EP1508007B1 - Appareil de congelation pourvu d'une fonction de degivrage et son procede de fonctionnement - Google Patents

Appareil de congelation pourvu d'une fonction de degivrage et son procede de fonctionnement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1508007B1
EP1508007B1 EP03752736A EP03752736A EP1508007B1 EP 1508007 B1 EP1508007 B1 EP 1508007B1 EP 03752736 A EP03752736 A EP 03752736A EP 03752736 A EP03752736 A EP 03752736A EP 1508007 B1 EP1508007 B1 EP 1508007B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
freezing appliance
time
time period
heating device
appliance according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP03752736A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1508007A1 (fr
Inventor
Georg Strauss
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BSH Hausgeraete GmbH
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BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeraete GmbH
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D21/00—Defrosting; Preventing frosting; Removing condensed or defrost water
    • F25D21/002—Defroster control
    • F25D21/008—Defroster control by timer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D17/00—Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces
    • F25D17/04—Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces for circulating air, e.g. by convection
    • F25D17/06—Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces for circulating air, e.g. by convection by forced circulation
    • F25D17/062—Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces for circulating air, e.g. by convection by forced circulation in household refrigerators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D21/00—Defrosting; Preventing frosting; Removing condensed or defrost water
    • F25D21/06—Removing frost
    • F25D21/08—Removing frost by electric heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D2700/00—Means for sensing or measuring; Sensors therefor
    • F25D2700/02—Sensors detecting door opening
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D2700/00—Means for sensing or measuring; Sensors therefor
    • F25D2700/10—Sensors measuring the temperature of the evaporator

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a freezer having a cooling surface on which an ice sheet can be formed in the course of operation of the freezer, and a heater for heating the cooling surface and thereby defrosting such an ice sheet.
  • frost-free devices Conventional freezers of this type, also referred to as frost-free devices, have a control device for controlling the operation of the heater, which automatically puts the heater into operation when detected by means of a timer runtime of the device or a compressor of the device a predetermined limit exceeds. In this way it is ensured that the cooling surface is defrosted from time to time even without the active intervention of a user, so that it can not form a layer of ice on it in a thickness that significantly affects the energy efficiency of the device.
  • a problem with this technique is that it is unable to take into account whether refrigerated goods may have been freshly stored in the freezer shortly before initiating a defrosting process. If this is the case, such refrigerated goods should be frozen as quickly as possible, for which a high cooling capacity is required. However, automatic defrosting of the cooling surface at such a time causes freezing to take a long time, and in unfavorable circumstances could even cause the refrigerated goods already stored in the freezer to become so hot from the newly stored one, that this stored goods antaut.
  • Another disadvantage of this technique is that it is associated with relatively high energy costs because the increased power requirements of the freezer associated with defrosting can occur at any time of the day.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a freezer and a method of operation for ensuring at any time a quick freezing newly stored refrigerated goods and also make it possible to minimize the energy costs associated with the operation of such a device.
  • This freezer need not necessarily be an automatic defrosting freezer; the timer according to the invention does not necessarily serve as in the conventional frost-free devices to trigger a defrosting after a certain time, but, on the contrary, to prevent this at certain, unfavorable times.
  • the times when defrosting is considered necessary can be determined both automatically and by a user according to the present invention, as will be explained in more detail below.
  • the time interval defined by the timer is a time interval, preferably one that lasts from 9:00 to 22:00, preferably at least from 1:00 to 5:00.
  • This time interval setting is based on the assumption that at night, especially between 10:00 pm and 9:00 am, the likelihood of refrigerated goods being reloaded into the freezer is low because most users are shopping at an earlier time of day.
  • the extension of the time interval in which the operation of the heater is locked at 5:00 clock the one day to 1:00 clock the next day, also has the advantage that in the then still available for defrosting period inexpensive night stream can be used for the defrosting process.
  • the freezer according to the invention also uses low-cost night-time electricity in that - provided no defrosting takes place - the cooling surface operates at a higher cooling capacity in the defrosting period than during the blocked time interval.
  • energy demand is also shifted from the blocked time interval to the period in which defrosting is permitted and in which the cost of electrical energy is less than in the locked time interval.
  • the timer is coupled to a sensor for detecting the opening of a door of the freezer, and the time interval set by the timer is a time interval from when the door is open.
  • the effect of this embodiment is comparable to that described above.
  • the timer for the control circuit can be constructed differently. First, it may be an autonomous timer that receives no external control signals.
  • a timer may include an oscillator for high accuracy accuracy at low cost, especially a quartz oscillator.
  • the interface to such a network can also be used to receive a time signal which is transmitted or interrogated on the network and to make it available to the control circuit.
  • a preferred application of the invention are devices such as the already mentioned frost-free devices, in which the control circuit is designed to detect at least one operating parameter of the freezer correlated with the degree of icing of the cooling surface and to put the heating device into operation outside the specified time interval if the at least one monitored operating parameter has exceeded a limit value.
  • Preferred examples of such operating parameters are the total time elapsed since the last operating phase of the heating device or the operating time of a compressor of the freezer which has since passed.
  • One parameter that does not require cumulative detection in contrast to the above two is the ratio of operating time to service life of a compressor of the freezer.
  • Another suitable parameter is the number of door openings counted since the last operating phase of the heater.
  • control circuit is assigned an operating element for inputting a command for starting up the heating device.
  • This control allows the user to enter a command to start up the heater at any time, if he determines that defrosting makes sense, especially if he has opened the door and thus recognized the need for defrosting.
  • the blocking according to the invention prevents the defrosting process from being carried out at an unfavorable time.
  • such an operating element can also be provided in addition to a freezer with automatic defrosting.
  • a heat-insulating housing 1 and a similar door 2 define a freezer compartment 3 inside the housing 1.
  • a wall 4 separates from the freezer compartment 3 from a chamber 5, at the rear wall serving as a cooling surface evaporator 6 is arranged.
  • the evaporator 6 is part of a refrigerant circuit, together with a compressor 7 and a condenser 8.
  • a fan 9 is arranged in a passage opening of the partition 4, to effect an air circulation between the freezer compartment 3 and the chamber 5.
  • the evaporator 6 Under normal operating conditions, the evaporator 6 is at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. Moisture from the freezer compartment 3 in the chamber 5 circulated air condenses on the surface of the evaporator 6 and forms on this after prolonged use of an ice layer. In order to defrost this ice layer, a heater 10 is disposed in the chamber 5.
  • the invention is also applicable to freezers in which the evaporator 6 is not housed in a separate chamber, but is in direct thermal contact with the freezer compartment 3.
  • Fig. 2 shows a first embodiment of a control arrangement for the refrigeration device Fig. 1 ,
  • the control arrangement comprises a control circuit 11, for example a microprocessor or microcontroller, which is connected to an operating element 12, for example an electrical button attached to the housing 1, a temperature sensor 13 arranged on the evaporator 6 and a timer 14.
  • the timer 14 is preferably implemented in the form of a quartz watch or a radio-controlled clock and periodically provides a quantitative, representative of the time signal.
  • the timer 14 may also be the interface to such a network because in such networks time signals may be periodically transmitted or requested by the interface 14 from another terminal.
  • Fig. 3 shows a first example of a working method that can be processed by the control circuit 11 to defrost the evaporator 6 if necessary.
  • a defrosting operation is not initiated automatically by the control circuit 11, but upon command of a user by pressing the key 12.
  • the control circuit 11 determines in step S1 that the key 12 has been pressed, it checks in the next step S2 the time supplied by the timer 14. If it is between 5:00 am and 1:00 am, the control circuit 11 first ignores the user's command and waits until 1:00 am in step S3. The time interval from 5:00 in the morning until 1:00 at night is therefore a blocking time interval in which no defrosting is performed.
  • the control circuit 11 turns on the power of the heater 10 and simultaneously turns off the compressor 7 and the fan 9, if they were turned on.
  • the control circuit 11 waits to initiate the defrosting process until the operation phase is completed normally.
  • step S6 When the heater 10 has run so long that the sensor 13 detects a target temperature above zero degrees Celsius, which surely indicates that the evaporator 6 is completely defrosted, the power of the heater 10 is turned off and the normal cooling operation is restored in step S6 added.
  • the user can thus enter a defrost command via the key 12 at any convenient time, e.g. when it detects when defrosting or unloading refrigerated goods that defrosting is required.
  • a defrost command via the key 12 at any convenient time, e.g. when it detects when defrosting or unloading refrigerated goods that defrosting is required.
  • Fig. 4 shows an example of a control arrangement that allows a fully automatic defrosting operation. Components of this arrangement, already with reference to Fig. 2 have been described, bear the same reference numerals and will not be described separately.
  • the control circuit 11 of Fig. 4 In addition, it has a signal input 15 to which a control signal generated by a thermostat control circuit 16 for switching on and off the compressor 7 is applied.
  • FIG Fig. 5 A first example of a working method that can be carried out with this embodiment of the control arrangement is shown in FIG Fig. 5 shown.
  • the method begins with an operating time counter t being set to zero after the freezer is switched on in step S11.
  • the control circuit 11 recognizes that the compressor 7 is turned on (S12), it stores the current time t akt in a buffer b (S13).
  • the value in the buffer b is subtracted from the now current time clock and stored again in the buffer b (S15).
  • step S16 If the result is less than zero in step S16, the start and end of the compressor operation phase are different days, and 24 hours must be added to the value in buffer b (S17) to obtain the correct duration of the operation phase of the suspected , The duration thus obtained is added to t (S18), and it is checked (S19) whether the result is over a permissible total operating time t lim of the compressor between two defrosting operations. If so, then defrosting is necessary and the process goes to step S21; if not, it is checked in step S 20 whether the user has pressed the key 12 and therefore a defrosting operation is necessary. If so, the method also proceeds to step S21, if not, a new operating phase of the compressor is awaited in step S12.
  • the total operating time of the freezer since the last defrosting operation could be summarily measured and branched to step S21 as soon as the total operating time has exceeded a predetermined limit value.
  • FIG. 6 A further embodiment of an operating method for the control arrangement Fig. 4 is determined by Fig. 6 treated.
  • the ratio between compressor running time and freezer running time is used as a criterion for the need for defrosting.
  • This modification has the advantage that it does not work with parameters accumulated over the entire operating time of the last defrosting operation, so that the defrosting process can be triggered correctly even if parameter values stored as a result of a power failure or another fault have been lost.
  • step S31 begins in step S31 with the initialization of a parameter a representative of the ratio between the compressor running time and the device running time to a value a, which in principle can arbitrarily be selected below a predetermined limit value A.
  • step S32 is checked whether the compressor 7 is turned on or not. If not, the parameter a is multiplied by a "forgetting factor" 1- ⁇ in step S34; otherwise, it is previously incremented in step S33. By repeating these steps frequently, a converges to a value proportional to the desired ratio.
  • step S 35 it is checked whether the limit A is exceeded. If not, the steps S32 to S34 are repeated, otherwise, it is determined that defrosting is required, and steps S21 to S26 are followed.
  • Fig. 6 In the control arrangement of Fig. 6 is the signal input 15 of Fig. 4 replaced by a connection to a switch 17.
  • This switch 17 is arranged in a conventional manner on the housing 1 to detect the opening and closing of the door 2 and, accordingly, the interior lighting of the freezer compartment 3 on and off.
  • the control circuit 11 counts the number of times the door 2 has been opened since the last defrosting operation or, alternatively, the total time during which the door 2 has been open since the last defrosting operation and compares the result with a threshold value.
  • This method is not illustrated by way of a flow chart, as its operation may be evident by generalizing the examples given above. As soon as the limit value is exceeded, steps S21 to S26 are also carried out in this method.
  • step S 41 the value of any suitable parameter is detected, eg the number or duration of the door openings, compressor operating time, total operating time, ratio of compressor operating time to total operating time, etc. If it is determined in step S 42 that the door 2 has been opened, then the timer 14 is started (S43), which does not serve to provide a time in this embodiment, but to indicate the elapse of a predetermined period of, for example, three hours. These steps are cyclically repeated unless it is determined in step S44 that the monitored parameter has exceeded the threshold.
  • any suitable parameter eg the number or duration of the door openings, compressor operating time, total operating time, ratio of compressor operating time to total operating time, etc.
  • next (S45) it has to be checked whether the timer has expired, that is, whether the given time has elapsed since the last door open. If this is not the case, steps S41 to S44 are looped through until the timer has expired.
  • the expiry of the timer indicates that a defrosting process may now be initiated because sufficient time has elapsed since the last door was opened to safely freeze any newly stored refrigerated goods.
  • the subsequent steps are identical to the steps S4 to S7 Fig. 3 and therefore need not be explained again.
  • a by-product of this control is that the timer will usually expire at night, so the likelihood that the door will remain closed so long that the timer can expire is greatest. Therefore, even with the method of Fig. 8 For the defrosting process mostly cheap night-time electricity can be used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Defrosting Systems (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
  • Freezing, Cooling And Drying Of Foods (AREA)
  • Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Appareil de congélation comprenant une surface de refroidissement (6) pouvant être givrée, un dispositif de chauffage (10) destiné à échauffer la surface de refroidissement (6) et un circuit de commande (11) destiné à commander le fonctionnement du dispositif de chauffage (10) en fonction d'un temporisateur (14), le circuit de commande (11) étant configuré pour bloquer le fonctionnement du dispositif de chauffage (10) pendant un intervalle de temps de blocage déterminé par le temporisateur (14), pendant lequel intervalle la surface de refroidissement (6) ne doit pas être dégivrée et pour détecter la nécessité de dégivrer la surface de refroidissement (6), caractérisé en ce que le circuit de commande (11) est configuré pour attendre la fin de l'intervalle de temps de blocage lorsque le moment de la nécessité de dégivrage se situe dans l'intervalle de temps de blocage, et pour faire fonctionner le dispositif de chauffage (10) après l'expiration de l'intervalle de temps de blocage.
  2. Appareil de congélation selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'intervalle de temps déterminé par le temporisateur est un intervalle d'heures.
  3. Appareil de congélation selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'intervalle d'heures dure au moins de 9:00 heures à 22:00 heures, de préférence au moins de 5:00 heures à 1:00 heure du jour suivant.
  4. Appareil de congélation selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que la puissance frigorifique moyenne de la surface de refroidissement (6) en dehors de l'intervalle d'heures est plus grande que pendant l'intervalle d'heures.
  5. Appareil de congélation selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le temporisateur (14) est couplé à un capteur (17) destiné à détecter l'ouverture d'une porte (2) de l'appareil de congélation et en ce que l'intervalle de temps déterminé par le temporisateur (14) est un intervalle de temps à partir de l'état ouvert de la porte (2).
  6. Appareil de congélation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que le temporisateur (14) comprend un oscillateur, notamment un oscillateur à quartz.
  7. Appareil de congélation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que le temporisateur (14) comprend un récepteur radio.
  8. Appareil de congélation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que le temporisateur (14) comprend une interface vers un réseau de données.
  9. Appareil de congélation selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le circuit de commande (11) est réalisé pour détecter au moins un paramètre de fonctionnement, corrélé à la puissance du givrage de la surface de refroidissement (6), de l'appareil de congélation et pour mettre en service le dispositif de chauffage (10) en dehors de l'intervalle de temps déterminé, lorsque le paramètre a dépassé une valeur limite.
  10. Appareil de congélation selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que le paramètre ou l'un des paramètres est le temps écoulé depuis la dernière phase de fonctionnement du dispositif de chauffage (10).
  11. Appareil de congélation selon la revendication 9 ou 10, caractérisé en ce que l'un des paramètres de fonctionnement est le temps de fonctionnement, écoulé depuis la dernière phase de fonctionnement du dispositif de chauffage (10), d'un compresseur (7) de l'appareil de congélation.
  12. Appareil de congélation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 9 à 11, caractérisé en ce que l'un des paramètres de fonctionnement est le rapport entre le temps de fonctionnement et le temps d'inactivité d'un compresseur (7) de l'appareil de congélation.
  13. Appareil de congélation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 9 à 12, caractérisé en ce qu'il présente une porte et un capteur (17) destiné à détecter l'ouverture de la porte et en ce que l'un des paramètres de fonctionnement est le nombre d'ouvertures de porte compté depuis la dernière phase de fonctionnement du dispositif de chauffage (10).
  14. Appareil de congélation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 9 à 13, caractérisé en ce qu'un élément de commande (12), destiné à entrer une instruction pour la mise en service du dispositif de chauffage (10), est attribué au circuit de commande (11).
  15. Procédé de commande d'un appareil de congélation comprenant une surface de refroidissement (6) pouvant être givrée, un dispositif de chauffage (10) destiné à échauffer la surface de refroidissement (6), comprenant les étapes :
    a) déterminer un intervalle de temps de blocage, pendant lequel la surface de refroidissement (6) ne doit pas être dégivrée,
    b) détecter la nécessité de dégivrer (S1, S19, S20, S35) la surface de refroidissement (6), caractérisé par
    c) lorsque le moment de la nécessité de dégivrage est situé dans l'intervalle de temps de blocage (S2, S21, S35), attente de la fin de l'intervalle de temps de blocage (S3, S22) et, après l'expiration de l'intervalle de temps de blocage : fonctionnement du dispositif de chauffage (S4, S23).
  16. Procédé selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que la nécessité du dégivrage est identifiée
    - à l'aide de l'entrée d'une instruction par un utilisateur (S1),
    - par la surveillance d'au moins un paramètre de fonctionnement, corrélé à la puissance du givrage, de l'appareil de congélation (S13 à S18 ; S31 à S34 ; S41) et par la détection de la nécessité (S19, S35, S44) lorsqu'au moins un des paramètres de fonctionnement dépasse une valeur limite.
EP03752736A 2002-05-16 2003-05-13 Appareil de congelation pourvu d'une fonction de degivrage et son procede de fonctionnement Expired - Lifetime EP1508007B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10221904A DE10221904A1 (de) 2002-05-16 2002-05-16 Gefriergerät mit Abtaufunktion und Betriebsverfahren dafür
DE10221904 2002-05-16
PCT/EP2003/005004 WO2003098134A1 (fr) 2002-05-16 2003-05-13 Appareil de congelation pourvu d'une fonction de degivrage et son procede de fonctionnement

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1508007A1 EP1508007A1 (fr) 2005-02-23
EP1508007B1 true EP1508007B1 (fr) 2010-10-27

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EP03752736A Expired - Lifetime EP1508007B1 (fr) 2002-05-16 2003-05-13 Appareil de congelation pourvu d'une fonction de degivrage et son procede de fonctionnement

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Country Link
US (1) US7320226B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1508007B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN100374800C (fr)
AT (1) ATE486256T1 (fr)
BR (1) BR0309948A (fr)
DE (2) DE10221904A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2353114T3 (fr)
PL (1) PL202376B1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2313742C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003098134A1 (fr)

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DE102012213644A1 (de) 2012-08-02 2014-02-20 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Kältegerät mit automatischer Abtauung
DE102012221296A1 (de) * 2012-11-21 2014-05-22 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Kältegerät mit einem Kühlfach
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CN104880016B (zh) * 2015-05-26 2018-02-02 青岛海尔股份有限公司 冷藏冷冻设备及其防凝露方法和防凝露系统
WO2019199386A1 (fr) * 2018-04-13 2019-10-17 Carrier Corporation Procédé de dégivrage d'un système frigorifique
KR20200062698A (ko) * 2018-11-27 2020-06-04 엘지전자 주식회사 냉장고 및 그의 제어방법
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DE50313221D1 (de) 2010-12-09
WO2003098134A1 (fr) 2003-11-27
RU2313742C2 (ru) 2007-12-27
PL371493A1 (en) 2005-06-27
RU2004133383A (ru) 2005-07-20
DE10221904A1 (de) 2003-12-04
CN1653307A (zh) 2005-08-10
BR0309948A (pt) 2005-03-01
US20050066667A1 (en) 2005-03-31
PL202376B1 (pl) 2009-06-30
ES2353114T3 (es) 2011-02-25
US7320226B2 (en) 2008-01-22
EP1508007A1 (fr) 2005-02-23
ATE486256T1 (de) 2010-11-15
CN100374800C (zh) 2008-03-12

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