EP1426495A2 - Method and device for the construction of a tunnel or a trench - Google Patents

Abstract

The tunnel (14-16), especially for road traffic, is made of rectangular-section prefabricated bodies (13) which may be transported to site and dovetailed together. The tunnel bodies incorporate nuts (17) connected to wires or rods (18) suspended from overhead portions (11) of portal frames (10), and may be lowered one- by-one into a trough excavated between two retaining sheet piling walls (2). There are stiffening frames (3) between the walls. The trough (6) may be excavated to below the water table (5) and concrete may be poured in to make the floor (20) onto which the tunnel bodies may be lowered.

Description

The invention relates to a method for producing a tunnel or trough-shaped structure made of concrete, in particular for a traffic route, an open excavation pit for the structure with a securing on both sides and then opening the structure in sections a concrete brine is created and a fixture system for manufacturing of the building.

For the production of tunnels and the necessary foundation, the author Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Walz on the Internet at http: /www.bauing.uniwuppertal.de/grundbwz/daten/download/skripte/tunnelbau/tunnelbauA.pdf or http://www.bauing.uniwuppertal.de/grundbwz/daten/download/ skripte / grundbau / grundbau2-vorlesung.pdf a general treatise can be seen. In the following, the traditional construction methods are summarized, with the affected sections of the structure in tunnel form, ie closed in cross-section, or trough shape, ie without a lid, for. B. at the tunnel entrance, are usually made in the same way at a construction site.

For tunnels and troughs that are manufactured in an open construction pit is today the usual construction sequence:

The first variant concerns tunnels, the lower edge of which is the bottom of the tunnel or trough above the groundwater table in the area close to the surface.
Generally, both sides of the route are used to create an open construction pit, mostly construction methods with a diaphragm wall or

Bored pile wall or sheet pile wall. Soil excavation follows and installation of protective concrete and waterproofing. In detail:

Alternative 1:

• Concreting the sole, usually on a protective concrete over one Poetry;
• Manufacture of the remaining tunnel frame using a Formwork carriage. A construction joint is created on the cutting line between the wall and the sole, which when executed with secure waterproof concrete with construction joint tapes is. The lowest stiffener layer of the fuse must already be after the Manufacture of the sole to be expanded, which is appropriate Has repercussions on the statics of the construction pit shoring.

Alternative 2:

• Concreting the entire tunnel frame including the sole in one move. This method is particularly useful in manufacturing of the tunnel with waterproof concrete applied. First, every second tunnel block is about 10 m to 12 m long with the help of a supported outside the block to be concreted Formwork carriage manufactured. For the intermediate blocks, the Formwork on the base plate of the already completed Neighboring blocks. The core of the formwork is steel Bridge constructions with a span of 12 m to 14 m, the wear the formwork. This method requires a construction pit that is in the The area of the tunnel structure is free of stiffeners.

The second variant concerns tunnels, the lower edge of which is the tunnel or trough is located below the groundwater.

Alternatives 3 and 4

• A construction pit safety device as in alternative 1 is installed. The groundwater is lowered in the area of the construction pit. The Pumped-off groundwater is seeped away with or in Discharges initiated. The floor is being excavated.
• Construction of the tunnel / trough in a dry construction pit as in alternative 1 or alternative 2

Alternative 5 - lid construction

• The one enclosed with largely water-impermeable walls Excavation pit gets a cover,
• Soil excavation below the water table and the The tunnel is manufactured under compressed air.

Alternative 6 - caisson construction

The tunnel is in the caisson or swimming pool or Caisson construction manufactured. The caisson design can be advantageous in soft soils below the water table, because otherwise required excavation pit construction and water drainage is not necessary or if it otherwise it could only be manufactured in an open construction pit. This is often a rectangular reinforced concrete frame is used, which is usually a Received outer seal and made of waterproof concrete and one Outer skin seal is only constructed on the tunnel ceiling. Mostly Floating pieces with lengths of up to 140 m manufactured in building docks. How even in tunnels created in an open pit are at a distance of about 25 m to 30 m joints to arrange because of the difficult Underwater foundation of the entire floating piece act as joints, so that the floating piece is like a link chain on the prepared one Foundation soleplate, with vertical jumps due to the non-positive joint formation cannot occur.

Alternative 7 - construction under the protection of a largely waterproof excavation

• Die Ausbildung einer weitgehend wasserundurchlässigen Baugrubensohle erfolgt wahlweise durch:
  • Erreichen einer natürlichen, wasserstauenden Bodenschicht, was selten angetroffen wird;
  • Errichtung einer Injektionssohle;
  • Unterwasserbetonsohle, deren Auftriebssicherheit nur durch ihr eigenes Gewicht erreicht wird oder deren Auftriebssicherheit durch Eigengewicht der Sohle und der Wände sowie durch die vertikale Erddruckkraft gewährleistet ist;
  • mit Zugkraft aufnehmenden Elementen gegen Auftrieb gesicherte Unterwasserbetonsohle;
  • eine Unterwasserbetonsohle, die gegen Auftrieb gesichert wird nur durch ihr Eigengewicht und gegebenenfalls dem Gewicht der Baugrubenwände und der Vertikalkomponente des Erddrucks;
  • eine Kombination beider letztgenannten oder ähnlichen Varianten.
  Aus dieser weitgehend wasserdichten Baugrube wird das vorhandene Wasser abgepumpt. Danach erfolgt eine Restwasserhaltung für Niederschlags- und Sickerwasser.
  Das eigentliche Bauwerk Sohle/Wand/Decke wird anschließend in diese Baugrube eingebaut. Der Tunnel / Trog wird in der Regel als für sich auftriebssicher hergestellt.
  Wird die Baugrubenwand als Bohrpfahlwand- oder als Schlitzwand oder in Form einer Spundwand ausgeführt, so kann die Baugrubenwand gleichzeitig als Bauwerkswand für den Tunnel oder für das unterirdische Bauwerk ausgebildet werden in "Berliner Bauweise" oder Tunnel / Trog wird bei der "Hamburger Bauweise" mit Abstand zur Schalung /Baugrubenwand errichtet.

For economic or ecological reasons, it is often not possible to lower the groundwater as in alternatives 3 and 4. In this case, the construction pit is enclosed with largely water-impermeable walls such as diaphragm walls, bored pile walls, sheet piling and a largely water-impermeable sole.

• A largely water-impermeable base of the construction pit is optionally formed by:
  • Reaching a natural, water-stagnant layer of soil, which is rarely found;
  • Erection of an injection sole;
  • Underwater concrete sole, the buoyancy of which is achieved only by its own weight or whose buoyancy is guaranteed by the weight of the bottom and the walls as well as by the vertical force of the earth;
  • underwater concrete sole secured against traction with elements that absorb traction;
  • an underwater concrete base that is secured against buoyancy only by its own weight and possibly the weight of the excavation pit walls and the vertical component of the earth pressure;
  • a combination of both of the latter or similar variants.
  The existing water is pumped out of this largely watertight construction pit. This is followed by residual water retention for rainwater and leachate.
  The actual structure of the floor / wall / ceiling is then installed in this construction pit. The tunnel / trough is usually made to be buoyancy-proof.
  If the construction pit wall is designed as a bored pile wall or a diaphragm wall or in the form of a sheet pile wall, the construction pit wall can simultaneously be designed as a building wall for the tunnel or for the underground structure in "Berlin construction" or tunnel / trough with the "Hamburg construction" Distance to the formwork / excavation wall.

AT-PS 330 677 describes a process for the production of tunnels in Diaphragm wall construction known what because of the subsequent excavation of the Excavation pit and sole production only if the groundwater is above Tunneling is applicable.

DE-AS 1 658 752 describes a method for creating elongated, underground structures, especially tunnels, known in an open excavation pit, in which by means of an essential continuously moving forward excavator Dismantled the face of the excavation pit and the areas adjacent to it the side of the excavation pit together with the excavator support cheeks moved forward are supported. Doing so Support of the side excavation walls in certain areas made behind the mentioned cheeks by means of a shoring and finally the construction pit is filled again after the construction has been completed, the building being delivered in a manner known per se Prefabricated parts are erected in sections under the protection of the support cheeks and that the support of the side excavation walls in the behind the Support cheeks are released according to the advance of the excavator Area in the height section from the construction pit to the apex of the Structure by immediately filling the space between the lateral pit walls and the building and only in Height section from the top of the building to the surface of the site by means of Installed.

Therefore, the problem underlying the invention is an improved one To propose construction methods and a machine that can be used for this purpose the tunnel and trough-shaped ramps for both above and below structures located at the groundwater level can be erected.

The problem is solved according to the invention by the features of Claims 1 and 9. Further developments of the invention are in the dependent Described claims.

• die Sicherung wird nur auf einer Teillänge der Trasse beidseits der Baugrube mit möglichst planparalleler Sicherungsoberkante erstellt,
• die Baugrube wird bis auf ein Maß entsprechend der Unterkante einer Sauberkeitsschicht ausgehoben,
• die Sicherung wird an der Sicherungsoberkante als Verschubbahn für eine Fertigungsmaschine für das Bauwerk hergerichtet,
• die Fertigungsmaschine wird oberhalb der Baugrube für den zu fertigenden Abschnitt über die Verschubbahn eingefahren und positioniert,
• mindestens ein Abschnitt des Bauwerkes wird in der Fertigungsmaschine hergestellt und mindestens teilweise ausgehärtet,
• der Abschnitt wird mittels der Fertigungsmaschine in die Baugrube abgesenkt bis auf Sollhöhe,
• in die Baugrube wird unter dem Abschnitt bis auf Sollhöhe Unterwasserbeton eingebracht und ausgehärtet.

The solution according to the invention in the generic method preferably comprises the following steps:

• the backup is only created on a partial length of the route on both sides of the excavation pit with the top edge of the fuse as parallel as possible,
• the construction pit is excavated to a measure corresponding to the lower edge of a cleanliness layer,
• the fuse is set up on the top edge of the fuse as a sliding track for a manufacturing machine for the building,
• the production machine is moved in and positioned above the excavation pit for the section to be manufactured,
• at least a section of the structure is manufactured in the production machine and at least partially cured,
• the section is lowered into the construction pit by means of the production machine to the desired height,
• Underwater section is placed in the construction pit under the section up to the desired height and cured.

The construction process can be supplemented or changed in individual phases within the scope of the invention.
For example, instead of setting up the upper safety edge as a sliding track, a corresponding work platform can also be created to accommodate the loads of the production machine. This is recommended if the floor is not stable enough to carry this machine on the safety device.

The invention eliminates the need to lower or lower the groundwater the production of a sole temporarily secured against floating. Another advantage is that the respective section, be it a tunnel element or a trough-shaped ramp section from a tunnel entrance, completely direct manufactured over its later place of use over the construction pit and after hardening can be lowered vertically into its position. Free handling with formwork tables, reinforcement and concreting over the Groundwater levels make work easier and reduce the cost of water Construction site.

The fuse is a sheet pile wall at a distance from the one to be lowered Section of the structure is formed and can be cured after curing Underwater concrete is pulled and reused. It can however, other stable pit protection systems are also used are like ramming piles with formwork walls in between, if these Systems are stable enough, the load for the manufacturing machinery take.

According to the invention, a formwork table for the sole and outer wall of the section is first used in the production machine; Reinforcements of the sole and the wall as well as receptacles for traction elements that protrude from the sole and are to be cast therein are positioned in the formwork;
the inner wall formwork manufactured; and then the walls and base are concreted as a monolithic structure before the inner wall formwork begins to be removed after the concrete has set. Ultimately, the traction means, for example threaded rods, are then inserted into receptacles designed as nuts, for example, and connected to a lifting device on the production machine in order to raise the sole and thus the already completed tunnel or trough section by a few cm so that the formwork table is next to the next can be moved with an appropriate pit safety device

The process continues if the section in question is a tunnel section with the following steps:
Positioning a slab formwork; Install the ceiling reinforcement and connect it to the wall reinforcement if necessary; Concrete the ceiling and let it harden; Moving the slab formwork to the next section to be manufactured.

Alternatively, it is possible to create the sole beforehand and walls and Ceiling, cast monolithic, to create.

The solution according to the invention also comprises a device system as a production machine for producing a tunnel or trough-shaped structure made of concrete along a route, in particular for carrying out the method, namely
a portal scaffold, suitable to span a building pit for the building, which can be slidably arranged on a double-sided building pit safety device, a sliding formwork table for at least the base and the walls and the ceiling of the building, a lifting device for the vertical movement of a section of the building the lifting device, attachable traction means and rollers for guiding the section in cooperation with the lifting device or moving parts of the system.

Different role devices serve different purposes:
To keep the portal scaffold horizontally displaceable on the upper edge of the fuse and the formwork table on the upper stiffener layer of the building pit safety device as soon as they are needed for the next section or as rollers for guiding the section in cooperation with the lifting device, on the sheet pile wall after removing the Stiffener layer arranged and aligned vertically, with the guided lowering of the section into its exact end position. At the same time it is achieved during the lowering process that the section to be lowered holds the sheet piling on both sides instead of the dismantled stiffener layer via the rollers guiding it during the lowering and so the construction pit remains laterally stable until completion.

Fig. 1

eine Querschnittsansicht eines Tunnelabschnittes über der Baugrube nach dessen Fertigstellung in der Fertigungsmaschine und im abgesenkten Zustand;

Fig. 2

ein Detail des erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtungssystems gemäß Fig. 1;

Fig. 3

einen Längsschnitt durch fertig gestellte und im Bau befindliche Tunnelabschnitte.

The purpose and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following description of the features with reference to a drawing.
Show it:

Fig. 1

a cross-sectional view of a tunnel section above the pit after its completion in the manufacturing machine and in the lowered state;

Fig. 2

a detail of the device system according to the invention according to FIG. 1;

Fig. 3

a longitudinal section through completed and under construction tunnel sections.

In the following, identical reference symbols designate the same or functionally identical parts.

In the grown soil 1 with a groundwater table 5 near the 1 along a railway line on both sides of the Route a sheet pile wall 2 with a stiffening layer 3 to secure a building pit 6, the cleanliness layer 7 is shown excavated to the lower edge, rammed. On the plane-parallel upper edge of the sheet pile wall 2 was one Slideway 8 attached, which serves as a base for a roller device 9 serves on which a portal structure 10 into the drawing plane slidably arranged. The portal scaffold 10 spans the excavation crossways and has a lifting device 12 on its upper flange 11.

The tunnel section 13, consisting of the sole 14, walls 15 and ceiling 16, is ready-poured and is waiting to be lowered into the construction pit 6 into the position indicated by 13 '. The lowering takes place as follows: When the sole 14 was produced on the formwork table 19 which can be moved along the route and which also has an outer formwork (not shown) for the walls 15, an anchor element with nut 17 was inserted into the sole with the reinforcement (not visible) and then poured in concrete. Threaded rods 18 are screwed into the nut 17 as traction means, passed through bores in the ceiling 16 and struck in the lifting device 12. The traction means now make it possible to first raise the tunnel section 13 so that the formwork table 19 can be moved and the way into the construction pit 6 is cleared. The lifting device 12 now uses section 18 to lower the section 13 into the excavation pit and the bottom edge of the sole is held at a distance of approximately 10 cm above the bottom of the excavation pit. Now leveling concrete 20 is pumped into the pit under the sole 13 '; at the same time, concrete is also introduced somewhat to the side of the base up to close to the sheet pile wall 2, which is at a distance of approximately 40 cm from the wall 15 of the tunnel section. After the leveling concrete 20 has hardened, the rods 18 are loosened and pulled so that the tunnel section rests on the leveling concrete base. The portal frame 10 can now be moved to the next construction phase. The sheet pile wall 2 is pulled and rammed for another section of the route.
The slab formwork for the ceiling 16 of the tunnel 13, normally guided on the outside of the top chord 11 or the struts 21 of the portal frame 10, is also not shown; after section 13 had already been concreted, it was already moved to the next section. The internal formwork, not shown, for the walls, sole and ceiling have also been removed.

Fig. 2 shows a detail of Fig. 1 in an enlarged view. Here you can see the top layer of stiffener 3, on which formwork table - in the usual professional design - is supported. The formwork table can be moved horizontally on its own roller devices, not shown.
Shown are also rollers 22 attached to the sheet pile wall for their stiffening in combination with the section 13, which also serve to guide the tunnel section 13 vertically when lowering.

Fig. 3 shows in longitudinal section on the left two already laid on leveling concrete 20 dormant tunnel sections13, while two further section 13 before Lower and a section 13, both finished on formwork tables 19 provided sole 14 and wall 15, but without a ceiling 16, are shown. The sections are positively underneath by means of recesses 23 and 24 respectively Leave expansion joints 25, which will later be exactly like a cover joint 26 sealed with seals, hooked.

Sicherung / Verbau herstellen einschließlich der Steifenlage;

Bodenaushub bis Unterkante Sauberkeitsschicht;

Aufbau des Schaltisches;

Schalung der Sohle und der Wandung von außen;

Einbau der Bewehrungen in Sohle und Wandungen;

Einsetzen der Anker für Zugmittel in die Sohlenbewehrung;

Herstellen der Innenschalung für Sohle und Wandungen;

Sohle und Wandungen als monolithischen Baukörper betonieren;

Portalgerüst über Abschnitt schieben;

Innenschalung ausbauen;

Deckenschalung positionieren;

Zugmittel in Anker einbringen und an Hebeeinrichtung anschlagen und betonierten Baukörper anheben;

Schaltisch zum nächsten Abschnitt verschieben;

Decke betonieren;

Nach Aushärten der Decke den Deckenschaltisch zum nächsten Abschnitt verschieben;

Absenken des Tunnelabschnittes bis über die Steifenlage;

Ausbau der Steifenlage und weiteres Absenken des Abschnittes auf Sollhöhe;

Einbau der vertikalen Roll-Einrichtungen an der Spundwand;

Dichtungen einbringen;

Einbringen von Unterwasserbeton als Ausgleichsbeton unter und seitlich des abgesenkten Abschnittes;

Nach Aushärten des Ausgleichsbetons werden die Zugmittel gelöst und entfernt;

Portalgerüst wird zum nächsten Abschnitt verschoben.

The entire construction process in the preferred variant of the invention for a section takes about two weeks for the following work:

Establish securing / shoring including the stiffener layer;

Excavation of soil up to the lower edge of the cleanliness layer;

Structure of the formwork table;

Formwork of the sole and the wall from the outside;

Installation of reinforcements in the base and walls;

Inserting the anchors for traction means into the sole reinforcement;

Manufacture of inner formwork for the sole and walls;

Concrete the base and walls as a monolithic structure;

Slide portal scaffold over section;

Remove internal formwork;

Position slab formwork;

Insert the traction device into the anchor and attach it to the lifting device and lift the concrete structure;

Move formwork to the next section;

Concreting the ceiling;

After the ceiling has hardened, move the ceiling formwork table to the next section;

Lowering the tunnel section to above the stiffener layer;

Expansion of the stiffening layer and further lowering of the section to the desired height;

Installation of the vertical rolling devices on the sheet pile;

Insert seals;

Placing underwater concrete as leveling concrete under and to the side of the lowered section;

After the leveling concrete has hardened, the traction means are released and removed;

Portal scaffold is moved to the next section.

Claims (11)

Method for producing a tunnel-shaped or trough-shaped structure made of concrete, in particular for a traffic route, an open excavation pit being created along a route for the structure with securing on both sides, and then the structure being constructed in sections on a concrete base, characterized by at least the following steps: the backup is only created on a partial length of the route on both sides of the excavation pit with the top edge of the fuse as parallel as possible, the construction pit is excavated to a measure corresponding to the lower edge of a cleanliness layer, the fuse is set up on the top edge of the fuse as a sliding track for a manufacturing machine for the building, the production machine is moved in and positioned above the excavation pit for the section to be manufactured, at least a section of the structure is manufactured in the production machine and at least partially cured, the section is lowered into the construction pit by means of the production machine to the desired height, Underwater section is placed in the construction pit under the section up to the desired height and cured. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that instead of the plane-parallel upper safety edge, a correspondingly constructed work platform next to the safety device is used as the base and displacement path for the production machine. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the fuse is constructed as a sheet pile wall at a distance from the section of the structure to be lowered and is drawn and reused after the underwater concrete has hardened. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sheet pile wall is provided with at least one stiffener layer transversely to the construction pit. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one stiffener layer is expanded to the desired height before the section is lowered and a roller device is installed as a guide for the section when lowering. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the steps: in the production machine, a formwork table is first used for the sole and outer wall of the section; Reinforcements of the sole and the wall as well as receptacles for traction elements which are excellent and which are to be cast in them are introduced; the inner wall formwork is manufactured; The walls and base are concreted as a monolithic structure Removing the inner wall formwork after the concrete has set; Insert the traction mechanism in the mounting elements and connect it to a lifting device on the production machine and raise the sole; Moving the formwork table to the next part length provided with an appropriate construction pit safety device. Method according to one of the preceding claims for a tunnel section, characterized by the further steps: Positioning a slab formwork; Install the ceiling reinforcement and connect it to the wall reinforcement if necessary; Concrete the ceiling and let it harden; Moving the slab formwork to the next section to be manufactured. Method according to one of claims 1 to 5 for a tunnel section, characterized by the further steps: in the manufacturing machine, a formwork table is first used for the sole of the section; Reinforcements of the sole as well as receptacle elements for traction means that are outstanding from the sole and are to be cast therein are introduced; Concrete the base and let it harden partially; Insert formwork and reinforcement of the wall and ceiling and if necessary connect with sole reinforcement; Concrete walls and ceilings in monolithic construction, let the concrete partially harden, remove formwork and take it to the next section. Device system as a manufacturing machine for producing a tunnel or trough-shaped structure made of concrete along a route,
for carrying out the method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising
at least one portal scaffold, suitable to span an excavation pit for the building, which can be slidably arranged on both sides of the excavation pit safety device or work platform,
at least one sliding formwork table for at least the base and the walls and the ceiling of the building or for the base and wall or for the wall and ceiling,
at least one lifting device for the vertical movement of a section of the building by means of traction means which can be attached to the lifting device,
Rolling devices for guiding the section in cooperation with the lifting device or moving parts of the system. Apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that the formwork table is arranged to be horizontally displaceable by means of rollers on a rigid position of the excavation pit safety device. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rollers for guiding the section are arranged in cooperation with the lifting device on the stiffener layer and are aligned vertically.

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