Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
  • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
  • C10J3/22—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues
  • C10J3/24—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed
  • C10J3/26—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed downwardly
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/72—Other features
  • C10J3/725—Redox processes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
  • C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
  • C10J2200/158—Screws

Definitions

• the invention relates to a device and a method for generating fuel gases according to the preambles of the independent claims.
• Fuel gas generators have long been known per se. Basically, two principles can be distinguished: the direct current or downstream gasifier and the counter current or upstream gasifier.
• Counterflow gasifiers are suitable for processing slag-rich fuels.
• the fuel gas obtainable from countercurrent gasifiers is generally rich in tar and other pyrolysis products, which either requires immediate combustion of the gas, which is still hot and is kept above the condensation temperature of the pyrolysis products, or else requires complex gas treatment.
• the DC gasifier principle on the other hand, enables tar and other pyrolysis products to be completely split up, but is not suitable for processing products with a high slag content.
• the problem of uneven heating in the reactor also arises with the fuel gas generators that have been used up to now.
• the oxygen supplied to the reactor is generally quickly used up after it has entered the area filled with fuel material. Therefore, the temperature decreases as a function of the distance from the mouth of the oxygen supply. For this reason, as soon as the reactor exceeds a certain diameter, an edge region arises in which the temperature required to split the pyrolysis products is no longer reached. Therefore are available fuel gas generators are generally small and their performance is limited, which of course has a disadvantageous effect on their economy.
• the device and the method should enable extremely economical gas generation, the gases produced being intended to meet high purity requirements.
• the device and the method should be suitable for the economical generation of fuel gases from fuels rich in slag and possibly additionally tar-rich.
• an empty space is maintained in the fuel gas generator according to the invention, into which the supplied oxygen-containing gasification agent, for example air, is fed.
• This empty space serves as a pre-combustion and mixing chamber.
• this empty space also has the effect that the material located on the surface and therefore at the interface with the empty space is supplied with oxygen evenly and independently of the distance from the mouth of the gasifying agent supply and possibly to a shaft axis. The result of this is that the material is evenly heated up to the edge of the shaft even if the shaft reactor has a large diameter.
• Uniform heating of the fuel is important so that the calorific value of the fuel can be used optimally and so that any difficultly volatile pyrolysis products are completely broken down and not, for example, get along the wall of the reactor to the fuel gas outlet and thus can contaminate the fuel gas.
• a shaft reactor of a fuel gas generator according to the invention can have a large diameter, such a fuel gas generator can also be designed as a larger system with a useful output in the megawatt range and still meet the highest requirements for the purity of the fuel gas and after its combustion on the resulting exhaust gases.
• the fuel gas generator has both an outflow gasification zone and an upflow gasification zone arranged below it.
• low-pollution fuel gases can also be generated from fuels that are rich in tar and other pyrolysis products as well as slag.
• the fuel gases generated in the shaft reactor are drawn off between the waste gas and the gasification zones, preferably from an empty space serving as a gas relaxation and gas extraction chamber.
• Oxidation zone of the outflow gasifier and / or the oxidation zone of the upflow gasifier is also provided with an adjoining empty space through which a gasifying agent reaches the materials located in the oxidation zone. This allows the formation of a shaft reactor with a large diameter and the resulting economical production of fuel gases.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic vertical longitudinal section through a fuel gas generator according to the invention
• FIG 2 shows a vertical longitudinal section through a variant of the fuel gas generator according to the invention,.
• Figure 3 is a very schematic vertical longitudinal section through a fuel gas generator according to claim 10 and
• Figures 4 and 5 are a vertical longitudinal section through a further fuel gas generator
• FIGS. 6 and 7 each have a vertical longitudinal section through a further fuel gas generator, the sectional planes of the longitudinal sections being perpendicular to one another.
• the fuel gas generator 1 shown in FIG. 1 with an outflow gasification zone is suitable for generating fuel gas from low-slag and possibly tar-rich fuels such as wood. It is held by a frame (not shown in the drawing) and has an essentially cylindrical outer wall 3 made of refractory material and defining an axis 2.
• a shaft reactor 5, which is attached essentially within the outer wall 3, has a shaft casing 7 and a loading device, designated 9 as a whole in the figure.
• the loading device 9 has one or more locks 11.
• Each lock has an upper and a lower flat slide 13 or 15. By opening the upper flat slide 13, each lock 11 can be filled with fuel 17 supplied by a feed device (not shown). By opening the lower flat slide 15, fuel passes from the lock 11 into a conveying area 19.
• each lock 11, the shaft reactor 5 and possibly also the conveying area 19 are provided with one or more fill level measuring devices which enable automated or manual control of the loading process.
• Each control step of the fuel transport can be controlled with a control device.
• the upper part 23 of the shaft reactor 5 serves as a drying and degassing zone for the filled fuel.
• the outflow gasification zone 27 is separated from this upper part 23 by a degassing grate 25.
• funnel means 31 which collect the fuel in the degassing zone 23 and can feed the outflow gasification zone 27 centrally and in a metered manner . Temperatures prevail in the lower region 29 of the degassing zone, which, depending on its chemical composition, can cause the fuel to split.
• This area 29 is therefore also referred to as the pyrolysis zone.
• the outflow gasification zone 27 has a constriction, so that its wall 28 forms two truncated cones, of which the upper one is upward, the lower one is downward extended.
• An effluent gasification oxidation zone 33 and, below that, an effluent gasification reduction zone 35 form in the effluent gasification zone 27.
• the oxidation zone 33 has an outflow gasification empty space 34 between the degassing grate 25 and the fuel therein.
• the empty space 34 extends at least substantially over the entire horizontal cross-sectional area of the shaft reactor, so that those in the degassing zone and those in the exhaust gasification zone 27 materials are completely separated from each other.
• a counter-cone coaxial with the truncated cones protrudes into the lower truncated cone and serves as an outflow gasification grate element 37, which delimits the downflow gasification zone 27 and thus the reduction zone 35 downwards and serves as a passage for material to be transported downward from the outflow gasification zone.
• the outflow gasification grate element 37 is fastened to a shaft 39 which is connected to a rotating and lifting device which is attached outside the reactor and is not shown in the figure.
• the material throughput of the material removal from the outflow gasification zone can be controlled.
• the rotating and lifting mechanism is now actuated and coordinated with the material feed into the outflow gasification zone in such a way that so much material always falls down through the opening 41 that the surface of the fuel material is a little, for example 5-15 cm and for example approx. 8 cm above the height of the constriction.
• the fuel gas generator 1 also has sensors (not shown) for determining the temperatures prevailing in the various zones and the fill level.
• the fuel gas generator 1 has an outflow gasification agent supply 43 as a vertical pipe and centrally attached with respect to the outer wall 3 is trained.
• the mouth 45 of the gasification agent feed 43 is located in the empty space 34 of the oxidation zone 33.
• An oxygen-containing gasification agent for example air, flows through the feed 43 into the oxidation zone.
• the empty space 34 then serves as a pre-combustion and mixing chamber.
• the gasification agent is sucked down by a suction acting from below after it flows out through the material located in the outflow gasification zone.
• the oxygen of the gasifying agent is quickly used up, so that the oxidation zone 33 extends only a little, typically a few cm and, for example, about 8 cm into the material. For this reason, the transition from the oxidation zone 33 to the reduction zone 35 is approximately at the level of the constriction, that is to say in the horizontal plane in which the wall 28 encloses a minimal cross section. Due to the existence of the empty space 34 and a homogeneous material density of the fuel, the oxidation process takes place regardless of the distance from the shaft axis 2. For this reason, the diameter of the shaft can practically be of any size without this leading to a lack of oxygen at the edge of the oxidation zone, so that the temperatures required for splitting pyrolysis products are not reached.
• the material removed from the effluent gasification zone passes through the opening 41 into a deashing zone 47. From there, the material is discharged from the fuel gas generator.
• An essentially hollow cylindrical cavity 53 is formed between the outer wall 3 and the shaft casing 7. That through that Downstream gasification grate element which draws downward, fuel gas contains gas on the underside 55 of the shaft reactor in this cavity 53 and flows upwards in it. It heats the shaft casing 7 and thus ensures that the temperature required for the drying and degassing process is reached in the drying and degassing zone 23.
• the gas is discharged through one or more fuel gas discharge lines 57 which penetrate openings in the outer wall 3.
• the gas outflow can possibly also be controlled by additional valve or lock means 59.
• FIG. 2 shows a fuel gas generator 101 with an upflow gasification zone, which is suitable, for example, for generating fuel gases from fuels that are rich in slag but low in tar, such as sewage sludge. It has an essentially cylindrical outer wall 103 defining an axis 102 and is held by frame means 104, which are not described in detail.
• the shaft reactor 105 has an inlet 109 for charging with fuel. In addition, it has a sensor 110 in the upper area for determining the fill level.
• the upper part 123 of the shaft reactor 105 serves as a drying and degassing zone.
• the fuel which has been dried and degassed there at rising temperatures passes through a degassing grate 125 which closes the drying and degassing zone 123 downward into the upflow gasification zone 127.
• This is divided into an upflow gasification reduction zone 135 in the upper region and an upflow gasification oxidation zone 133 in the lower region .
• the upstream gasification zone 127 is bounded at the bottom by a disk-shaped upstream gasification grate element 137. Similar to the outflow gasification grate element 37 of the fuel generator 1, this grate element 137 also serves as a passage for the material to be transported downward from the gasification zone and is on a shaft 139 attached, which is connected to a rotary drive 140 mounted outside the reactor.
• the material throughput through the grate element 137 can be controlled by regulating the rotational speed of the rotary drive 140.
• the one below the grate element 137 The adjoining space of the fuel gas generator 101 is designed as a slag and ash chamber 147 which serves at the same time for supplying gasification agent.
• the supply of gasification agent into the slag and ash chamber 137 takes place through an upflow gasifying agent supply 143 with a laterally attached supply nozzle 144 into this empty space 134, the gasifying agent possibly being passed through slag and / or ash located in the lower part of the slag and ash chamber 147 and thereby being heated.
• the slag and ash chamber also has an agitator 148 connected to the shaft 139, by means of which the slag and ash produced is continuously transported further into a discharge pipe serving as slag and ash discharge 150 and from there into a slag and ash container 152.
• the slag and ash container 152 can also be provided with a fill level indicator, which is connected to sensors mounted in it and which, for example, indicates when the slag and ash container 152 is full and has to be transported away for emptying and may have to be replaced by an empty container.
• a fill level indicator which is connected to sensors mounted in it and which, for example, indicates when the slag and ash container 152 is full and has to be transported away for emptying and may have to be replaced by an empty container.
• the gas generated in the upflow gasification zone 127 passes from the upflow gasification reduction zone 135 through the degassing grate 125 into an essentially hollow cylindrical cavity 153 formed between the shaft reactor 105 and the outer wall 103.
• the shaft jacket 107 is heated and the drying and Degassing zone prevailing, downward increasing temperatures generated.
• the cavity 153 can also be divided by a perforated plate 154.
• the gas containing fuel gas is discharged through a fuel gas discharge line 157.
• a fuel gas generator with an outflow and upflow gasification zone is shown schematically in FIG.
• the fuel gas generator 201 has an outer wall 203 made of a refractory material and a shaft reactor 205.
• the fuel is supplied by means of a lock 211, which has an upper and a lower flat slide valve 213 and 215, respectively.
• a drying and degassing zone 223f is formed in the upper region of the shaft reactor.
• An outflow gasification agent supply 243 with an annular space 244 surrounding the shaft reactor is attached below this. The gasification agent flows from this annular space 244 through openings radially inwards and then downwards.
• combustion processes in the fuel material form an outflow gasification oxidation zone 233 of an outflow gasification zone 227, which extends downward from the height of the annular space 244.
• An outflow gasification reduction zone 235 then forms after this.
• the latter also has an upflow gasification agent feed 261, which likewise has an annular space 263, from which a gasification agent flows radially inwards and then upwards.
• An upflow gasification oxidation zone 275 is formed, and an upflow gasification reduction zone 273 adjoining this is one
• Upflow gasification zone 271 Between the effluent gasification zone 227 and the effluent gasification zone 271, the gases produced in the effluent gasification zone 227 and the effluent gasification zone 271 are drawn off by gas extraction means. These are formed by an annular cavity 253 in which the gases are collected and a suitable suction device. Below the upflow gasification zone 271 there is also a slag and ash chamber 247. From this, the slag and the ash are discharged from the fuel gas generator with two flat slides 249 and 251, respectively.
• the fuel gas generator 301 shown in FIG. 4 with the upstream and downstream gasification zones has an outer wall 303 made of refractory material, which defines an essentially cylindrical axis 302 Main section 304, a bottom 306 adjoining this at the bottom with an opening 308, and a secondary section 310 projecting downward as a cylindrical extension from the opening 308 and having a cross-sectional area that is significantly smaller than the main section in a horizontal section.
• a shaft reactor 305 is formed by a main shaft reactor 312 fastened to the wall and the secondary section 310 serving as a secondary shaft reactor.
• the outer wall 303 is held flexibly by frame means 304 (not described in more detail below) in such a way that displacements caused by thermal expansions are compensated for can.
• Fuel is fed into the shaft reactor 305 through a fuel feed 314 into a degassing zone 323.
• the shaft reactor 305 has a constriction, which is formed by a section 328 of its wall made of refractory material. The wall forms two truncated cones, the upper one expanding upwards, the lower one extending downwards.
• A is formed in the downstream gasification zone 327.
• the outflow gasification zone 327 is delimited at the bottom by an outflow gasification grate element 337, which forms a passage for material to be transported downward from the outflow gasification zone 327.
• the grate element 337 is disc-shaped and gas-permeable. It is connected via a shaft 339 to a turning and lifting device, not shown in the figure.
• the size of an opening 341 formed between it and the wall 328 can be varied by a vertical displacement of the grate element 337.
• the material throughput through the grate element can thus be controlled in the fuel gas generator 301 such that the surface of the material located in the degassing and waste gas gasification zone is more or less always on the same level.
• the fuel gas generator 301 has a wall 303 with respect to the outer wall centrally located outflow gasifier supply 343. This has a vertical inner feed pipe 344 with a lower pipe end 345, a horizontal lower end cover 391 spaced apart from this pipe end 345, and an outer feed pipe 393 projecting upwards from it and closed off from it with an opening 395 above the degassing zone 323.
• the gasification agent supplied through the inner feed pipe 344 flows down to its lower pipe end 345 and then between the inner and outer feed pipes 393 up to its mouth 395. From the mouth 395, the gasification agent passes through the material in the degassing zone 323 to the oxidation zone 333.
• the inner and outer feed pipes 344 and 393 protrude so far that the end cover 391 is approximately at the level of the oxidation zone 333 of the outflow gasification zone 327 located. For this reason, the section of the outer feed pipe 393 adjoining the front cover 391 is surrounded by very hot material. Therefore, the gasification agent supplied is heated as it flows through this section prior to its introduction into the effluent gasification zone.
• a disk-shaped mixing grate 367 projecting radially outward from the axis 302. This is connected via the gasification agent supply 343 to a rotary drive, not shown, located outside the shaft reactor and serves to loosen and mix the fuel, which is approximately at the level of the oxidation zone 333 and the constriction.
• the material passes through a gas discharge empty space 369 serving as a gas relaxation and gas extraction chamber into the upflow gasification zone 371 formed in the secondary section 310.
• An agitator 379 which is connected to the shaft 339, leads this from the outflow gasification zone 327 to the floor 306 fallen material to the upflow gasification zone 371, wherein a flat slide valve 372 may still be present above the upflow gasification zone 371, depending on the.
• the Upflow gasification zone 371 is divided into an upflow gasification reduction zone 373 and an upflow gasification oxidation zone 375.
• An upflow gasification agent feeder 361 opens into the upflow gasification oxidation zone 375.
• the slag and ash removal is carried out by a discharge pipe 385 connected to the secondary section, which is connected by a further flat slide valve 387 is separated from the upflow gasification zone 371.
• the fuel gas generator 301 has a cavity 353 within the outer wall 303, into which the fuel gas generated in the outflow gasification and in the upflow gasification zone and from there into the second empty space 369 can reach. The fuel gas can then be discharged through one or more fuel gas discharge lines 357.
• the fuel gas generator also has several sensors 389 for determining the temperatures prevailing in the different zones and the level of the zones with fuels or with slags and / or ashes.
• the fuel gas generator 401 shown in FIG. 5 is constructed essentially similarly to the fuel gas generator 301 from FIG. 4, but differs from this in that, in addition to the grate elements present there, there is also a degassing grate element 425 and an upstream gasification grate element 480 instead of the flat slide valve 387 has.
• the degassing grate element 425 serves as a passage for the regulated material removal from the degassing zone 423 into the upflow gasification zone 427.
• an upflow gasification empty space 434 is formed between the degassing zone 423 and the upflow gasification zone 427 and extends over an entire horizontal cross-sectional area of the shaft reactor 405 and therefore the one located in the degassing zone Completely separates fuel from the fuel in the upflow gasification zone.
• the mouth 495 of the outflow gasification agent supply 443 is located in the empty space 434, so that the gasification agent, in contrast to the fuel gas feeder 301, reaches the outflow gasification oxidation zone 433 directly and is not first passed through the degassing zone 423.
• the empty space 434 serves as a pre-combustion and mixing chamber and has the effect that the fuel gas generator 401 has the same advantages as the fuel gas generator 1.
• the upflow gasification grate element 480 serves as a passage for the. regulated material removal from the upstream gasification zone into the discharge pipe 485. It causes an upstream gasification void 482 which extends on a horizontal sectional plane over the entire cross-section of the shaft reactor.
• the upstream gasifier supply 461 opens into this void.
• the empty space 482 has the advantages analogous to the empty space 134 of the fuel gas generator.
• the upflow gasification zone 527 is bounded at the bottom by an upflow gasification grate element 537.
• this also has a section designed as a rotatable and liftable counter-conical grate 538.
• Such a counter-conical grate corresponds in principle and in terms of functionality Grate element 37 of the outflow gasifier 1.
• the shaft 539, to which the grate element 537 is attached, is connected to a rotary and lifting drive 540 arranged outside the reactor.
• the adjoining space of the fuel gas generator 501 located below the grate element 537 is designed as a slag and ash chamber 547 which serves at the same time for supplying gasification agent.
• this slag and ash chamber 547 which is located directly below the grate element 537 and thus adjoins the oxidation zone 533, is kept free of solid material in the operating state and forms an upflow gasification empty space 534.
• the supply of gasification agent in the slag and ash chamber 547 takes place through an upstream gasification agent supply 543 with a laterally attached supply nozzle 544 and, depending on that, through an ash discharge container 550 into this empty space 534.
• An additional gasification agent supply takes place, for example, still through channels 540 arranged inside the shaft In addition to the gasification agent supply, cooling of the shaft 539 and the grate element 538 is also ensured.
• the slag and ash chamber also has an agitator 548 connected to the shaft 539, by means of which the slag and ash produced are continuously transported further into a discharge pipe serving as slag and ash discharge .550 and from there into a slag and ash container 552 ,
• the fuel gas generator 501 also has means for returning the carbonization gases formed in the degassing zone to the oxidation zone of the upflow gasification zone. It should also be noted here that, in contrast to the example shown, the carbonization gases can also be returned to the reduction zone; in general, a return to a gasification zone at any height is possible.
• the means for recycling have a carbonization gas discharge nozzle 571, which is attached laterally in the upper area of the degassing zone 523 or above this, for example carbonization gas transfer means and not shown a carbonization gas supply nozzle 573. The carbonization gases discharged through the carbonization gas discharge nozzle can be introduced through the carbonization gas supply nozzle 573 directly or indirectly via the empty space 534 into the oxidation zone 533.
• an upflow gasifier can also be used to gasify solids and mixtures of substances that were previously unsuitable for use with an upstream gasifier.
• the gas generated in the upflow gasification zone 527 passes from the upflow gasification reduction zone 535 into an essentially hollow cylindrical cavity 553, which is formed between the shaft reactor 505 and the outer wall 503.
• the shaft jacket 507 is heated and the ones in the drying and degassing zone subsequently temperatures increasing below.
• the cavity 553 can also have baffles 554, on the basis of which the distance to be covered by the gas in the cavity 553 is greater and as a result of which an optimized heat emission of the gas to the degassing zone is brought about.
• the gas containing the fuel gas is discharged through a fuel gas discharge pipe 557.
• the fuel gas generator 501 also has an annealing grate element 590.
• This is designed, for example, as a grid with relatively fine meshes. Fuel residues that have not yet completely burned up after crossing the reduction and oxidation zones and are therefore not yet present as ash dust are retained on this burnout grate element 590 and can still burn out completely in the draft of the gasification agent supplied.
• the screw conveyor 591 removes the fuel residues that cannot be further degraded in a horizontal direction by means of a fuel residue discharge 592.
• the screw conveyor 591 is fixed in place, while the glow grate element 590 is connected to the shaft and is therefore rotatable.
• the screw conveyor 591 or the screw conveyors are, for example, eccentrically attached, ie they do not cross the axis 502.

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• 2001
  • 2001-01-03 AU AU2001219811A patent/AU2001219811A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2001-01-03 EP EP01900000A patent/EP1248828B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2001-01-03 AT AT01900000T patent/ATE269891T1/de active
  • 2001-01-03 WO PCT/CH2001/000001 patent/WO2001051591A1/fr active IP Right Grant

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