Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
  • G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
  • G01S13/82—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted
  • G01S13/84—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
  • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
  • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
  • G07C9/00309—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with bidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
  • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
  • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
  • G07C9/00309—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with bidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks
  • G07C2009/00412—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with bidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks the transmitted data signal being encrypted
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
  • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
  • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
  • G07C2009/00753—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys
  • G07C2009/00769—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys with data transmission performed by wireless means
  • G07C2009/00793—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys with data transmission performed by wireless means by Hertzian waves
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
  • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • G07C2209/00—Indexing scheme relating to groups G07C9/00 - G07C9/38
  • G07C2209/60—Indexing scheme relating to groups G07C9/00174 - G07C9/00944
  • G07C2209/63—Comprising locating means for detecting the position of the data carrier, i.e. within the vehicle or within a certain distance from the vehicle

Definitions

• Identification system for proving authorization to access or use an object, in particular a motor vehicle
• the invention relates to an identification system for proving authorization for access to an object or the use of an object, in particular a motor vehicle.
• Radio-based identification systems also known as RF-ID "radio frequency identification” systems
• RFID systems are increasingly used, for example, as a replacement for mechanical key systems, for access protection for computers or for automatic payment systems.
• An RFID system consists of an identification tag (hereinafter referred to as Designated code transmitter), which is also called electronic key, RF-ID tag, ID transmitter or ID card, which the user carries with him or which is arranged on an object to be identified.
• the code transmitter is provided with a characteristic code (code information This code is queried via a base station (hereinafter referred to as the transmitting and receiving unit) and then authenticated or verified.
• a base station hereinafter referred to as the transmitting and receiving unit
• F systems in the frequency range from 100-300 kHz, RF systems at 433 MHz or 867 MHz and high-frequency microwave systems, which are mostly at the frequencies 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 9.5 GHz or 24 GHz work.
• the passive identification is characterized by the fact that the code transmitter can be queried continuously by the transmitting and receiving unit without the user having to do anything. If the code transmitter is within a certain distance range from the transmitting and receiving unit, the identification is carried out automatically or, for example, in the case of a manual one Operation of a switching device, for example by operating a door handle, by the user.
• the limitation of the distance range generally results from the radio field attenuation.
• a common and inexpensive design of code transmitters are so-called backscatter code transmitters (DE 198 39 696 C2).
• a transmitting and receiving unit emits a transmission signal (hereinafter referred to as an interrogation signal) with a linearly frequency-modulated carrier wave in the direction of the code transmitter. If the code transmitter receives the interrogation signal, it is reflected in a modulated manner, but is not evaluated further there internally.
• the interrogation signal and response signal are evaluated on the one hand with regard to the correspondence of the received code information with an expected code information and on the other hand with regard to a frequency offset (frequency difference) of the transmission and reception frequency.
• the temporal frequency offset corresponds to a covered radio path (signal runtime). If the frequency difference lies within a predetermined interval, the code transmitter is regarded as authorized and the desired function is triggered in the object.
• a disadvantage of such identification systems is that the transmission channel can be listened to unnoticed and can be intercepted at any point in time. With a suitable device, an attacker would normally be able to to make the code accessible without authorization and thus to overcome the intended protective function.
• an unauthorized person can bring a "mirror" in the vicinity of the object, through which the interrogation signal is reflected. Since an authorized code transmitter is recognized due to a small frequency difference and a code transmitter is simulated in the vicinity of the object, the protective function is simply overcome ,
• the object of the invention is to provide an identification system which has improved security against unauthorized use or unauthorized access.
• An interrogation signal is transmitted in a frequency-modulated manner in steps.
• a mobile code transmitter does not immediately reflect the interrogation signal, but changes an order that reflects the order in which the frequency stages are received, and sends this back phase-locked as a response signal.
• the response signal is changed inversely compared to before and only then compared with the interrogation signal.
• the distance between the code transmitter and the object is determined from the comparison signal.
• the query signal is only accepted and corresponding functions are carried out in the object if the code transmitter is within a predetermined distance from the object.
• FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an identification system according to the invention
• FIG. 2 shows an interrogation signal of the identification system according to FIG. 1
• FIG. 3 shows a mixed signal which arises as a mixed product from the interrogation signal and an answer signal
• FIGS. 4 and 5 show signals of the mixed signal in the time and frequency domain
• FIG. 6 shows an identification system according to the invention, which is arranged in a motor vehicle
• FIG. 7 block diagram of a further exemplary embodiment of an identification system according to the invention.
• An identification system has a base station 10 (FIG. 1) with a transmitting and receiving unit 17, which is arranged in an object (the special object motor vehicle is explained in more detail in FIG. 6). Furthermore, the identification system has a mobile, portable code transmitter 20 which, by sending out a response signal, proves authorization to access or use the object.
• the base station 10 has a digital antenna with its transmitting and receiving antenna
• Frequency control 11 which controls a signal generator 12 with respect to its output signal and frequency.
• the output signal of the generator 12 is fed to the antenna via a transmission and reception switch 13 (transmission and reception paths are separated from one another).
• the signals received via the antenna are fed via the switch 13 to a mixer 15, to which the output signal of the generator 12 is also fed as a comparison or reference signal.
• the output signal of the mixer 15 is fed to a decryption unit (for example designed as a stochastic code generator 14), in which an encryption carried out in the code transmitter 20 is "undone" by applying inverse encryption to the signal.
• the decrypted signal is fed via an A / D converter (not shown) to a Fourier transformer 16, by means of which the sampled values of the A / D converter are Fourier-transformed in accordance with a specified regulation.
• the output signal of the Fourier transformer 16 is evaluated with regard to a frequency offset or difference between the generator signal and the response signal and thus with regard to a signal delay of the interrogation signal and the response signal and thus also a distance between the code transmitter and the object.
• Mixer 15, code generator 14 and Fourier transformer 16 thus act like an evaluation unit (or decoding unit) which decode the received response signal and evaluate it with respect to distance d.
• the code transmitter 20 If the code transmitter 20 is within range of the interrogation signal, it receives the interrogation signal via an antenna 21 and forwards it via a switch 22 to a demodulator / amplifier 23.
• the amplifier 23 passes the demodulated interrogation signal to a memory 24, in which it is buffered.
• An encryption unit for example a stochastic generator 25
• the received query signal is thus changed in a predetermined manner.
• the signal generator 26 has a PLL circuit which ensures that the generated signal is phase-locked to the received interrogation signal (PLL synchronizes the phase of the response signal with the interrogation signal). This has the advantage that the signal processing on the code transmitter 20 does not falsify the signal transit time between the base station 10 and the code transmitter 20.
• the signal encrypted or decrypted in this way is fed as a response signal via the switch 22 to the antenna 21 and transmitted via the latter.
• the response signal then presents itself as if it were reflected by the code transmitter 20 and its coding has been changed in the process.
• the base station 10 transmits, if necessary or continuously, a query signal which has been changed in sections in accordance with a predetermined sequence, as is shown, for example, in FIG. 2, and then waits for the receipt of a response signal, on the basis of which the authorization of the code transmitter 20 is checked (This is also known as authentication).
• the frequency-changed signal in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2, the signal increases in steps
• the generator in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2, the signal increases in steps
• the generator generates an oscillator frequency that remains constant for a short period of time (sections) and then suddenly changes its frequency for a further period of time (in the exemplary embodiment, a step-shaped signal is produced).
• the frequency is determined according to a predetermined order or a specific algorithm within a
• the order of the step carrier frequencies generated can be such that, as shown in FIG. 2, there is a linearly increasing envelope (shown by a broken line in FIG. 2). Increasingly higher and higher frequencies are generated one after the other. This stands in contrast to the typical FM-CW modulation (Frequency Modulated Continous Wave), in which the transmission frequency is changed linearly, continuously.
• FM-CW modulation Frequency Modulated Continous Wave
• the sequence can also be such that a non-linear envelope, for example a logarithmic curve, results, which is then modulated or demodulated at the carrier frequency that is set in each case.
• a non-linear envelope for example a logarithmic curve
• the frequencies used are usually over 100 MHz.
• the signals are typically emitted within a predetermined bandwidth in the frequency ranges from 433 MHz, 868 MHz or 2.4 GHz.
• the generated frequencies may only be within the frequency bands approved in the respective countries, so that no national or regional telecommunications regulations and approved frequency bands are violated.
• a mobile code transmitter 20 is arranged in the effective range of the transmitting and receiving unit (ie within the range of the interrogation signal) and receives an interrogation signal, it in turn makes a change (or also called encryption or coding) to the transmitted and received sequence and sends back a response signal with the changed order.
• the encryption unit ensures that the sequence of the carrier frequencies received by the code transmitter 20 is changed and the signal is quasi reflected, in accordance with a stochastic algorithm as it is carried out inversely on the object side.
• the code transmitter 20 has an encryption algorithm which is characteristic of it and with which the sequence is coded. All code transmitters 20 assigned to the object should have the same algorithm so that each code transmitter 20 can prove its authorization. In base station 10, the same algorithm is applied inversely to the response signal in order to restore the original order. Thus, the decrypted response signal can then be compared (mixed) with the transmitted interrogation signal in order to determine a frequency offset and thus the signal delay between the code transmitter 20 and the object.
• a frequency offset of the two corresponds to a signal transit time between base station 10 and code transmitter 20 and back.
• the distance between base station 10 and code transmitter 20 can be determined directly from the transit time or the frequency offset.
• the response signal is only accepted if the distance is smaller than a predetermined value.
• the authorization of the code transmitter 20 is thus proven in order to obtain authorized access to an object or to use the object. The user with the authorized code transmitter 20 should therefore only have this access in the immediate vicinity of the motor vehicle.
• both signals are mixed (multiplied). If, for example, a step-shaped interrogation signal - as shown in FIG. 2 - is emitted and such a signal is present at the input of the mixer 15 after decryption, the result of the mixed product is a sum frequency component and a difference frequency component that is sampled. A sinusoidal signal is thus obtained, as represented by the envelope in FIG. 3. By sampling with an A / D converter, discrete-time samples are obtained.
• a Dirac function (also referred to as a ⁇ function or ⁇ pulse) arises, as shown in FIG. 4, the frequency offset of which is related to the reference zero is proportional to the distance between base station 10 and code transmitter 20.
• the sequence of the frequency levels is encrypted in the exemplary embodiment by stochastic steps with a secret random variable.
• the random variable is used synchronously both in the base station 10 (when decrypting) and in the code transmitter 20 (when encrypting), so that a signal sequence again arises in the base station 10 which, after the Fourier transformation, has a Dirac function corresponding to the distance generated because the transformation is carried out with subsequently arranged values.
• the random variable and thus the encryption algorithm are protected from external read-out both in the base station 10 and on the code transmitter 20.
• fInquiry signal o + random variable * frequency step.
• i * ⁇ * 2d / c (5) preferably corresponds to the period 2 ⁇ .
• a distance d is clearly identified after the Fourier transformation, then there is an authorization which enables access to the object (for example a computer, a motor vehicle, a telephone, an ATM, a building, etc.) or its use ,
• a section-by-section frequency-modulated signal is transmitted on the one hand and on the other hand the sequence of the sections is encrypted on the code side and decoded on the object side using the inverse algorithm.
• the query signal is encrypted “reflected”. Only if the answer signal is decrypted correctly can the distance d be determined. If the distance d is still below a predetermined value, access or use is released.
• the base station 10 must therefore be able to measure signal propagation times (which correspond to distances).
• the distance measurement also has the effect that the changes in the signal transit times, in particular in the event of an undesired and inadmissible extension of the signal transit time, are immediately recognized by the base station 10 and thus protection against unauthorized eavesdropping and playback is guaranteed.
• an anti-collision method of several code transmitters 20 assigned to the object can additionally be implemented. If there is only one authorized code transmitter 20 in the vicinity, this results in 4 shows only a single spectral line in the frequency range, here, for example, at the normalized frequency "1". If there are several code transmitters 20 at different distances in the vicinity of the object, there is a spectral line for each code transmitter 20 at the normalized frequency that is its own Distance di corresponds.
• the identification system according to the invention is advantageously used in a motor vehicle 30 (FIG. 6) and is also explained in more detail by way of example. However, it can also be used for other objects, such as computers, telephones, the Internet, ATMs, toll roads, means of transport (tickets), rooms, buildings, etc. be used.
• FIG. 6 shows possible locations of attachment of the transmitting and receiving unit 17 when used in a motor vehicle 30.
• units 17 in the driver's door 31 for example, with two transmitting and receiving units 17, specifically with an outside antenna and an inside antenna
• / or the front passenger door 32 If rear doors 33 are present, two transmitting and receiving units 17 can also be arranged there his.
• a transmitting and receiving unit 17 can be arranged on the inside mirror 35, one in the rear shelf 36 and one on the rear near the trunk 34.
• the transmitting and receiving unit Upon request (for example, actuating a switch or door handle on the motor vehicle 30), the transmitting and receiving unit transmits its interrogation signal in a preferred direction one or more times or when a person approaches. If the code transmitter 20 receives the interrogation signal, it sends back an answer signal.
• Access to the motor vehicle 30 is only released if it is clearly recognized that the code transmitter 20 is actually close enough to the motor vehicle 30. As a result, a signal to unlock the doors or release the immobilizer can then be triggered. If the code transmitter 20 approaches a door 31, 32, 33 or the trunk 34, an authorization command and also additional commands, such as switching on the interior lighting, can be triggered if the code transmitter 20 is correctly recognized as being within the permitted distance d ,
• the location and the number of transmitting and receiving units 17 result from the vehicle geometry and the desired requirements with regard to the detection area in which the code transmitter 20 should be located and with regard to the wearing comfort of the code transmitter 20.
• the response signal received by the transmitting and receiving unit 17 can be evaluated directly in the transmitting and receiving unit 17.
• Each of the distributed transmitting and receiving units 17 can display its received response signal. in addition to a central unit, not shown, in which the authorization is then checked.
• the central unit can decide whether only driver's door 31, passenger's door 32, all doors 31-33 or only the trunk 34 are to be unlocked or locked. This depends on which of the transmitting and receiving units 17 arranged distributed on the motor vehicle body has determined the shortest distance (shortest transit time) to the code transmitter 20, i.e. from which direction the code signal came or from which direction the user approaches his vehicle.
• This identification system offers additional protection against eavesdropping and reproduction of the response signal, since the encryption variable / encryption algorithm can change synchronously after each question-answer dialog, both on the code transmitter 20 and in the object.
• Such a change in encryption is known and is also referred to as an alternating code or rolling code.
• the identification system there is only a quasi-comparison between the response signal and the interrogation signal, in which it is not the code content of the signals that is of interest, but only the frequency offset between the two signals.
• the two signals are correlated with one another in the mixer. And only if the random variables are the same on both sides, is there a clear and unequivocal distance d.
• two different interrogation signals can also be transmitted.
• the first interrogation signal with the carrier frequency changed in sections in the ultrasound frequency range (with the speed of sound v s as the speed of propagation) is transmitted by means of the US transmitter 43 and US receiver 27 received on the code transmitter 20.
• the second interrogation signal is likewise modulated by a transmitter 44 with a changed carrier frequency in a frequency range (here at approximately 125 kHz) to the code transmitter 20 (with the speed of light c as the speed of propagation) and is received and demodulated there by a receiving unit 21.
• the two signals are correlated (mixed) with one another on the code transmitter 20 by means of a mixer 28 and, as a response signal modulated via a transmitter 29, sent back to the object at a fixed carrier frequency (here 433 MHz), where it is received and demodulated by a receiver 46 becomes.
• a fixed carrier frequency here 433 MHz
• the different propagation speeds of the interrogation signal are used, which, after mixing and Fourier transformation, clearly identify a distance d.
• the interrogation signals are controlled by a stochastic step frequency transmitter 42 and a bandwidth generator 42, which defines a carrier frequency which has been changed in sections in accordance with an order (corresponds to encryption or coding).
• An “inverse” encryption is used on the code transmitter side.
• the same “inverse” coding is used as in the code transmitter 20, in order not to undo the encryption.
• a comparison of the received and demodulated response signal with the reference signal by a mixer 28 takes place on the code transmitter 20.
• the output signals of the receivers 27, 21 are fed to the mixer 28 and sent as a response signal to the object and there, after demodulation and sampling by an A / D converter 47, are fed to a Fourier transformer 48.
• the reference signal which has arisen from the generator signal and through decryption by a stochastic code generator 45, is also passed to the Fourier Transformer 48 supplied. Based on the then Fourier-transformed signal, the authorization can be recognized on the basis of the distance d between the code transmitter 20 and the object.
• the invention has the advantage that "cryptology" is included in the identification system and thus becomes more secure, although no comparison of the code information contained in the encrypted signals is carried out on the object side. However, the response signal or the query signal is not present in encrypted form , then no authorization can be recognized due to distance d that cannot be determined.
• This embodiment of the invention has the advantage that existing identification systems can be retrofitted without distance detection.
• the conventional identification systems usually work at low frequencies (125 kHz and 433 MHz), at which a distance determination with only one interrogation signal and the method according to the invention is only possible if large distances are permitted as authorized.
• To increase the security of the identification system only small distances should be allowed. The user should therefore be in the immediate vicinity of the object to be used in order to gain access.
• either the order in which the carrier frequency is changed in sections is initially transmitted to the code transmitter 20, encrypted there, transmitted back and decrypted on the object side before the signal is Fourier-transformed.
• the encrypted sequence is sent out on the object side, brought into the “correct” order on the code transmitter side and sent back to the object.
• the reference signal is either encrypted or decrypted on the object side before it is compared with the received / demodulated response with regard to frequency offset.
• the term “stochastic” is to be understood to mean encryption or decryption, for example by means of a mathematical algorithm and / or a random generator.
• mixing is to be understood as a conversion of a frequency into another frequency range by modulation with an auxiliary frequency.
• the mixing results in a sum frequency and a difference frequency.
• a filter can be used to filter out one of the frequencies and use it for further evaluation can be compared by mixing two signals in terms of their frequencies / frequency offset.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
• Remote Sensing (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)
• Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)

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• 2001
  • 2001-11-22 WO PCT/EP2001/013638 patent/WO2002054353A1/de active Application Filing
  • 2001-11-22 EP EP01984755A patent/EP1346326A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2001-11-22 JP JP2002555377A patent/JP3935432B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2003
  • 2003-06-30 US US10/609,782 patent/US7098769B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

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