EP1315713A2 - Verfahren zur herstellung makrocyclischer ester - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung makrocyclischer esterInfo
- Publication number
- EP1315713A2 EP1315713A2 EP01974158A EP01974158A EP1315713A2 EP 1315713 A2 EP1315713 A2 EP 1315713A2 EP 01974158 A EP01974158 A EP 01974158A EP 01974158 A EP01974158 A EP 01974158A EP 1315713 A2 EP1315713 A2 EP 1315713A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- reaction
- mixture
- depolymerization
- thermostable
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D315/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom according to more than one of groups C07D303/00 - C07D313/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D321/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D317/00 - C07D319/00
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a ner process for the preparation of macrocyclic ester compounds from oligoesters by thermal cleavage in the presence of thermostable benzene derivatives.
- compounds which are largely thermally stable are those which are largely inert during the oligoester cleavage at temperatures between 200 ° C. and 350 ° C.
- macrocyclic ester compounds can be prepared by depolymerizing linear oligoesters of the corresponding aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acids and alkylene glycols.
- the bulk thermal depolymerization is usually carried out under vacuum ( ⁇ 100 hPa) and at high temperatures (200-300 ° C) in the presence of a catalyst.
- the molecular weight of the oligoester used is decisive for the cleavage yield achieved. Therefore, the control of this size during the oligoester education important.
- the condensation reaction must therefore be stopped before the onset of the molecular weight build-up, which is typical for the polyester reaction, with almost complete conversions.
- the tracking of the product viscosity can be used as a measure.
- the condensation and thus the formation of oligoesters to avoid high molecular weights can already be used for
- the desired cyclization reaction is accompanied by a further polycondensation of the linear polyester and a further intermolecular crosslinking reaction.
- the yield of product decreases significantly.
- the crosslinking reactions lead to an increase in
- auxiliaries can increase the product yield compared to a cleavage in bulk.
- additives mentioned have the
- thermostable reaction medium remaining in the distillation bottom can be conveniently removed from the reactor when the reaction is interrupted or ended, which is hardly possible in the known processes with the conventional reaction media ,
- high-boiling reaction media such as paraffins (DE-A 32 25 341) or olefin polymers (EP-A 0 260 680) are unsuitable solvents for all linear polyesters or oligoesters. They often only disperse them, whereby the particles can coagulate into blocks. Remedy is usually achieved by further dilution, which significantly reduces the space-time yield, as is the case according to known methods.
- JP-B 55-120581 also describes a process for carrying out the depolymerization and cyclization in the presence of polyoxyalkylene glycol and its derivatives, monohydric alcohols and their derivatives or monohydric fatty acids and their derivatives, each of which has a high boiling point. According to this process, ether bonds of the added polyoxyalkylene glycol are broken down and various degradation products or gases are formed, and as a result the vacuum is reduced or the quality of the macroeylics obtained
- Ester compound deteriorated. Furthermore, the smell of the monovalent mix Alcohol or the monohydric acid or its derivatives with the distillate and thereby the fragrance of the macrocyclic ester compound is adversely affected and its use as a perfume is difficult. These phenomena are reported as disadvantages in these conventional processes.
- EP A 0 739 889 has the disadvantage that the desired effect of increasing the yield is only achieved with sufficiently high dilution ratios;
- EP A 0 739 889 shows dilution ratios between 5 and 1000 parts by weight of polyethylene glycol dialkyl ether to 1 part by weight of oligomer.
- Another major disadvantage of using polyethylene glycol dialkyl ether is that it is not easy to work up the solvent and therefore by-products which contaminate the solvent considerably restrict the usability of the solvent.
- the object of the present invention was therefore to find a production process for macrocyclic ester compounds with which the highest possible reaction yield can be achieved and with which the solvent costs can also be reduced by using a solvent which prevents the formation of by-products which prevent the use of the macrocyclic ester compounds as a fragrance, which has a low melting point and is therefore easy to handle, which simplifies product separation due to a high boiling point and which can be worked up well for recycling in the process without major losses due to residue formation.
- a process for the preparation of macrocyclic ester compounds, obtainable from linear oligoesters by thermal depolymerization with or without the addition of catalysts, has been found, which is characterized in that the depolymerization in thermostable benzene derivatives at a pressure of less than 100 hPa and at temperatures of 200 ° C to 350 ° C is carried out, with each Parts by weight of the oligoester 0.1 to 1000 parts by weight of solvent are used.
- Macrocychic ester compounds which can be prepared by the process according to the invention are generally 14 to 17-membered ring systems. They can be described by the following general formula
- x and y add up to a number of at least 10 and at most 13;
- A can represent a methylene group or a hetero atom such as oxygen or sulfur;
- B may represent a methylene group or a carbonyl group
- a and B taken together can represent a carbon double bond.
- Macrocych lactones of ⁇ -hydroxycarboxylic acids which optionally have a double bond and / or a further heteroatom, e.g. May contain oxygen, or macrocychic lactones of dicarboxylic acids and diols.
- linear oligoesters for the process according to the invention can be described by the following general formula:
- x and y add up to a number of at least 10 and at most 13;
- A can represent a methylene group or a hetero atom such as oxygen or sulfur;
- B may represent a methylene group or a carbonyl group
- a and B taken together can represent a carbon double bond.
- Oligoesters of aliphatic hydroxycarbon acids or olio esters of dicarboxylic acids with diols are preferred for the process according to the invention.
- Linear oligoesters as starting compounds for the process according to the invention can be obtained by condensation of difunctional compounds of the formula
- A can represent a methylene group or a hetero atom such as oxygen or sulfur;
- B can mean a methylene group or A and B together can be one
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, such as methyl or
- Ethyl can mean i or the formula
- x and y add up to a number of at least 10 and at most 13;
- R 1 can denote a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, such as methyl or ethyl,
- the process according to the invention is based on thermal cleavage of oligoesters to the desired macrocyclic esters.
- the cleavage reaction is carried out in vacuo and at very high temperatures in an inert, high-boiling reaction medium with or without the addition of catalysts, a rectification column being placed on the container in which the chemical reaction takes place is attached, with which the macrocyclic esters formed are separated off and concentrated.
- the thermal cleavage in thermostable, high-boiling aikylbenzene or benzene derivatives for example of the formula
- thermostable benzene derivatives By using these thermostable benzene derivatives, the yield becomes clear compared to cleavage in bulk increase.
- the derivatives of the form a) are essentially isomeric dibenzyltoluenes, b) denotes the group of diarylalkyls, c) represents the bi- or triaryloxides, d) includes the group of terphenyls and their partially hydrogenated analogues, and e) finally represents them alkylated or nonalkyl-substituted benzyltoluenes.
- thermostable benzene derivatives are dibenzyltoluenes and their isomer mixtures, and terphenyls and their partially hydrogenated analogs. Dibenzyltoluenes and their isomer mixtures are particularly preferred.
- thermostable benzene derivatives for the process according to the invention simultaneously have a low melting point and a high boiling point. Despite the high boiling point, however, they are easily evaporable and can therefore be easily separated from high-boiling contaminants. Their use as a reaction medium is therefore advantageous both in terms of handling and in terms of product separation. In this way, the product can be separated from the reaction medium in a rectification column with a few separation stages, the number of separation stages required and the reflux ratio to be set being based on the boiling point difference between the macrocyclic ester formed and the solvent used.
- reaction yields of more than 90% can be achieved. It is essential for the economy of the process that the high reaction yields can be achieved at low solvent costs. This is achieved in particular by the fact that low depolymerization
- Dilution ratios of solvent to oligomer are set and the used solvent is also processed for recycling and recycling in the process.
- dibenzyltoluene which is technically available as a mixture of isomers, has an excellent profile of properties for the process according to the invention, since its high, comparatively narrow boiling range permits particularly effective separation from the product to be distilled off.
- the process according to the invention is preceded by the condensation of the difunctional compounds to the linear oligoesters.
- the process is therefore initially carried out with the condensation, which can be carried out according to known processes at elevated temperatures with or without a catalyst.
- Hydroxycarboxylic acids or hydroxycarboxylic acid esters are heated or the dicarboxylic acids or their esters are reacted with a glycol.
- the water or alcohol formed is distilled off or removed with the aid of an entrainer or with the aid of a slight vacuum.
- the removal of excess glycol can also be done in whole or in part in the subsequent process step, i.e. from the cleavage reactor.
- the oligomer is then transferred to the cleavage reactor in which the high-boiling medium together with the catalyst component are placed.
- the catalysts used are conventional catalysts known per se (EP A 0 739 889), such as, for example, alkali and alkaline earth metals and their salts, and also salts and organometallic compounds of the elements manganese, cadmium, iron, cobalt, Tin, lead, aluminum, zircon and titanium.
- the amount of the catalyst is, depending on the use of the corresponding type, in the range from 0.1 to 20% by weight, but preferably in the range from 0.5 to 10% by weight, based on 100% by weight of oligoester.
- the depolymerization then takes place at high temperatures between 200 ° C. and 350 ° C., preferably between 220 ° C. and 290 ° C., and under a vacuum of less than 100 hPa.
- the cleavage products preferably rise in vapor form and are thus removed directly from the reaction in the liquid phase.
- the product components can be separated from the components of the reaction medium, the product components being removed at the upper end of the column and the components of the reaction medium being removed at the lower end of the column for recycling into the reaction vessel.
- the column is operated at pressures ⁇ 100 hPa, the pressure range from 5 to 95 hPa, particularly preferably the range from 10 to 80 hPa, being preferred and 80.
- the process can be carried out either batchwise or continuously.
- the oligomer is mixed with the oligomer
- the oligomer is metered into the reaction medium in portions or with a constant stream during the cleavage.
- the continuous procedure is preferably carried out since the product can be removed with a constant composition at the top of the column.
- the solvent is recovered by partial evaporation, for example in a thin-film evaporator at pressures below 100 hPa, preferably at pressures below 50 hPa.
- a wide variety of macrocyclic ester compounds can be prepared by this process. It is particularly suitable for the preparation of macrocyclic esters having 6 to 20, preferably 13 to 16, carbon atoms, since they can be prepared in a particularly pure manner by the process according to the invention, which greatly benefits their use as fragrances.
- the process according to the invention can also be used to prepare the mixtures of ethylene dodecanedioate and ethylene undecanedioate described in US Pat. No. 6,034,052.
- ethylene glycol tridecanedioic acid polyester 500 g of dimethyl tridecanedioate, 250 g of ethylene glycol and 3 g of tetrabutyl titanate are slowly heated in a reaction distillation apparatus under a vacuum of 300 hPa. As soon as a reaction temperature of 140 ° C is reached, methanol begins to split off. The heating is continued until no more methanol is released; the bottom temperature is slowly increased to 185 ° C. The vacuum is then removed to 1 hPa and the excess ethylene glycol is distilled off. 510 g of polyester are obtained as residue.
- a melted mixture of 2 parts by weight of dibenzyltoluene (mixture of isomers), 1 part by weight of ethylene glycol tridecanedioic acid polyester and 0.02 part by weight of dibutyltin dilaurate is metered into a reaction vessel with a rectification column in which there is a mixture of 2 parts by weight of dibenzyltoluene (mixture of isomers) and 0.02 parts by weight of dibuturate , which is heated to about 280 ° C and is boiled under reflux at a pressure of 55 hPa.
- the formation of monomeric ethylene tridecadioate is noticeable by a drop in the temperature at the distillation head.
- Distillate is removed to the extent that polyester is replenished.
- the distillate removed contains between 30 and 98% ethylene tridecadioate, which is obtained in a subsequent fine distillation in pure form. In this way, the yield is about 90%, based on dimethyl tridecanedioate used.
- 225 g of a technical mixture containing between 40 to 60% dodecanedioic acid and 30 - 50% undecanedioic acid are mixed with 105 g of ethylene glycol and slowly heated to 150 ° C; at about 130 ° C to 140 ° C water splitting begins. After the elimination of water has ended, the temperature is raised to 170 ° C. to remove excess ethylene glycol, and the reaction apparatus is slowly evacuated to a pressure of 1 hPa.
- the distillate initially contains between 40 to 60% ethylene dodecanedioate and 30 to 50% ethylene undecanedioate, and in the further course of the reaction increasingly small amounts of dibenzyltoluenes, which are separated off in a subsequent fine distillation. Overall, a reaction yield of about 91% is achieved in the depolymerization.
- Dodecanedioic acid dimethyl ester and 30-50% undecanedioic acid dimethyl ester, and 3 g of tetrabutyl titanate are slowly heated in a reaction distillation apparatus under a vacuum of 300 hPa. Between 130 - 140 ° C reaction temperature, methanol begins to be split off, which is distilled off via a 30 cm packed column. The heating is continued until no more methanol is released; the bottom temperature is slowly increased to 185 ° C. The vacuum is then removed to 1 hPa and the excess ethylene glycol is distilled off. 500 g of polyester are obtained as a residue.
- a melted mixture of 500 g of dibenzyltoluene (mixture of isomers), 250 g of the diacid ethylene glycol polyester mixture obtained according to a) and 5 g of dibutyltin dilaurate is metered into a reaction container with a rectification column in which a mixture of 500 g of dibenzyltoluene (mixture of isomers) and 5 g of dilaurutyl is located, which is heated to about 280 ° C and is boiled under reflux at a pressure of 55 hPa.
- the formation of monomeric esters is noticeable by a drop in the temperature at the distillation head.
- the distillate is removed and the polyester mixture is continuously added.
- the distillate removed contains between 30 and 98% of a mixture of the monomers ethylene dodecadioate and ethylene undecadioate.
- 490 g of distillate with a weight fraction of 225 g of ethylene dodecadioate and ethylene undecadioate mixture were obtained at a head temperature of 220-225 ° C. and a reflux ratio of 15: 1, which gives a yield of 90% based on the dicarbonate used. acid dimethyl ester mixture corresponds.
- the mixture of ethylene dodecadioate and In a subsequent fine distillation, ethylene undecadioate was separated from the dibenzyltoluene and thus obtained in pure form.
- a melted mixture of 1 part by weight of the remaining 15-hydroxypentadecanoic acid polyester, 2 parts by weight of dibenzyltoluene (isomer mixture) and 0.02 part by weight of dibutyltin dilaurate is metered into a reaction container with a rectification column in which a mixture is formed
- a melted mixture of 1 part by weight of the residual cis / trans-15-hydroxy-ll / 12-pentadecenoic acid polyester, 2 parts by weight of dibenzyltoluene (mixture of isomers) and 0.02 part by weight of dibutyltin dilaurate is mixed into one
- Reaction vessel with attached rectification column in which there is a mixture of 2 parts by weight of dibenzyltoluene (mixture of isomers) and 0.02 part by weight of dibutyltin dilaurate, which is heated to approx. 280 ° C. and is boiled under reflux at a pressure of 55 hPa.
- the formation of monomeric cis- / trans-l, 15-pentadec-l 1/12-enolide is caused by a drop in temperature
- Distillation head noticeable Distillate is taken off to the extent that Polyester is added.
- the removed distillate contains between 30 and 90% 1,15-pentadecanolide.
- a distillate with a weight fraction of approx. 60% cis / trans-l 15-pentadec-ll / 12-enolide was obtained, which in a subsequent fine distillation is obtained in pure form.
- the yield of cis- / trans-l, 15-pentadec-ll / 12-enolide achieved in this way is approximately 85%, based on the 15-hydroxypentadecanoic acid polyester used.
- 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid polyester 2 parts by weight of dibenzyltoluene (mixture of isomers) and 0.02 part by weight of dibutyltin dilaurate is metered into a reaction vessel with a rectification column in which a mixture is formed
- trans-16-hydroxy-9-hexadecenoic acid 260 g are slowly heated to 170 ° C. under a slight vacuum (650 hPa). As soon as the elimination of water subsides, the mixture is stirred for a further 1 h under a vacuum of 20 hPa and for 30 min under a vacuum of 1 hPa.
- the polyester of trans-16-hydroxy-9-hexadecenoic acid remains as a residue.
- Dosed reaction vessel with attached rectification column in which a Mixture of 2 parts by weight of dibenzyltoluene (isomer mixture) and 0.02 part by weight of dibutyltin dilaurate, which is heated to about 280 ° C and is boiled under a reflux of 55 hPa.
- the formation of monomeric trans-1,16-hexadec-9-enolide is noticeable by a drop in the temperature at the distillation head. Distillate is removed to the extent that polyester is replenished.
- the distillate removed contains between 30 and 90% trans-l, 16-hexadec-9-enolide.
- Reflux ratio of 10: 1 a distillate with a weight fraction of about 60% trans-l, 16-hexadec-9-enolide obtained, which is obtained in a subsequent fine distillation in pure form.
- the yield of trans-1,16-hexadec-9-enolide thus obtained is approximately 80% based on the trans-16-hydroxy-9-hexadecenoic acid polyester used.
- the distillate removed contains between 20 and 90% of a mixture of the monomers ethylene dodecanedioate and ethylene undecanedioate.
- the distillate removed contains between 20 and 90% of a mixture of the monomers ethylene dodecanedioate and ethylene undecanedioate.
- the distillate removed contains between 20 and 90% of a mixture of the monomers ethylene dodecanedioate and ethylene undecanedioate.
- a top temperature of 238-240 ° C. and a reflux ratio of 10: 1 250 g of distillate with a weight fraction of 95 g of ethylene dodecanedioate and ethylene undecanedioate mixture were obtained, which corresponds to a yield of 70% based on the dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester used.
- Mixture corresponds.
- the mixture of ethylene dodecanedioate and ethylene undecadioate was separated from the partially hydrogenated terphenyl in a subsequent
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Pyrane Compounds (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10041198A DE10041198B4 (de) | 2000-08-23 | 2000-08-23 | Verfahren zur Herstellung makrocyclischer Ester |
DE10041198 | 2000-08-23 | ||
PCT/EP2001/009248 WO2002016345A2 (de) | 2000-08-23 | 2001-08-10 | Verfahren zur herstellung makrocyclischer ester |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1315713A2 true EP1315713A2 (de) | 2003-06-04 |
Family
ID=7653403
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01974158A Withdrawn EP1315713A2 (de) | 2000-08-23 | 2001-08-10 | Verfahren zur herstellung makrocyclischer ester |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6458972B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1315713A2 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2004524265A (de) |
AU (1) | AU2001293753A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10041198B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002016345A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6420047B2 (en) * | 2000-01-21 | 2002-07-16 | Cyclics Corporation | Macrocyclic polyester oligomers and processes for polymerizing the same |
US6960626B2 (en) * | 2000-01-21 | 2005-11-01 | Cyclics Corporation | Intimate physical mixtures containing macrocyclic polyester oligomer and filler |
US6525164B2 (en) * | 2000-09-01 | 2003-02-25 | Cyclics Corporation | Methods for converting linear polyesters to macrocyclic oligoester compositions and macrocyclic oligoesters |
US7750109B2 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2010-07-06 | Cyclics Corporation | Use of a residual oligomer recyclate in the production of macrocyclic polyester oligomer |
US7767781B2 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2010-08-03 | Cyclics Corporation | Preparation of low-acid polyalkylene terephthalate and preparation of macrocyclic polyester oligomer therefrom |
WO2003002551A1 (en) | 2001-06-27 | 2003-01-09 | Cyclics Corporation | Isolation, formulation, and shaping of macrocyclic oligoesters |
US6787632B2 (en) * | 2001-10-09 | 2004-09-07 | Cyclics Corporation | Organo-titanate catalysts for preparing pure macrocyclic oligoesters |
US6831138B2 (en) * | 2002-01-07 | 2004-12-14 | Cyclics Corporation | Polymer-containing organo-metal catalysts |
JP2007530016A (ja) * | 2004-02-27 | 2007-11-01 | ザ ジェネラル ホスピタル コーポレーション | 発毛のための方法および組成物 |
DE602006020497D1 (de) * | 2005-11-25 | 2011-04-14 | Ube Industries | D verfahren zur herstellung eines monomers eines polyamids |
EP3303315A1 (de) | 2015-05-29 | 2018-04-11 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung cyclischer ester |
GB201604110D0 (en) * | 2016-03-10 | 2016-04-20 | Givaudan Sa | Preparation of macrocyclic lactones |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2731543C3 (de) | 1977-07-13 | 1980-07-31 | Haarmann & Reimer Gmbh, 3450 Holzminden | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Cyclopentadecanolid |
US4165321A (en) * | 1977-09-21 | 1979-08-21 | Harris Eugene G | Process for the production of heterocyclic compounds |
JPS55120581A (en) | 1979-03-09 | 1980-09-17 | Mitsui Petrochem Ind Ltd | Production of macrocyclic ester |
US4594434A (en) * | 1982-08-02 | 1986-06-10 | National Distillers And Chemical Corporation | Process for the depolymerization of polyesters using dawsonite as the catalyst |
US4803288A (en) | 1986-03-20 | 1989-02-07 | Nisso Petrochemical Industries Co., Ltd. | Process for producing macrocyclic ester compounds |
US4709058A (en) | 1986-09-19 | 1987-11-24 | National Distillers And Chemical Corporation | Process for the production of macrocyclic esters by the depolymerization of polyesters |
US5446122A (en) * | 1994-11-30 | 1995-08-29 | General Electric Company | Process for preparing macrocyclic polyesters |
DE19515888A1 (de) | 1995-04-29 | 1996-10-31 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von macrocyclischen Verbindungen |
DE19742307A1 (de) | 1997-09-25 | 1999-04-01 | Haarmann & Reimer Gmbh | Neue Moschus-Riechstoffe |
US5912275A (en) * | 1997-09-30 | 1999-06-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process for depolymerizing polyester |
-
2000
- 2000-08-23 DE DE10041198A patent/DE10041198B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-08-10 AU AU2001293753A patent/AU2001293753A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-08-10 WO PCT/EP2001/009248 patent/WO2002016345A2/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-08-10 EP EP01974158A patent/EP1315713A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-08-10 JP JP2002521446A patent/JP2004524265A/ja active Pending
- 2001-08-21 US US09/934,383 patent/US6458972B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO0216345A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2004524265A (ja) | 2004-08-12 |
US20020095045A1 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
DE10041198B4 (de) | 2004-01-15 |
WO2002016345A2 (de) | 2002-02-28 |
AU2001293753A1 (en) | 2002-03-04 |
DE10041198A1 (de) | 2002-03-14 |
WO2002016345A3 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
US6458972B1 (en) | 2002-10-01 |
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Inventor name: VERKERK, KAI Inventor name: RONGE, GEORG Inventor name: MENDOZA-FROHN, CHRISTINE Inventor name: KLEIN, STEPHAN Inventor name: MUELLER, DIRK Inventor name: SURBURG, HORST |
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