Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
  • F24F11/0001—Control or safety arrangements for ventilation
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
  • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
  • F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
  • F04D27/009—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids by bleeding, by passing or recycling fluid
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F7/00—Ventilation
  • F24F7/04—Ventilation with ducting systems, e.g. by double walls; with natural circulation
  • F24F7/06—Ventilation with ducting systems, e.g. by double walls; with natural circulation with forced air circulation, e.g. by fan positioning of a ventilator in or against a conduit
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
  • F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
  • F24F11/32—Responding to malfunctions or emergencies
  • F24F11/33—Responding to malfunctions or emergencies to fire, excessive heat or smoke
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
  • F24F13/08—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates
  • F24F13/10—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers
  • F24F13/14—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre
  • F24F13/1413—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre using more than one tilting member, e.g. with several pivoting blades
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
  • F24F11/0001—Control or safety arrangements for ventilation
  • F24F2011/0002—Control or safety arrangements for ventilation for admittance of outside air
  • F24F2011/0004—Control or safety arrangements for ventilation for admittance of outside air to create overpressure in a room
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
  • F24F13/08—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates
  • F24F13/10—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers
  • F24F13/14—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre
  • F24F13/1426—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre characterised by actuating means
  • F24F2013/146—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre characterised by actuating means with springs

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for keeping escape and rescue routes smoke-free, taking into account permissible pressure differences in the air in adjacent corridors and stairwells with an overpressure system.
• Stairwells and corridors are not fire rooms.
• possible fire areas are represented by the adjacent usage units such as apartments, offices and the like.
• Mechanical smoke extraction always creates a negative pressure in the exposed room. This can cause fire smoke to be sucked into the stairwell or the hallway from the usage units and make the escape route impassable.
• Escape and rescue routes should therefore always be treated in conjunction with a supply air fan in order to create an overpressure in the escape route in relation to the usage unit and thus prevent smoke from entering the escape route.
• the system must generate a controlled overpressure in the escape route in the event of closed doors.
• the overpressure can prevent smoke from entering as long as all doors are closed. If a door opens, the pressure is equalized in less than a second because the pressure drop propagates at the speed of sound. At this moment it is important to ensure that the door cross-section is flowed through at a sufficient speed. Depending on whether a hallway, a lock or the usage unit is connected, this required speed is between 0.75 and 2 m / s. In order to ensure the flow through the open doors, it is necessary that there are drainage options from the usage units.
• the overpressure system is therefore required to switch from the volume flow, which is only required to cover the leakage, to the rated volume flow in less than a second in order to achieve sufficient speeds in the open door.
• V kxwxh 1, 5 in m 3 / s with
• the flow rate for the door flow of 10,000 m 3 / h is to be set in accordance with the model high-rise directive applicable in Germany, correspondingly more for large stairwells.
• a security staircase is known in which an overflow opening, which is provided with valve flaps, is provided above the door in each lock and is ventilated by means of a fan with excess pressure at a predeterminable volume flow.
• EP 0 995 955 A2 has proposed a similarly functioning overpressure flap between a stairwell and a downstream room to maintain the constant pressure in the stairwell.
• a spring-loaded fire damper for a ventilation duct is also known from the publication DE 198 49 863 A1.
• a melting element should melt and then move the flap from a rest position to an irreversible closing position.
• the invention is therefore based on the problem of proposing an improved method and an improved device, with which a fast and weather-independent continuous reaction of the system can be guaranteed in less than a second.
• the solution according to the invention comprises a fan with a guide device and stabilizer and moving blades which can be adjusted at a standstill, integrated in a housing within an overpressure apparatus;
• a drivable axial fan is installed centrally in the centrally arranged housing and a bypass with at least one self-closing flap is arranged around this housing.
• the bypass can also be arranged in the vicinity of the overpressure apparatus if there is a possibility for the air to flow back to the suction side of the fan.
• a characteristic-stabilized axial fan with an electric drive is used as the fan.
• the characteristic curve stabilization prevents the demolition area in the left-hand part of the characteristic curve that is common with axial fans. This selection allows use in parallel operation.
• the bypass has a preferably even number of symmetrical individual flaps with axes of rotation that are preferably perpendicular to one another, the flaps being designed in such a way that they enable bypass flow around the axial fan in the open state and the maximum pressure loss of the bypass flow in the overpressure apparatus with the same size as the required overpressure in Escape route lies and the flow effective Surfaces of the flaps are designed in a certain ratio to the cross-sectional area of the housing.
• a light system with symmetrical flows and designs is thus proposed, a prerequisite for a self-regulating smoke control system that responds as quickly as possible and is low in maintenance.
• the flap system is designed in such a way that the flaps can be opened or closed by air force moments or by means of a mechanical tension-compression spring system, the torque curve decreasing depending on the increasing flap opening angle, and a stable working point (intersection) of the curve Spring moments with decreasing air force moments develop above 50 degrees, preferably at about 55-80 degrees flap opening angle.
• flaps When using several flaps, these preferably have axes of rotation that are perpendicular to one another; in the case of even-numbered bypass flaps, the axes are positively connected; for the sake of simplicity and because of the more favorable flow conditions, all flaps should have a pivoting direction in the same direction. This makes it easier to set and calculate the moments and to design the device easily.
• the axes of rotation of the flaps are preferably positively connected by means of bevel gears, ideally gear wheels.
• the process for keeping smoke free, in particular of escape and rescue routes, taking into account permissible pressure differences in the air in adjacent corridors and stairwells with an overpressure system therefore provides for a bypass flow through an axial fan around a, preferably central housing in the overpressure apparatus self-closing system of flaps is generated, ensuring that the flaps open under the effect of a predetermined pressure in the escape route and release the bypass. This regulates the smoke-free arrangement automatically and continuously without external sensors or measuring devices.
• the method also provides that the necessary moments for opening the flaps are set so that the pressure forces or air forces of the flow in the bypass are sufficient and the moments for closing the flaps are provided by a mechanical tension or compression spring system, the The intersection of both torque curves determines the maximum opening area of the flaps, which creates an automatically acting control system as a result of pressure changes in the escape route, which opens with a reaction time corresponding to the max. Escape route height or escape route length (usually stairwell) taking into account the speed of sound and closing with a reaction time proportional to the moment of inertia / restoring moment of the spring system of the flaps.
• the system can therefore automatically regulate the following operating states: All doors are closed.
• An outflow surface is provided in the upper part of the stairwell.
• the secured outflow can, however, be severely impaired by the flow around the building or by the direct influence of wind, with the result that the pressure builds up too high and the doors can no longer be opened.
• bypass flaps inside the device ensure that this condition cannot occur.
• All reactions of the system take place automatically. Additional sensors, pressure regulators, actuators, clamping and transfer points for the pressure system as required in the prior art can be omitted. This means minimizing possible failure components and reducing the probability of failure.
• Figure 1 is a front view of an overpressure apparatus according to the invention.
• FIG. 2 shows a simplified longitudinal section through an apparatus according to FIG. 1, showing the effect of a fan when the bypass is closed;
• FIG. 3 shows a simplified longitudinal section through an apparatus according to FIG. 1, showing the effect of a fan when the bypass is open;
• FIG. 5 shows a typical escape route / staircase arrangement with downstream fire rooms and a positive pressure smoke control system
• Fig. 6 perspective top view of a real version of an overpressure apparatus.
• Each flap 3.1 has a rotational or swiveling axis 3.2, about which it is opened in the same direction by the bypass flow 4 or the prevailing air forces and air moments in short-circuit operation against the restoring moments of the spring system 6 (FIG. 3) or by means of spring forces or moments the spring system 6 is reset (Fig.2).
• the opening force of the bypass flaps 3.1 is applied by an overpressure in the stairwell / escape route 5 (FIG. 5). This is offset by a spring system 6 with a closing force / restoring force or torque. Via the variation of the spring force by changing e.g. The preload length or other parameters familiar to the person skilled in the art can be used to set the pressure difference at which the flaps are opened. With the flaps open, part of the air quantity 4 circulates within the apparatus in this embodiment of the invention.
• the pressure is kept constant by automatic pressure relief flaps 3.1 within the overpressure apparatus, which provide bypass areas 3 to the suction side of the device when the permissible pressure difference is exceeded.
• the system is activated, for example, by smoke detectors 11, which are arranged in front of each access door in the hallway or the lock 9 of the rooms / offices 10 connected downstream outside the protected area. Doors to Stairwell 5 and to lock 9 must be self-closing and at least fire-retardant.
• each floor E represents a detector line.
• windows 13 are opened automatically via an actuator.
• the outflow can also take place via a conventional L90 shaft, to which smoke extraction dampers are connected on each floor.
• the equipment also typically includes: control cabinet 15, optical smoke switch 11, alarm horn / flashing light combination 12, free-wheeling door closer, weather protection grille / shutter flap combination 14 for air supply to the fan 2, actuator (for window or smoke extraction flap 13).
• Fig. 4 shows the torque curve in different functional situations
• Air moment (50 Pa) 1 ⁇ Air moment (50 Pa) 2a Air moment (100 Pa) 3B Air moment (150 Pa) 4 «Air moment (200 Pa)
• Fig. 6 shows a specific embodiment of the overpressure apparatus 1 with fan 2 in the central housing as it can be used for smoke-free escape routes 5.
• the bypass 3 is composed of four flaps 3.1 around the housing.
• the flaps 3.1 pivot about the axes 3.2, the synchronism of which is ensured by bevel gears 3.3. So that the spring 6, adjusted in its effect / resilience for the flaps 3.1 by choosing a suitable length and tensile force over e.g. wire thicknesses of a helical spring that can be used variably, are functional at every opening angle of the flaps, they are connected to the flaps 3.1 via guide links 3.4.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
• Air-Flow Control Members (AREA)
• Ventilation (AREA)
• Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (2)

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ID=7704100

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (5)

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Family Cites Families (13)

• 2002
  • 2002-10-31 WO PCT/DE2002/004058 patent/WO2003038283A2/fr active IP Right Grant
  • 2002-10-31 DE DE50207222T patent/DE50207222D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2002-10-31 EP EP02802275A patent/EP1440242B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2002-10-31 DE DE20221230U patent/DE20221230U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2002-10-31 AT AT02802275T patent/ATE330130T1/de active
  • 2002-10-31 DE DE10251149A patent/DE10251149A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2002-10-31 PL PL374153A patent/PL211736B1/pl unknown

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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