduced from, for example, 70% to, for example, 65% by grafting and crosslinking, so that measures must be taken to raise the degree of crystallinity to the application-related value.
  • this is done by a tempering step at temperatures of 70-95 ° C., the time required for this depending on the PE used, the reaction procedure and the specification to be achieved.
  • the organic silane RSiX 3 (B1) can be a vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane or 3- (methacryloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane.
  • the radical-generating component (B2) can be an alkyl peroxide, acyl peroxide, ketone peroxide, hydroperoxide, peroxocarbonate, perester, peroxoketal, peroxooligomer or an azo compound.
  • Organic alkyl peroxides with half-lives of 0.1 h at temperatures> 80 ° C. such as 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane and / or 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di, are particularly preferred (tert-Butylperoxy) 3-hexyne and / or di (tert-butyl) peroxide and / or 1,3-di (tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl) benzene and / or di-cumyl peroxide and / or tert-butylcumyl peroxide.
  • 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane and / or 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di are particularly preferred (tert-Butylperoxy) 3-hexyne and / or di (tert-butyl) peroxide and / or 1,3-d
  • the catalyst (B3) can be dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin oxide, tin octoate, dibutyltin maleate or titanyl acetonate.
  • the proportion by weight of component (B), based on component (A), can be between 0.1 and 5 parts; parts by weight between 1 and 3 parts are particularly preferred.
  • Component (C) is a stabilizer mixture of a high-molecular phenolic component (C1) with a high melting point, a sulfur-containing component (C2), a phosphorus-containing processing stabilizer (C3) and a metal deactivator (C4).
  • the sulfur-containing component (C2) can be a 5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl sulfide, 3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl sulfide, dioctadecyl-3,3'-thiodipropionate, dilauryl 3, 3'-thiodipropionate or ditetradecyl-3,3'-thiodipropionate.
  • the phosphorus-containing processing stabilizer (C3) can be a tris (nonylphenyl) phosphite, tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, tetrakis (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) -4,4'-biphenyldiphosphonite, 3,9-bis (octadecyloxy) -2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro [5.5] undecane or 3,9-bis (2,4-dicumylphenoxy) -2,4,8,10 tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro [5.5] undecane.
  • the metal deactivator (C4) is selected from the group 1,2-bis (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyl) hydrazide or 2,2'-oxalyldiamidobis (ethyl-3- (3,5-di tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propinate) or oxalic bis (benzylidene hydrazide).
  • Very particularly preferred components are 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene (C1), dioctadecyl-3,3'- thiodipropionate (C2), tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (C3) and 1,2-bis (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyl) hydrazide (C4).
  • the proportion by weight of component (C) based on component (A) can be between 0.1 and 5 parts.
  • the chlorine-resistant tubes according to the invention can contain up to 20 parts by weight of additives, based on component (A), in the form of up to 5 parts by weight of lubricants or processing agents, up to 5 parts by weight of nucleating agents, up to 5 parts by weight of antistatic agents and up to 10 parts by weight of process oils , up to 10 parts by weight of pigments, up to 5 parts by weight of blowing agent or up to 5 parts by weight of UV stabilizers.
  • additives based on component (A)
  • component (A) in the form of up to 5 parts by weight of lubricants or processing agents, up to 5 parts by weight of nucleating agents, up to 5 parts by weight of antistatic agents and up to 10 parts by weight of process oils , up to 10 parts by weight of pigments, up to 5 parts by weight of blowing agent or up to 5 parts by weight of UV stabilizers.
  • the chlorine-resistant, silane-crosslinked polyolefin tubes are produced by the one-stage silane process, ie the grafting reaction of the silane of component (B1) to the polyolefin of component (A) and the shaping take place simultaneously in one processing step.
  • a barrier screw is used to effectively distribute the liquid components before the grafting step and to avoid pre-crosslinking agents.
  • a melt pump can also be used.
  • Creep rupture tests after a tempering step show increased service life of the chlorine-resistant pipes according to the invention due to the increased crystallinity.
  • compositions are given in parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of component (A) and are in the following examples: Examples
  • the corresponding polyolefin (A) and the stabilizer mixture (C) are metered in a single-screw extruder with a barrier screw and a metering device for the liquid silane / peroxide / catalyst mixture.
  • the mixture is melted and the liquid silane / peroxide / catalyst mixture (B) is metered in and formed into a tube.
  • oxidation reactions of plastics can be assessed in the DSC experiment.
  • the OIT Oxidative Induction Time
  • ASTM standard D3895 the sample is heated to a temperature of 210 ° C under an inert atmosphere. This temperature is maintained. After the equilibrium state has been set, the purge gas is changed from an inert to an oxidative atmosphere. The exothermic oxidation reaction then occurs after a certain time.
  • fine gradations of the critical residual stabilizer content in the chlorine-resistant, silane-crosslinked polyolefin tubes according to the invention can be recorded.
  • a modified creep rupture strength test was also used as a preliminary test.
  • the pipe sections with a length greater than 30 cm are pressurized with chlorinated tap water at a pH of 7 and subjected to a creep rupture test at temperatures of 20 ° C, 95 ° C and 110 ° C and various pressures p [Nmm-2].
  • the pipe sections are removed every 8 days and checked for chlorine concentration and pH.
  • the following table shows the properties of the tubes according to the invention.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
EP04704576A 2003-04-11 2004-01-23 Polyolefinrohr Withdrawn EP1613693A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10316845A DE10316845A1 (de) 2003-04-11 2003-04-11 Polyolefinrohr
PCT/EP2004/000532 WO2004090032A1 (de) 2003-04-11 2004-01-23 Polyolefinrohr

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1613693A1 true EP1613693A1 (de) 2006-01-11

Family

ID=33154174

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04704576A Withdrawn EP1613693A1 (de) 2003-04-11 2004-01-23 Polyolefinrohr

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US7985457B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP1613693A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JP2006522692A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CN (1) CN1784463A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU2004228108A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA2526982A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE10316845A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
MX (1) MXPA05010923A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
RU (1) RU2005134960A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
WO (1) WO2004090032A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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DE102004061983A1 (de) * 2004-12-23 2006-07-06 Rehau Ag + Co. Materialzusammensetzung zur Vernetzung
PL1879703T5 (pl) * 2005-06-14 2015-05-29 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Wielowarstwowa powłoka antykorozyjna z tworzywa sztucznego o poprawionych własnościach
JP4771757B2 (ja) * 2005-06-20 2011-09-14 富士フイルム株式会社 高選択的な１，２−ジクロリド化合物の製造方法
ATE490993T1 (de) 2006-10-02 2010-12-15 Borealis Tech Oy Polyolefinzusammensetzung mit verbesserter resistenz gegenüber cio2-enthaltenden wasser
EP2199328A1 (en) * 2008-12-22 2010-06-23 Borealis AG Polyolefin composition for water pipes with improved chlorine resistance
CN102858821B (zh) * 2010-04-26 2015-04-22 莫门蒂夫性能材料股份有限公司 耐氯的可交联的聚烯烃组合物和由其制备的制品
JP2011235486A (ja) * 2010-05-07 2011-11-24 Prime Polymer Co Ltd シラン変性エチレン系ポリマーからなる成形体の製造方法および、樹脂組成物
EP2576634A1 (en) 2010-05-25 2013-04-10 Viega LLC Crosslinkable polyethylene composition
WO2011149524A1 (en) 2010-05-25 2011-12-01 Viega Llc Silane grafted polythylene with a reduced level of extractable methanol
PL2551294T3 (pl) 2011-07-25 2019-06-28 Borealis Ag Zastosowanie kompozycji poliolefinowej do rur i kształtek o ulepszonej odporności na ditlenek chloru
EP2690115B1 (en) 2012-07-24 2018-02-21 Borealis AG Slow partial cross-linking polyolefin composition for improving disinfectant resistance of an article
GB201320919D0 (en) * 2013-11-27 2014-01-08 Addivant Switzerland Gmbh Composition
EP3145988A1 (de) * 2014-05-22 2017-03-29 Basf Se Halogenfreie flammschutzmischungen für polyolefinschaumstoffe
SG11201610213SA (en) * 2014-06-11 2017-01-27 Fina Technology Chlorine-resistant polyethylene compound and articles made therefrom
CN109107018A (zh) * 2018-10-09 2019-01-01 温州医科大学附属第医院 一种具有内翻功能的引流管

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2006522692A (ja) 2006-10-05
RU2005134960A (ru) 2006-04-10
AU2004228108A1 (en) 2004-10-21
DE10316845A1 (de) 2004-11-11
WO2004090032A1 (de) 2004-10-21
US20070184227A1 (en) 2007-08-09
US7985457B2 (en) 2011-07-26
MXPA05010923A (es) 2005-11-25
CN1784463A (zh) 2006-06-07
CA2526982A1 (en) 2004-10-21

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