EP1371919B1 - Heating/cooling system used in air conditioner - Google Patents

Heating/cooling system used in air conditioner Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1371919B1
EP1371919B1 EP20030004169 EP03004169A EP1371919B1 EP 1371919 B1 EP1371919 B1 EP 1371919B1 EP 20030004169 EP20030004169 EP 20030004169 EP 03004169 A EP03004169 A EP 03004169A EP 1371919 B1 EP1371919 B1 EP 1371919B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
refrigerant
cooling
heating system
silencer
expansion device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP20030004169
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1371919A3 (en
EP1371919A2 (en
Inventor
Il Kwon Oh
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
LG Electronics Inc
Original Assignee
LG Electronics Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by LG Electronics Inc filed Critical LG Electronics Inc
Publication of EP1371919A2 publication Critical patent/EP1371919A2/en
Publication of EP1371919A3 publication Critical patent/EP1371919A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1371919B1 publication Critical patent/EP1371919B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B13/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/01—Geometry problems, e.g. for reducing size
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/12—Sound

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an air conditioner, and more particularly, to a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner capable of reducing a noise caused by refrigerant flow.
  • air conditioner is an apparatus to cool/heat room air by use of a phenomenon of absorbing or radiating heat from or into the surroundings when a refrigerant is carried out a phase change.
  • the air conditioner generally comprises an outdoor unit and an indoor unit, and is classified into a common air conditioner comprising one outdoor unit equipped with one indoor unit, and a multiple-unit type air conditioner comprising one outdoor unit equipped with a number of indoor units.
  • a common air conditioner comprising one outdoor unit equipped with one indoor unit
  • a multiple-unit type air conditioner comprising one outdoor unit equipped with a number of indoor units.
  • the outdoor unit is generally equipped with a compressor and an outdoor heat exchanger
  • the indoor unit is generally equipped with an indoor heat exchanger and an expansion device.
  • the phase change occurs in a refrigerant while the refrigerant flows in either direction by the control of a control unit.
  • the heat exchanger in which the phase change occurs lets the refrigerant absorb or emit the heat, thereby enabling the air-conditioned room to be cooled or heated.
  • the refrigerant compressed by a compressor is heat-exchanged with the atmosphere to exhaust the heat from the air-conditioned room to the outside and then condense.
  • the condensed refrigerant is fed to the expansion device so as to be expanded, it is heat-exchanged with the room air to absorb the surrounding heat.
  • Such heat-exchanged cooled air is discharged into the air-conditioned room, thereby enabling the air-conditioned room to be cooled.
  • the refrigerant heat-exchanged by the indoor heat exchanger is again fed to the compressor, and the above-mentioned cycle is repeated to continuously cool the outdoor air-conditioned room.
  • the heat exchanger serves as a condenser
  • the indoor heat exchanger serves as an evaporator.
  • the indoor heat exchanger serves as the condenser
  • the outdoor heat exchanger serves as the evaporator.
  • the indoor heat exchanger operating as the condenser exhausts the heat radiated at the condensing operation to the air-conditioned room, thereby enabling the air-conditioned room to be heated.
  • the refrigerant passed through the outdoor heat exchanger flows into the expansion device in state of two phases containing a liquid phase and gas phase.
  • the refrigerant passed through the indoor heat exchanger flows into the expansion device in state of two phases containing the liquid phase and the gas phase.
  • Prior art document JP 05 113272 discloses a refrigerant cycle consisting of a compressor, an outdoor heat exchanger, a four way valve, an indoor heat exchanger and an expansion mechanism which are connected in series.
  • the flow noise of a heat pump cycle has a particular frequency determined depending upon specifications of the capillary tube etc, and a muffler is designed to have dimensions by which the particular frequency is diminished, and integrate into a body with the capillary tube.
  • the expansion mechanism is installed in the refrigerating cycle so that flow noise generated by the refrigerant flowing through the refrigerating cycle is diminished by the action of the muffler tuned to the frequency characteristics of the flow noise.
  • a cooling/heating system comprising the features of the preamble of independent claim 1 is known from document DE 298 17 924 U1 .
  • the noise reduction system used as a silencer has a casing connected to a refrigerant inlet and a refrigerant outlet of the system.
  • a dehumidifying substrate is arranged inside a part of the casing to dehumidify the refrigerant and thus achieve noise reduction.
  • the refrigerant inlet has a perforated pipe section and a closed end.
  • the refrigerant inlet and the refrigerant outlet are directly connected to the casing and the dehumidifier substrate is arranged between two vertical perforated partition walls inside the casing.
  • the perforated pipe section of the refrigerant inlet does not have a closed end, but a flow resistance at an open end.
  • the present invention is directed to a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner that substantially obviates one or more problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner capable of reducing flow noise and expansion noise of a refrigerant flowing through a refrigerant pipe.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner capable of improving a flow capability of a refrigerant flowing through a refrigerant pipe and thus improving an evaporating efficiency thereof, thereby increasing a thermal efficiency of the air conditioner.
  • a cooling/heating system used in an air conditioner, the cooling/heating system comprising: at least one silencer coupled in series to a refrigerant pipe which is coupled to an expansion device of an indoor unit, for eliminating a local pressure difference of a refrigerant flowing therein and for making a mixed state of gas and liquid uniform.
  • the silencer may be provided at a refrigerant inlet side of the expansion device, at a refrigerant outlet side of the expansion device, or at refrigerant inlet side and refrigerant outlet side of the expansion device, respectively.
  • the silencer comprises a body direct coupled to the refrigerant pipe for making the refrigerant flow through therein, and a porous tube provided in the body, with a buffer space being formed between an outer periphery thereof and an inner periphery of the body, the porous tube having a plurality of passing holes for communicating an interior thereof with the buffer space.
  • the body has a middle portion having a diameter larger than that of both ends, or has a middle portion of a uniform diameter along its longitudinal direction, and diameters of both ends being gradually expanded facing the middle portion.
  • the porous tube is provided in such a way that both ends thereof having a diameter larger than a middle portion thereof are fitted to an inner periphery of the body, otherwise the porous tube is provided in such a way that both ends thereof having an enlarged diameter larger than a middle portion having a constant diameter along its longitudinal direction are fitted to an inner periphery of the body.
  • the silencer further comprises a screen formed of a mesh type, and positioned in an inside of the body such that the refrigerant flows through it.
  • the screen is vertically provided in the inside of the body.
  • the screen is provided at an end side of the body which is in close to the expansion device.
  • the silencer comprises a body direct coupled to the refrigerant pipe for making the refrigerant flow through therein; and a screen formed of a mesh type, and positioned in an inside of the body such that the refrigerant flows through it.
  • the body has a middle portion having a diameter larger than that of both ends, or has a middle portion of a uniform diameter along its longitudinal direction, and diameters of both ends being gradually expanded facing the middle portion.
  • the screen is vertically provided in the inside of the body, and is provided at an end side of the body which is in close to the expansion device.
  • the silencer further comprises a porous tube provided in the body, with a buffer space being formed between an outer periphery thereof and an inner periphery of the body, the porous tube having a plurality of passing holes for communicating an interior thereof with the buffer space.
  • the porous tube is provided in such a way that both ends thereof having a diameter larger than a middle portion thereof are fitted to an inner periphery of the body.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner according to one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an interior structure of a silencer according to one embodiment of the silencer in the present invention, employed in a schematic view of a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an interior structure of a silencer according to another embodiment of the silencer in the present invention, employed in a schematic view of a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner;
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an interior structure of a silencer according to still another embodiment of the silencer in the present invention, employed in a schematic view of a heating/cooling system used in an air conditioner.
  • a cooling/heating system used in an air conditioner generally comprises an indoor unit 10 and an outdoor unit 20.
  • the outdoor unit 10 is equipped with a compressor 11, a four-way valve 12, an outdoor heat exchanger 13 and an accumulator 14, while the indoor unit 20 is equipped with an expansion device 21, an indoor heat exchanger 22 and a silencer 30.
  • the outdoor heat exchanger 13 and the indoor heat exchanger 22 are provided with an outdoor fan 13a and an indoor fan 22a, respectively.
  • At least one silencer 30 coupled in series to a refrigerant pipe which is coupled to the expansion device 21 of the indoor unit 20.
  • the silencer may be provided at various locations.
  • the silencer 30 may be provided at a refrigerant inlet side of the expansion device 21, as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the silencer 30 may be provided at a refrigerant outlet side of the expansion device 21, as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the silencer 30 may be provided at the refrigerant inlet and outlet sides of the expansion device 21, respectively.
  • the silencer 30 consists of a first silencer 30a provided between the outdoor heat exchanger 13 and the expansion device 21, and a second silencer 30b provided between the expansion device 21 and the indoor heat exchanger 22.
  • the silencer 30 provided as described above eliminates a local pressure difference of the refrigerant by making the refrigerant flow through therein, such that the refrigerant uniformly flows through the silence 30 to reduce the flow/expansion noise of the refrigerant.
  • the construction of the silencer 30 may be realized in various embodiments, as shown in FIGs. 4 to 6 .
  • the silencer 30 comprises a body 31 and a porous tube 33 provided in the body 31.
  • the body 31 is direct coupled to the refrigerant pipe so as to make the refrigerant flow therein.
  • the body 31 has a middle portion having a diameter larger than that of both ends.
  • the middle portion has a uniform diameter along its longitudinal direction, and the both ends have a diameter gradually increased facing the middle portion.
  • the porous tube 33 is provided in the body 31, with a buffer space 34 being formed between an outer periphery thereof and an inner periphery of the body 31.
  • the porous tube 33 has a plurality of passing holes 33a for communicating the interior thereof with the buffer space 34.
  • the porous tube 33 has both ends having a diameter larger than a middle portion thereof, and is provided in such a way that both ends are fitted to an inner periphery of the body 31. That is, the enlarged ends of the porous tube 33 are fitted to the inner periphery of the middle portion of the body 31.
  • the silencer 30 is constructed as the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 , when the refrigerant flows through the body 31 of the silencer 30, it is diffused in the interior of the body 31. At that time, the refrigerant flows into the buffer space 34 and the interior of the porous tube 33 through the holes 33a. With the repeated flow of the refrigerant, the liquid phase contained in the refrigerant may be uniformly mixed with the gas phase thereof, so that the flow noise of the refrigerant is reduced.
  • the principle of the silencer is substantially similar to that of an expansion-type or resonance-type muffler.
  • the silencer 30 comprises a body 31 and a screen 32.
  • the structure and position of the body 31 are substantially similar to those of the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 , and so the description thereof will be omitted herein.
  • the screen 32 is formed of a mesh type, and is positioned in an inside of the body 31 such that the refrigerant flows through it.
  • the screen 32 is vertically provided in the inside of the body 31, and in particularly, is provided at the end side of the body which is in close to the expansion device 21.
  • the silencer 30 is constructed as the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 , when the refrigerant flows along the body 31 of the silencer 30, it is diffused in the interior of the body 31. At that time, the refrigerant passes through the mesh-type screen 32, such that impurities contained in the refrigerant are filtered, and simultaneously, the liquid phase contained in the refrigerant may be uniformly mixed with the gas phase thereof. Accordingly, the local pressure difference of the refrigerant is eliminated, and thus the flow noise of the refrigerant is reduced.
  • the silencer 30 comprises a body 31, a porous tube 33 and a screen 32.
  • the structure and position of the body 31, the porous tube 33 and the screen 32 are substantially similar to those of the embodiments shown in FIGs. 4 and 5 , respectively, and so the description thereof will be omitted herein.
  • the silencer 30 is constituted as the embodiment shown in FIG. 6
  • the apparatus exhibits the same operation and effects as those of the embodiments of FIGs. 4 and 5 . Therefore, this embodiment is most preferable to the silencer of the present invention.
  • the refrigerant compressed by the compressor 11 is fed to the outdoor heat exchange 13 by the control of the four-way valve 12, and then is heat-exchanged with the atmosphere ventilated by the outdoor fan 13a so as to condense in two-phase state mixed with gas and liquid.
  • the refrigerant condensed in the two-phase state is fed to the first silencer 30a so as to be uniformly mixed thereby.
  • the refrigerant fed to the body 31 of the first silencer 30a is diffused in the interior of the body 31.
  • the refrigerant flows into the buffer space 34 and the interior of the porous tube 33 through the holes 33a, such that the liquid phase contained in the refrigerant may be uniformly mixed with the gas phase thereof.
  • the uniformly mixed refrigerant passes through the mesh-type screen 32 to be more uniformly mixed with the gas and the liquid, before it flows into the expansion device 21.
  • the expansion device 21 expands the refrigerant of which its local pressure difference is absolutely eliminated by the uniform mixing of the gas phase and the liquid phase. At that time, the expansion pressure is evenly applied to the refrigerant, such that the flow noise of the refrigerant remarkably is reduced relative to the conventional cooling/heating apparatus of expanding the non-uniformly mixed refrigerant.
  • the refrigerant passing through the expansion device 21 is again fed to the second silencer 30b.
  • the refrigerant flows into the body 31 through the porous tube 33, the buffer space 34 and the screen 32. Since the refrigerant flows in the uniform state, the flow noise of the refrigerant remarkably is remarkably suppressed relative to the case in which the local pressure difference is existed.
  • the refrigerant of uniform state discharged from the second silencer 30b is fed to the indoor heat exchanger 22, and is heat-exchanged with the room air circulated by the indoor fan 22a to absorb the surrounding heat of the air-conditioned room.
  • the cooled air heat-exchanged by the indoor heat exchanger 22 is discharged into the air-conditioned room, thereby enabling the air-conditioned room to be cooled. Meanwhile, it improves the evaporate efficiency by discharging the refrigerant in the uniform state, thereby improving the heat exchanging capability, relative to the conventional apparatus by which the refrigerant is heat-exchanged in the non-uniform state.
  • the refrigerant heat-exchanged by the indoor heat exchanger 22 is again fed to the compressor 11 through the accumulator 14, and the above-mentioned cycle is repeated to continuously cool the air-conditioned room.
  • the refrigerant compressed in high temperature and pressure by the compressor 11 is fed to the indoor heat exchange 13 by the control of the four-way valve 12, and then is heat-exchanged with the room air ventilated by the indoor fan 22a so as to condense in two-phase state mixed with gas and liquid.
  • the room air heated by the heat radiated from the indoor heat exchanger 22 is discharged into the air-conditioned room, thereby enabling the room to be heated.
  • the refrigerant condensed in the two-phase state is fed to the expansion device 21 through the second silencer 30b in the uniformly mixed state.
  • the expansion of the refrigerant in the expansion device 21 causes it to be converted into two-phase state or liquid phase state of low temperature and low pressure.
  • the refrigerant expanded by the expansion device 21 flows through the first silencer 30a. After the refrigerant is uniformly mixed, it is discharged into the outdoor heat exchanger 13. The refrigerant is heat-exchanged with the atmosphere ventilated by the outdoor fan 13a so as to evaporate the refrigerant. And then, the evaporated refrigerant is again fed to the compressor 11 through the accumulator 14, and the above-mentioned cycle is repeated to continuously heat the air-conditioned room. In the heating operation mode, the flow noise and expansion noise of the refrigerant are suppressed by the first and second silencers 30a and 30b, thereby improving the heat exchanging capability of the air conditioner, similar to the cooling operation mode.
  • the cooling/heating system used in the air conditioner according to the present invention has following advantages.
  • the screen serving as a strainer of noise suppressing type may reduce the noise produced when the refrigerant expands by the expansion device, because the flow of refrigerant having non-uniformed two-phase state is converted into the uniform two-phase state.
  • the refrigerant expanded by the expansion device is converted into the uniform two-phase state by the silencer, the local pressure difference is eliminated in the refrigerant tube, thereby preventing the flow noise from being produced due to the pressure difference.
  • the apparatus may eliminate or reduce the noise source of various frequencies.
  • the pressure difference is eliminated in the refrigerant pipe, and the expansion device expands the refrigerant uniformly, thereby improving the evaporating efficiency and thus improving the thermal efficiency of the air conditioner.
  • the silencer is designed to combine the filtering function and the noise suppressing function, the space occupied by the indoor unit may be reduced.
  • the silencer may be provided at the refrigerant pipe of the outdoor unit, as well as the indoor unit.
  • the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
  • Air Filters, Heat-Exchange Apparatuses, And Housings Of Air-Conditioning Units (AREA)
  • Pipe Accessories (AREA)
EP20030004169 2002-06-12 2003-02-26 Heating/cooling system used in air conditioner Expired - Lifetime EP1371919B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR20020032915A KR100474908B1 (ko) 2002-06-12 2002-06-12 공기조화기의 냉난방 시스템
KR2002032915 2002-06-12

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1371919A2 EP1371919A2 (en) 2003-12-17
EP1371919A3 EP1371919A3 (en) 2005-05-25
EP1371919B1 true EP1371919B1 (en) 2009-07-15

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP20030004169 Expired - Lifetime EP1371919B1 (en) 2002-06-12 2003-02-26 Heating/cooling system used in air conditioner

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1371919B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2004020181A (ja)
KR (1) KR100474908B1 (ja)
CN (1) CN1253678C (ja)
DE (1) DE60328336D1 (ja)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3850281B1 (en) * 2018-09-14 2023-03-08 Carrier Corporation Oil separator with integrated muffler

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KR100734487B1 (ko) * 2005-12-30 2007-07-03 위니아만도 주식회사 멀티형 에어컨의 압축기 소음 전달 방지구조
KR100849088B1 (ko) * 2007-07-02 2008-07-30 (주)삼원산업사 냉동 공조용 필터구조
DE102008033806A1 (de) * 2008-07-19 2009-11-05 Daimler Ag Belüftungseinrichtung mit Duftstoffbehälter
CN102645012B (zh) * 2012-04-28 2014-06-04 长城汽车股份有限公司 一种组合管路式空调消音器
DE102013015072A1 (de) * 2013-07-01 2015-01-08 Liebherr-Hausgeräte Ochsenhausen GmbH Kühl- und/oder Gefriergerät
CN104154643A (zh) * 2014-08-14 2014-11-19 崇州广益机械制造有限公司 新型多级缓冲式消音器
CN104180504A (zh) * 2014-08-14 2014-12-03 崇州广益机械制造有限公司 带弧形板的多级缓冲式消音器
KR102620362B1 (ko) * 2016-08-31 2024-01-04 삼성전자주식회사 공기조화기
CN106766083B (zh) * 2016-12-06 2019-11-08 青岛海信日立空调系统有限公司 一种消音器及包含该消音器的空调
JP2018124024A (ja) * 2017-02-02 2018-08-09 三菱重工サーマルシステムズ株式会社 凝縮器
JP6737196B2 (ja) * 2017-02-07 2020-08-05 株式会社デンソー 冷媒配管および冷凍サイクル装置
CN107166823A (zh) * 2017-07-17 2017-09-15 海信科龙电器股份有限公司 一种冷媒分流器
JP2019095118A (ja) * 2017-11-21 2019-06-20 三菱重工サーマルシステムズ株式会社 冷凍機
KR102440596B1 (ko) 2017-11-28 2022-09-05 현대자동차 주식회사 차량용 열교환기
CN110857830A (zh) * 2018-08-22 2020-03-03 青岛海尔智能技术研发有限公司 一种制冷剂降噪装置及制冷设备
CN210688490U (zh) * 2019-07-23 2020-06-05 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 空调室内机
CN112179007A (zh) * 2020-09-29 2021-01-05 原言(广州)科技有限公司 一种冰箱高效节能冷却装置
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3850281B1 (en) * 2018-09-14 2023-03-08 Carrier Corporation Oil separator with integrated muffler

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1371919A3 (en) 2005-05-25
KR20030095626A (ko) 2003-12-24
KR100474908B1 (ko) 2005-03-08
JP2004020181A (ja) 2004-01-22
DE60328336D1 (de) 2009-08-27
EP1371919A2 (en) 2003-12-17
CN1253678C (zh) 2006-04-26
CN1467440A (zh) 2004-01-14

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