Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D257/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having four nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D257/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having four nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
  • A61K49/10—Organic compounds
  • A61K49/14—Peptides, e.g. proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/0002—General or multifunctional contrast agents, e.g. chelated agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
  • A61K49/085—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier conjugated systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
  • A61K49/10—Organic compounds
  • A61K49/14—Peptides, e.g. proteins
  • A61K49/143—Peptides, e.g. proteins the protein being an albumin, e.g. HSA, BSA, ovalbumin

Definitions

• the invention relates to the subject matter characterized in the claims, i. Conjugates of macrocyclic metal complexes.
• the conjugates are useful in the preparation of agents, especially contrast agents for NMR and radiodiagnostics, as well as radiotherapy agents.
• Precondition for a targeted and successful therapy is an exact diagnosis.
• the possibilities have increased very much in recent years, for example, the NMR and X-ray diagnostics are able to represent virtually every anatomical detail selectively and with great accuracy.
• the corresponding structures are only visible through the use of contrast agents.
• the image intensity in proton NMR is essentially determined by the water protons. It depends on the core relaxation times. Complexes of paramagnetic transition metals and lanthanides shorten the relaxation times of adjacent protons through dipolar interactions.
• the paramagnetic contrast agents are not detected directly, but indirect detection is performed based on the fact that the contrast agents can alter relaxation times of adjacent protons such as water protons. Due to their high magnetic moments and relaxation efficiency, Gd 3 ⁇ Fe 3+ and Mn 2+ are preferred paramagnetic metal cations in NMR diagnostics.
• An important physical quantity describing the relaxation behavior of protons is the longitudinal relaxation time li. Tissues with short relaxation times T generally provide higher intensity images than those with longer relaxation times.
• radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has also long been known in the field of biological and medical research.
• radiopharmaceuticals are used to represent certain structures such as the skeleton, organs or tissues.
• the diagnostic application presupposes the use of such radioactive agents which, after administration, specifically accumulate in the structures in the patient to be examined. These locally accumulating radioactive agents can then be detected, plotted or scanned using suitable detectors, such as scintillation cameras or other suitable recording techniques.
• suitable detectors such as scintillation cameras or other suitable recording techniques.
• the distribution and relative intensity of the radioactive agent detected characterizes the location of a structure in which the radioactive agent resides and may represent the presence of anomalies in structures and functions, pathological changes, etc.
• radiopharmaceuticals can be used as therapeutic agents to irradiate certain diseased tissues or areas. Such treatment requires the production of radioactive therapeutic agents that accumulate in certain structures, organs or tissues.
• the paramagnetic ions are usually not administered in the form of water-soluble salts, but in the form of chelate complexes. These can be excreted practically unchanged by the body.
• the relaxivity is thus proportional to the molecular mass of the entire complex.
• a good NMR contrast agent is characterized, inter alia, by the fact that it has a large value for the relaxivity.
• Gd-DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid conjugates with albumin are described, for example, by MD Ogan et al. in Invest.
• WO 01/08712 proposes a contrast agent which comprises at least two metal chelate units as image-enhancing groups and at least two "target binding units" for binding the contrast agent molecule to the desired target molecule or target organ in the body.
• Tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid derivatives of high stability and good solubility due to lack of charge, which are suitable for attachment to biomolecules, are described in EP-A-0 565 930.
• NMR contrast agents for NMR and radiodiagnosis as well as agents for radiotherapy.
• these NMR contrast agents should have the highest possible relaxivity and should accumulate as selectively as possible at a desired location in the body.
• Z represents a hydrogen atom or at least two Z represent a metal ion equivalent
• B represents a hydrogen atom or a C 1-4 -alkyl radical
• R represents a hydrogen atom or a straight, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated Ci.io-alkyl or aryl radical, optionally with a
• Carboxyl group, -SO 3 H or -PO 3 H 2 is substituted, and wherein the alkyl chain of the d. ⁇ 0 -
• Alkyl radical optionally contains an aryl group and / or 1-2 oxygen atoms, with the proviso that the radicals B and R are not both simultaneously hydrogen atoms,
• A is a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C ⁇ . 30 -hydrocarbon chain which optionally contains 1-5 oxygen atoms, 1-5 nitrogen atoms and / or 1-5 -NR'-
• R ' is defined as R but can be independently selected, optionally containing 1-3 carboxyl groups, 1-3 -SO 3 H, 1-3 -PO 3 H 2 and / or 1-3
• Halogen atoms is substituted, wherein optionally 1-3 carbon atoms as
• Carbonyl groups are present, wherein the chain or a part of the chain may be arranged in a ring, and which is designed so that X 'has at least 3 atoms with the
• X represents the residue of a group X which has reacted with a biomolecule
• Bio represents the remainder of a biomolecule, and their salts and theirs
• alkyl radical means a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched or cyclic alkyl radical having the specified number of carbon atoms. If this radical can contain further groups or atoms, it is understood in the present case that the further groups or atoms may be present in addition to the already existing atoms of the radical and may be inserted at any position of the radical including the terminal positions.
• aryl is meant herein preferably phenyl, bisphenyl, pyridyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl and imidazolyl. Particularly preferred is phenyl.
• Hydrocarbon chain which may be wholly or partially ring-shaped, in the present case is preferably understood to mean a hydrocarbon chain, such as an alkyl chain, for example an aliphatic or aromatic optionally heterocyclic 5- or 6-membered ring (eg phenyl (s), pyridyl (s) or cyclohexyl (s)) or consists thereof.
• alkyl chain for example an aliphatic or aromatic optionally heterocyclic 5- or 6-membered ring (eg phenyl (s), pyridyl (s) or cyclohexyl (s)) or consists thereof.
• the acetic or carboxylate methyl radicals on three of the nitrogen atoms of the macrocyclic ring may additionally have a substituent R.
• the macrocyclic ring may have another substituent B at four of its carbon atoms.
• B and R can not both simultaneously represent hydrogen atoms, ie that the macrocyclic ring must have further substituents either directly on its ring atoms and / or on the acetic or carboxylate methyl substituents of its nitrogen atoms.
• B may be a hydrogen atom or a are methyl, ethyl and iso-propyl.
• R is a straight, branched and / or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated C MO - alkyl (preferably C 5- ⁇ 0 alkyl) or aryl radical, optionally substituted by a Carboxyl group, -SO 3 H or -PO 3 H 2 is substituted, and wherein the alkyl chain of the C 1-10 - alkyl radical optionally contains an aryl group and / or 1-2 oxygen atoms.
• alkyl radicals are straight-chain or branched, preferably saturated C.
• ⁇ -alkyl radicals such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl and tert-butyl, and cyclohexyl preferred.
• straight chain, branched or cyclic, preferably saturated C are . ⁇ 0 -alkyl radicals such as pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl preferred.
• the C 1-10 alkyl group for R may optionally be substituted with a carboxyl group, -SO 3 H or -PO 3 H 2 .
• substituted alkyl groups are -CH 2 -COOH and -C (CH 3 ) 2 -COOH.
• the alkyl chain of the -10- alkyl radical may contain an aryl group and / or 1-2 oxygen atoms.
• the aryl group and the oxygen atoms may be present anywhere within the alkyl chain.
• the aryl group can also be arranged terminally on the alkyl chain and form an aryloxy group together with an oxygen atom.
• a phenyl group is suitable.
• a preferred alkyl chain for R optionally containing an aryl group and 1-2 oxygen atoms is a radical of the formula - (CH 2 ) m - (O) n - (phyleneyl) p -Y wherein m is an integer of 1-5 is n, 0 or 1, p is 0 or 1 and Y is a hydrogen atom, a methoxy radical, a carboxyl group, -SO 3 H or -PO 3 H 2 .
• the substituent Y is preferably in the para position.
• the aryl radical for R is preferably a phenyl radical which is optionally substituted by a carboxyl group, -SO 3 H or -PO 3 H 2 .
• R when B is a hydrogen atom, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, a straight-chain or branched C 5 . ⁇ 0 alkyl, cyclohexyl, -CH 2 -COOH, -C (CH 3) 2 - COOH, a phenyl radical or a radical of the formula - (CH 2 ) m - (O) n - (phenylene) pY, wherein m is an integer from 1 to 5, n is 0 or 1, p is 0 or 1 and Y is hydrogen, methoxy, carboxyl, -SO 3 H or -PO 3 H 2 , and most preferably isopropyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl.
• the substituted macrocyclic ring of the conjugate of the formula I has been attached via a spacer A to a biomolecule by means of a group X, which can react with a biomolecule.
• the spacer A represents a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C ⁇ .
• Contains 30 hydrocarbon chain is that wherein R 'is as above R is as defined, but can be selected independently optionally having from 1-5 oxygen atoms, 1-5 nitrogen atoms and / or 1-5 -NR radicals, optionally substituted with 1-3 Carboxyl groups, 1-3 -SO 3 H, 1-3 -PO 3 H 2 and / or 1-3 halogen atoms is substituted, in which optionally 1-3 carbon atoms are present as carbonyl groups, wherein the chain or a part of the chain be arranged in a ring and is such that X 'is linked to at least 3 atoms of the nitrogen atom to which A is attached.
• the spacer should have at least three atoms and preferably at least four atoms in a chain between the nitrogen atom of the macrocyclic ring and X '.
• the chain of atoms is understood to mean the shortest bond between the nitrogen atom of the macrocyclic ring and X ', even across a ring.
• a para-phenylene group would be considered as a spacer with four atoms in a chain and a meta-phenylene group as a spacer with three atoms in a chain.
• carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms are calculated equally as one atom at a time. Substituents on these atoms or side chains do not belong to the number of atoms within the chain.
• -AX is chosen differently from the substituents -CH (R) -CO 2 Z.
• the spacer A can be represented as a radical A'-U, wherein A 'is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the macrocyclic ring and U to X'.
• a ' is preferable
• Q represents a hydrogen atom, a Ci.io-alkyl radical which is optionally substituted with a carboxyl group, or an aryl radical which is optionally substituted with a carboxyl group, a d- 1 5-alkoxy group, an aryloxy group or a halogen atom, and R ' as R is defined, but can be chosen independently, or d) a group of the formula
• o is 0 or 1 and the ring is optionally fused with a benzene ring, which benzene ring, if present, may be substituted with a methoxy or carboxyl group, -SO 3 H or -PO 3 H 2 .
• the positions indicated by I are bound to the adjacent groups and the position ⁇ is bound to a nitrogen atom of the macrocyclic ring and the position ⁇ to U.
• Q is preferably a linear or branched d. 10 -, in particular C 1 -alkyl radical, such as methyl, ethyl or iso-propyl, or a cyclohexyl radical. These radicals may optionally be substituted with a carboxyl group, with a carboxymethyl radical being preferred.
• the preferred aryl radical for Q is phenyl. This aryl radical may be substituted by a carboxyl group, a d. ⁇ 5 alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, in particular a phenoxy group or a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, and in particular fluorine or chlorine. If the aryl radical is a phenyl radical, this is preferably substituted in para-position with one of the groups mentioned. Particularly preferred groups for Q are methyl, phenyl and p-dodecanoxyphenyl.
• R ' is as defined above R, but can be chosen independently of R. More preferably, R 'is a hydrogen atom.
• a ' is selected from a bond, -CH (CO 2 H) -, -C (CH 3 ) H-CO-NH-, -C (phenyl) H-CO-NH-, -C (p-dodecanoxyphenyl) H-CO-NH-,
• R 1 is -OCH 3 , -CO 2 H, -SO 3 H or -PO 3 H 2 .
• U is preferably a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C ⁇ .
• 30 -hydrocarbon chain which optionally contains 1-3 oxygen atoms, 1-3 nitrogen atoms and / or 1-3 -NR "radical, wherein R" is as defined above R, but can be chosen independently contains, and wherein optionally 1- 3 carbon atoms are present as carbonyl groups, wherein the chain or a part of the chain can be arranged in a ring.
• U is an aryl radical or a C 1-20 -alkyl radical (preferably straight-chain or at least partially cyclic and saturated) which optionally contains 1-3 oxygen atoms, 1-3 -NR "radicals, 1-2 phenylene radicals and / or a pyridylene radical in which optionally 1-3 carbon atoms are present as carbonyl groups and which is optionally substituted by an aryl radical (eg phenyl).
• a 'and U must together be such that X' has at least three atoms with the nitrogen atom to which A ' The chain of at least three atoms is defined as in A above.
• the aryl radical for U is preferably a phenyl radical. The d.
• 20 -alkyl radical U is preferably a linear, saturated alkyl group d- 10 alkyl, cyclohexyl or cyclohexyl-d-5.
• the alkyl radicals of these radicals may optionally be interrupted by 1 oxygen atom, 1 phenylene radical and / or 1 pyridylene radical or contain a -CO-NR "radical or be substituted by phenyl.
• U is preferably selected from -CH 2 -, - (CH 2 ) 5 -, - (CH 2 ) 10 -, -phenylene-O-CH 2 -, -phenylene-O- (CH 2 ) 3 -, -phenylene-O- (CH 2 ) 10 -, -CH 2 -phenylene -, -cyclohexylene-O-CH 2 -, -phenylene-, -C (phenyl) H-, -CH 2 -pyridylene-O-CH 2 -, -CH 2 -pyridylene- and -CH 2 -CO- NH-CH 2 -CH 2 -
• the phenylene groups are preferably substituted in the para-position and the pyridylene groups are preferably pyrid-2,5-ylene or pyrid-2,4-ylene -Groups.
• Preferred groups for the spacer A are:
• a group X ' is attached to the macrocyclic ring in the conjugate of the formula I.
• This group X ' is the remainder of a group X that has reacted with a biomolecule.
• X is carboxyl (-COOH), activated carboxyl, amino (-NH 2 ), isocyanate (-NCO), isothiocyanate (-NCS), hydrazine (-NHNH 2 ), semicarbazide (-NHCONHNH 2 ), thiosemicarbazide (- NHCSNHNH 2 ), chloroacetamide (-NHCOCH 2 Cl), bromoacetamide (-NHCOCH 2 Br), iodoacetamide (-NHCOCH 2 L), acylamino such as acetylamino (-NHCOCH 3 ), mixed anhydrides, azide, hydroxide, sulfonyl chloride, carbodiimide or a group of formulas
• Hal represents a halogen atom
• activated carboxyl group are meant above those carboxyl groups which are derivatized so as to facilitate the reaction with a biomolecule. Which groups can be used for activation is known and reference can be made, for example, to M. and A. Bodanszky, "The Practice of Peptide Synthesis", Springerverlag 1984. Examples are adducts of the carboxylic acid with carbodiimides or activated esters such as e.g. Hydroxybenzotriazole. Most preferably, the activated carboxyl group for X is selected from
• Z represents a hydrogen atom or a metal ion equivalent.
• which metal ion is to be complexed in the conjugate according to the invention depends on the intended use of the conjugates.
• Corresponding conjugates are suitable, for example, for NMR diagnosis, radiodiagnostics and radiotherapy and neutron capture therapy.
• the conjugates are particularly preferably used in NMR diagnosis as contrast agents.
• the preparation of complexes for NMR diagnosis can be carried out in the manner disclosed in patents EP 71564, EP 130934 and DE-OS 34 01 052.
• the metal oxide or a metal salt for example a chloride, nitrate, acetate, carbonate or sulfate
• a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol
• the complexing agents are to be used for the production of radiodiagnostic agents or therapeutic agents, the complexes can be prepared from the complexing agents according to the methods described in "Radiotracers for Medical Applications", Vol. I, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
• the invention also includes a kit for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals comprising a conjugate of formula I wherein Z is hydrogen and a compound of a desired metal.
• the invention further pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one physiologically acceptable conjugate of the general formula I, optionally with the usual additives in galenics.
• the preparation of the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention is carried out in a conventional manner by suspending or dissolving the conjugates according to the invention - optionally with the addition of the additives customary in galenicals - in an aqueous medium and then optionally sterilizing the suspension or solution.
• Suitable additives are, for example, physiologically acceptable buffers (such as tromethamine), additions of complexing agents or weak complexes (such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid or the metal complexes according to the invention corresponding Ca complexes) or - if necessary - electrolytes such as sodium chloride or - if necessary - antioxidants such as ascorbic acid.
• suspensions or solutions of the agents according to the invention in water or physiological saline solution are desired for enteral administration or other purposes, they are mixed with one or more excipients customarily used in galenicals [eg methylcellulose, lactose, mannitol] and / or surfactant (s). [for example, lecithins, Tween ®, Myrj ®] and / or flavoring substance (s) for taste correction [for example, ethereal oils].
• excipients customarily used in galenicals
• s eg methylcellulose, lactose, mannitol
• surfactant for example, lecithins, Tween ®, Myrj ®
• flavoring substance (s) for taste correction for example, ethereal oils.
• the invention therefore also relates to processes for the preparation of the complex compounds and their salts. As final security remains a purification of the isolated complex salt.
• compositions according to the invention preferably contain 1 ⁇ mol-1.3 mol / l of the complex salt and are usually dosed in amounts of 0.0001-5 mmol / kg. They are intended for enteral and parenteral administration.
• ions of paramagnetic elements with atomic numbers 21-29, 42, 44 and 58-70.
• suitable ions are the chromium (III), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), praseodymium (III), neodymium (III), samarium (III) and ytterbium (III) ion.
• the gadolinium (III) -, terbium (III) -, dysprosium (III) -, holmium (III) -, erbium (III) -, manganese (II) - and iron (III) ion are particularly preferred for NMR diagnosis.
• the conjugates according to the invention fulfill the diverse requirements for suitability as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.
• they are ideally suited to improve after oral or parenteral administration by increasing the signal intensity of the image obtained using the magnetic resonance imaging in its validity.
• they show the high potency necessary to burden the body with the least possible amounts of foreign matter and the good compatibility needed to maintain the noninvasive nature of the studies.
• the good solubility in water and low osmolality of the conjugates according to the invention makes it possible to produce highly concentrated solutions to keep the volume load of the circuit within reasonable limits and to compensate for the dilution by the body fluid, that is NMR diagnostics must be 100 to 1000 times better water soluble than for the NMR spectroscopy.
• the conjugates according to the invention not only have a high stability in vitro, but also a surprisingly high stability in vivo, so that a release or an exchange of non-covalently bound in the complexes - in itself toxic - ions within the time in which the new contrast agent completely excreted, only extremely slowly.
• the agents according to the invention are dosed for use as NMR diagnostic agents in amounts of 0.0001-5 mmol / kg, preferably 0.005-0.5 mmol / kg. Details of the application are e.g. in H.-J. Weinmann et al., Am. J. of Roentgenology 142, 619 (1984).
• organ-specific NMR diagnostic agents can be used, for example, to detect tumors and myocardial infarction.
• Particularly low dosages of the complexes according to the invention are suitable for use in radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis.
• the therapeutic agents according to the invention may be administered together with a suitable carrier such as serum or saline and together with another protein such as human serum albumin.
• a suitable carrier such as serum or saline and together with another protein such as human serum albumin.
• the dosage depends on the type of cellular disorder, the metal ion used and the type of imaging method.
• the therapeutic agents according to the invention are administered parenterally, preferably i. ., applied.
• the complex compounds according to the invention can be used advantageously as susceptibility reagents and as shift reagents for in vivo NMR spectroscopy.
• the conjugates according to the invention are also suitable as radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic agents. Details of their application and dosage will e.g. Radiotracers for Medical Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 1983, and Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 17 (1990) 346-364 and Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 1137-1156.
• Suitable for SPECT are the complexes with the isotopes 11 ln and 99m Tc.
• positron emission tomography which uses positron-emitting isotopes such as 43 Sc, 44 Sc, 52 Fe, 55 Co, 68 Ga, ⁇ 4 Cu, 86 Y, and 9 Tc (Heiss, WD, Phelps, ME, Positron Emission Tomography of Brain, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1983).
• the conjugates according to the invention are also suitable for the differentiation of malignant and benign tumors in areas without a blood-brain barrier.
• the conjugates according to the invention accumulate in malignant tumors (no diffusion into healthy tissue, but high permeability of tumor vessels), they can also support the radiotherapy of suspected tumors. This differs from the corresponding diagnosis only by the amount and type of isotope used.
• the goal here is the destruction of tumor cells by high-energy short-wave radiation with the shortest possible range.
• interactions of the in the Complex metals contained such as iron or gadolinium
• ionizing radiation eg X-rays
• neutron beams exploited with neutron beams. This effect significantly increases the local radiation dose at the site where the metal complex is located (eg in tumors).
• the metal complex conjugates according to the invention are therefore also suitable as a radiosensitizing substance in the radiotherapy of malignant tumors (eg exploitation of Mössbauer effects or in neutron capture therapy).
• Suitable .beta.-emitting ions are, for example, 46 Sc, 47 Sc, 48 Sc, 72 Ga, 73 Ga, 90 Y, 67 Cu, 109 Pd, 111 Ag, 1 9 Pm, 153 Sm, 16 ⁇ Ho, 177 Lu, 186 Re and 188 Re.
• Suitable low-half-life ⁇ -emitting ions are for example 211 At, 211 Bi, 2i2 gj 213 ⁇ gj unc j 2 ⁇ gj WO b e j 2i2 gj is preferred.
• a suitable photon and electron emitting ion is 1S8 Gd, which can be obtained from 157 Gd by neutron capture.
• the conjugates according to the invention are for use in the method described by RL Mills et al. [Nature Vol. 336, (1988), p. 787], the central ion must be derived from a Mössbauer isotope such as 57 Fe or 151 Eu.
• inorganic bases e.g., hydroxides, carbonates or bicarbonates
• inorganic bases e.g. Sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium or calcium
• organic bases such as, but not limited to, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, e.g. Ethanolamine, morpholine, glucamine, N-methyl and N, N-dimethylglucamine, as well as basic amino acids, e.g. Lysine, arginine and ornithine or amides original neutral or acidic amino acids.
• the neutral complex compounds it is possible to add, for example, in acidic complex salts in aqueous solution or suspension, so much of the desired base that the neutral point is reached.
• the resulting solution can then be concentrated to dryness in vacuo.
• water-miscible solvents such as, for example, lower alcohols (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and others), lower ketones (acetone and others), polar ethers (tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1, 2). Dimethoxyethane and others) to precipitate and thus easy to isolate and easy to clean crystals. It has proven to be particularly advantageous already during the Add complex formation of the reaction mixture and thereby save a process step.
• conjugates of the formula I according to the invention can be prepared by processes known to those skilled in the art.
• the conjugates of formula I can be obtained by a process wherein a compound of formula II
• Z, B, R and A are as defined above and X represents a group capable of reacting with a biomolecule, is reacted with a biomolecule and then, if desired, in a manner known per se with at least one metal oxide or metal salt of a desired element is reacted and optionally then in the complexes thus obtained still existing acidic hydrogen atoms are completely or partially substituted by cations of inorganic and / or organic bases, amino acids or amino acid amides.
• the compounds of the formula II can be obtained, for example, by a process in which a compound of the formula III
• B is as defined above, optionally after introducing protective groups for the nitrogen atoms with Nu-AX "and Nu-CH (R) -CO 2 Z ', where A and R are as above and Nu is a nucleofuge, X "is X or a protected form of X, and X is as defined above and Z 'is a hydrogen atom, a metal ion equivalent, preferably an alkali or alkaline earth metal such as especially sodium or potassium, or a
• the optionally present protective groups can then be removed and the reaction can be carried out in a manner known per se with at least one metal oxide or metal salt of a desired element If appropriate, all or some of the acidic hydrogen atoms still present in the complexes obtained can be completely or partially replaced by cations of inorganic and / or organic bases, amino acids or amino acid amides.
• the nitrogen-unsubstituted macrocycle is first reacted with the protected moiety AX ", leaving a Nocieofug as leaving group, and one of the four nitrogen atoms in the macrocycle undergoes stoichiometric reaction control to give group A leaving the leaving group in this way one obtains a monofunctionalized macrocycle which contains the radical X in protected form (X ").
• the remaining three nucleophilic nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle are each reacted with a protected carboxylic acid, which carries a nucleofug in the ⁇ -position to the carboxyl group.
• ⁇ Nu nucleofuges (eg Br, I, O-triflate, mer.ylate, tosylate, etc).
• Z - Gd 3
• the reactant used is a macrocycle which already carries suitable protective groups SG at three of the four nitrogen atoms.
• protective groups which are suitable here are tert-butyl oxycarbonyl (t-BOC), COCF 3 , carbobenzoxy (Cbo) or fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC), etc.
• SG protecting group (eg BOC, Cbo, COCF 3 , FMOC, etc.)
• one of the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle is initially blocked by an appropriate protecting group SG.
• suitable protective groups are formyl, benzyl, boctrityl, etc.
• the reaction takes place at the three remaining nucleophilic nitrogen atoms with appropriately protected carboxylic acid derivatives which carry a corresponding nucleofug in ⁇ -position.
• the removal of the protective group SG initially introduced on the first nitrogen atom and derivatization with AX.sup.-, which in turn likewise carries a nucleofug, is carried out schematically, the third process variant being shown schematically below, where the radicals in the formulas are as defined above:
• the reaction is carried out in a mixture of water and organic solvents such as: isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, butanol, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, formamide or dichloromethane.
• organic solvents such as: isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, butanol, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, formamide or dichloromethane.
• Ternary mixtures of water, isopropanol and dichloromethane are preferred.
• the reaction is carried out in a temperature range between -10 ° C and 100 ° C, preferably between 0 ° C and 30 ° C.
• Ci-C ⁇ alkyl C ⁇ -C arrive 10 aryl and C 6 -C 10 -Ar (dC) - alkyl groups and trialkylsilyl groups in question.
• the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl and tert-butyl groups are preferred.
• the NH groups can be protected in a variety of ways and released again.
• the N-trifluoroacetyl derivative is replaced by potassium or sodium carbonate in water (H. Newman, J. Org. Chem., 30: 287 (1965), MA Schwartz et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 95 G12 (1973). ) or simply cleaved by ammonia solution (M. Imazama and F. Eckstein, J. Org. Chem., 44: 2039 (1979)).
• the tert-butyloxycarbonyl derivative is also mildly cleavable: stirring with trifluoroacetic acid is sufficient (BF Lundt et al., J. Org.
• the molecule Nu-AX is preferably first synthesized independently If the molecule contains an amide group, this is prepared, for example, by reacting an activated carboxylic acid with an amine
• the activation of the carboxylic acid is carried out by conventional methods
• suitable activating reagents are dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), and O- (benzotriazoleM-yl) -1,3.3 , 3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), preferably DCC.
• O-nucleophilic catalysts such as N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)
• the deprotection can then be carried out by hydrogenolysis.
• this carboxylic acid function to a suitable functional group of a suitable biomolecule, it should as a rule be activated first.
• Activated esters are preferably generated intermediately, which are then attacked by a nucleophilic group of the biomolecule. In this way, a covalent linkage between the biomolecule and the compound of formula II.
• Preferred activated esters are the esters of N-hydroxysuccinimide, the esters of paranitrophenol or the esters of pentafluorophenol.
• the group X is to be linked to the biomolecule in the form of an isothiocyanate
• the group X represents a maleimide which is e.g. can react selectively with thiol functions of the biomolecule.
• the group X is a nucleophile (NH 2 , SH) which acts on a suitable functionality of the biomolecule (activated ester, maleimide, etc.). Numerous maleinimide functionalized biomolecules are commercially available.
• the synthesis of the conjugates is usually carried out in such a way that first a derivatized and functionalized chelate complex is generated, which is then linked to the biomolecule.
• the chelate complex according to the invention is incorporated during the synthesis of the biomolecule in this. This can be done, for example, during the sequential synthesis of oligopeptides on the synthesis robot.
• the usual in the synthesis of the corresponding biomolecule protecting groups can be introduced into the compound of the invention. These are then split off again in the course of the usual synthesis algorithms on the synthesizer.
• biomolecule is understood to mean any molecule which either naturally occurs, for example, in the body or has been prepared synthetically with an analogous structure.
• these are understood as meaning those molecules which interact with a molecule which occurs biologically, for example in the body, or a structure occurring therein Interaction can occur, so that, for example, accumulate the conjugates at certain desired locations of the body.
• body is understood to mean any plant or animal body, animal and especially human bodies being preferred.
• Biomolecules are, in particular, the molecules occurring in living beings, which, as products of evolutionary selection through ordered and complex interaction, perform specific tasks for the organism and form the basis of its vital functions (metabolism and form change, reproduction, energy balance).
• larger molecules proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids, etc.
• simple building blocks amino acids, nucleobases, monosaccharides, fatty acids, etc.
• Corresponding macromolecules are also referred to as biopolymers.
• the biomolecule for example, have a polypeptide backbone of amino acids with side chains, which can enter into a reaction with the reactive group X of the compounds of the formula II according to the invention.
• side chains include, for example, the carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acid residues, the amino groups of lysine residues, the aromatic groups of tyrosine and histidine residues, and the sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues.
• biomolecules are particularly suitable for the formation of the conjugates according to the invention:
• Biopolymers proteins, such as proteins that have a biological function, HSA, BSA, etc., proteins and peptides that accumulate in certain places in the organism (eg at receptors, cell membranes, channels, etc.), peptides that can be cleaved by proteases, peptides with synthetic breaking points (eg labile esters, amides, etc.), peptides cleaved by metalloproteases, peptides with photocleavable linkers, peptides with oxidative (oxydases) cleavable groups, peptides with natural and unnatural amino acids, glycoproteins (glycopeptides), signaling proteins, antiviral proteins and apoctosis, synthetically modified biopolymers such as linker-derivatized biopolymers, modified metalloproteases and derivatized oxidase, etc., carbohydrates (mono- to polysaccharides), such as derivatized sugars, cleavable in the
• Antibody fragments polyclonal antibodies, minibodies, single chains (including those linked to multiple fragments by linkers), red blood cells and other blood components, cancer markers (eg, CAA), and cell adhesion substances (eg, Lewis X and anti-Lewis X).
• cancer markers eg, CAA
• cell adhesion substances eg, Lewis X and anti-Lewis X.
• DNA and RNA fragments such as derivatized DNAs and RNAs (eg those found by the SELEX method), synthetic RNA and DNA (also with unnatural bases), PNAs (Hoechst) and antisense, ⁇ -amino acids (Seebach ), Vector amines for introduction into the cell, biogenic amines, pharmaceuticals, oncological preparations, synthetic polymers directed to a biological target (eg receptor), steroids (natural and modified), prostaglandins, taxol and its derivatives, endothelins, alkaloids, Folic acid and its derivatives, bioactive lipids, fats, fatty acid esters, synthetically modified mono-, di- and triglycerides, liposomes derivatized on the surface, micelles from natural fatty acids or from perfluoroalkyl compounds, porphyrins, texaphrins, extended porphyrins, cytochromes, inhibitors, neuramidases, neuropeptides, immuno
• the number of compounds of formula II per biomolecule is in principle arbitrary, but is preferably a molecular ratio of 0.1: 1 to 10: 1, in particular from 0.5: 1 to 7: 1.
• the compounds of formula II are suitable for conjugation to all those molecules which are reacted in the art with fluorescent dyes, for example, to determine their location by epifluorescence microscopy within the cell.
• the compounds can be conjugated with any drugs in principle, and then after administration of the drug to track the transport within the organism by the NMR technique.
• the conjugates of the compounds of the formula II according to the invention and the biomolecules contain further additional molecules which have been conjugated to the biomolecules.
• biomolecule in the sense of the invention therefore includes all molecules which occur in biological systems and all molecules which are biocompatible.
• Elemental analysis (based on the anhydrous substance): calc .: C, 49.30, H, 6.32, Gg, 17.93, N, 6.39, found: C, 49.56, H, 6.10, Gd, 17.52, N, 6.63
• the acidic eluate is freeze-dried.
• Gd complex of 10- [8 -> (N-maleimido) -1-methyl-2,5-dioxo-3,6-diazaoctyl] -1,4,7- ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ "-tris- ( cyclohexyl) -1,4,7-tris (carboxymethyl) -1, 4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane 2.63 g (3 mmol) of the Gd-complex acid described in Example 3 are dissolved in 15 ml of DMF, 380 ml (3.3 mmol) of N-hydroxysuccinimide and 681 mg (3.3 mmol) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide are added, while cooling with ice and preactivated for 1 hour in the ice.
• Elemental analysis (based on the anhydrous substance): calc .: C, 48.89, H, 6.03, Dy, 19.45, N, 8.38, F: C, 49.11, H, 6, 4, Dy, 19.22, N, 8.36
• reaction mixture is now at 0 ° C to a solution of 400 ml of aqueous 32proz.
• Sodium hydroxide and 2 g of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen carbonate are added dropwise (about 15 min) and stirred for 30 min.
• the phases are separated, and the aqueous phase extracted three times with 200 ml of dichloromethane.
• the organic phases are dried over sodium sulfate, the solution is evaporated to dryness and chromatographed on silica gel (methylene chloride). The fractions containing the product are combined and evaporated. Yield: 33.2 g (51% of theory)
• the Dy complex of 10- [1- (carboxymethyl) -2 is obtained in an analogous manner -oxo-piperidin-3-yl] -1,4,7- ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ "-tris (isopropyl) -1, 4, 7-tris (carboxymethyl) -1, 4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane. Yield: 10.8 g (66% of theory) of a colorless powder Water content (Karl Fischer): 7.6%
• Elemental analysis (based on the anhydrous substance): calc .: C, 49.80, H, 6.21, Gd, 18.63, N, 8.30, F: C, 49.99, H, 6.17, Gd, 18.51, N, 8.21
• Examples 30-90 describe conjugates of the gadolinium complexes described above with biomolecules.
• the conjugates were prepared according to the following general procedures L-IV. The results are summarized in Table 1.
• AAV stands for general protocol
• ACTH for adrenocorticotropic hormone
• RP-18 denotes a reversed phase stationary chromatography phase.
• the number of complexes per biomolecule was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP).
• bovine serum albumin (BSA)

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