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Definitions

• TECHNICAL FIELD This invention is generally directed to pyrazoloanthrone and derivatives thereof which have utility over a wide range of indications, including activity as Jun N- terminal kinase inhibitors, and related compositions and methods.
• JNK Jun N-terminal kinase pathway
• c-jun and ATF2 Whitmarsh A.J., and Davis R.J. J. Mol. Med. 74:589-607, 1996).
• bZIP basic leucine zipper
• JNK binds to the N-terminal region of c-jun and ATF-2 and phosphorylates two sites within the activation domain of each transcription factor (Hibi M., Lin A., Smeal T., Minden A., Karin M. Genes Dev. 7:2135-2148. 1993; Mohit A.A., Martin M.H., and Miller CA. Neuron 14:67-75, 199)].
• Three JNK enzymes have been identified as products of distinct genes (Hibi et al, supra; Mohit et al., supra).
• Ten different isoforms of JNK have been identified. These represent alternatively spliced forms of three different genes: JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3.
• JNK1 and 2 are ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, whereas JNK3 is selectively expressed in the brain, heart and testis (Dong, C, Yang, D., Wysk, M., Whitmarsh, A., Davis, R., Flavell, R. Science 270:1-4, 1998).
• Gene transcripts are alternatively spliced to produce four- JNK 1 isoforms, four-JNK2 isoforms and two-JNK3 isoforms.
• JNK1 and 2 are expressed widely in mammalian tissues, whereas JNK3 is expressed almost exclusively in the brain. Selectivity of JNK signaling is achieved via specific interactions of JNK pathway components and by use of scaffold proteins that selectively bind multiple components of the signaling cascade.
• JIP-1 JNK-interacting protein- 1 selectively binds the MAPK module, MLK -> JNKK1 - JNK.12, 13 It has no binding affinity for a variety of other MAPK cascade enzymes. Different scaffold proteins are likely to exist for other MAPK signaling cascades to preserve substrate specificity. JNKs are activated by dual phosphorylation on Thr-183 and Tyr-185.
• JNKK1 also known as MKK 4
• JNKK2 MKK7
• JNKK2 JNKK2
• JNKK2 JNKK2
• JNKK2 JNKK2
• JNKK1 can also phosphorylate and activate p38.
• JNKK1 and JNKK2 are widely expressed in mammalian tissues.
• JNKK1 and JNKK2 are activated by the MAPKKK enzymes, MEKK1 and 2 (Lange-Carter C.A., Pleiman CM., Gardner A.M., Blumer K.J., and Johnson G.L. Science 260:315-319, 1993; Yan M., Dai J.C. Deak J.C., Kyriakis J.M., Zon L.I., Woodgett J.R., and Templeton D.J. Nature 372:798-781, 1994). Both MEKK1 and MEKK2 are widely expressed in mammalian tissues.
• Activation of the JNK pathway has been documented in a number of disease settings, providing the rationale for targeting this pathway for drug discovery.
• molecular genetic approaches have validated the pathogenic role of this pathway in several diseases.
• autoimmune and inflammatory diseases arise from the over-activation of the immune system.
• Activated immune cells express many genes encoding inflammatory molecules, including cytokines, growth factors, cell surface receptors, cell adhesion molecules and degradative enzymes. Many of these genes are regulated by the JNK pathway, through activation of the transcription factors AP-1 and ATF-2, including TNF a, IL-2, E-selectin and matrix metalloproteinases such as collagenase-1 (Manning A.M. and Mercurio F.
• Monocytes, tissue macrophages and tissue mast cells are key sources of TNF a production.
• the JNK pathway regulates TNFa production in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, and in mast cells stimulated through the FceRII receptor (Swantek J.L., Cobb M.H., Geppert T.D. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:627 '4- 6282, 1997; Ishizuka, T., Tereda N., Gerwins, P.. Hamelmann E., Oshiba A., Fanger G.R.. Johnson G.L., and Gelfland E.W. Proc. Nat. Acad.
• MMPs Matrix metalloproteinases
• JNK pathway In human rheumatoid synoviocytes activated with TNFa, IL-1, or Fas ligand the JNK pathway is activated (Han Z., Boyle D.L., Aupperle K.R., Bennett B., Manning A.M., Firestein G.S. J. Pharm. Exp. Therap. 291 :1-7, 1999; Okamoto K., Fujisawa K., Hasunuma T., Kobata T., Sumida T., and Nishioka K. Arth & Rheum 40: 919-92615, 1997). Inhibition of JNK activation results in decreased AP-1 activation and collagenase-1 expression (Han et al., supra). The JNK pathway therefore regulates MMP expression in cells involved in rheumatoid arthritis.
• T lymphocytes Inappropriate activation of T lymphocytes initiates and perpetuates many autoimmune diseases, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis.
• the JNK pathway is activated in T cells by antigen stimulation and CD28 receptor co-stimulation and regulates production of the growth factor IL-2 and cellular proliferation (Su B., Jacinto E.. Hibi M.. Kallunki T., Karin M., Ben-Neriah Y. Cell 11:121-136, 1994; Faris M., Kokot N., Lee L., and Nel A.E. J. Biol. Chem. 271 :27366- 27373, 1996).
• Peripheral T cells from mice genetically deficient in JNKK1 show decreased proliferation and IL-2 production after CD28 co-stimulation and PMA / Ca2+ ionophore activation, providing important validation for the role of the JNK pathway in these cells (Nishina H, Bachmann M., Oliveria-dos-Santos A.J., et al. J. Exp. Med. 186: 941-953, 1997). It is known that T cells activated by antigen receptor stimulation in the absence of accessory cell-derived co-stimulatory signals lose the capacity to synthesize IL-2. a state called clonal anergy. This is an important process by which auto-reactive T cell populations are eliminated from the peripheral circulation.
• JNK 1 or JNK2 knockout mice develop normally and are phenotypically unremarkable.
• Activated na ⁇ ve CD4+ T cells from these mice fail to produce IL-2 and do not proliferate well (Sabapathy, K, Hu, Y, Kallunki, T, Schreiber, M, David, J-P, Jochum, W, Wagner, E, Karin, M. Curr Biol 9: 116-125, 1999). It is possible to induce T cell differentiation in T cells from these mice, generating Thl cells (producers of IFN-g and TNF ⁇ ) and Th2 effector cells (producers of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13) [22,23].
• JNK1 and JNK2 are not have redundant functions in T cells and that they play different roles in the control of cell growth, differentiation and death.
• the JNK pathway therefore, is an important point for regulation of T cell responses to antigen.
• Cardiovascular disease accounts for nearly one quarter of total annual deaths worldwide.
• Vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis result from dysregulated growth of the vessel wall, restricting blood flow to vital organs.
• the JNK pathway is activated by atherogenic stimuli and regulates local cytokine and growth factor production in vascular cells (Yang, DD, Conze, D, Whitmarsh, AJ, et al, Immunity, 9:575, 1998).
• alterations in blood flow, hemodynamic forces and blood volume lead to JNK activation in vascular endothelium, leading to AP-1 activation and pro-atherosclerotic gene expression (Aspenstrom P., Lindberg U., and Hall A. Curr. Biol. 6:70-77, 1996).
• Ischemia and ischemia coupled with reperfusion in the heart, kidney or brain results in cell death and scar formation, which can ultimately lead to congestive heart failure, renal failure or cerebral dysfunction.
• reperfusion of previously ischemic donor organs results in acute leukocyte-mediated tissue injury and delay of graft function.
• the JNK pathway is activated by ischemia and reperfusion (Li Y., Shyy J.. Li S., Lee J., Su B., Karin M., Chien S Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:5947-5954, 1996), leading to the activation of
• JNK-responsive genes and leukcoyte-mediated tissue damage.
• JNK activation can be either pro- or anti-apoptotic.
• JNK activation is correlated with enhanced apoptosis in cardiac tissues following ischemia and reperfusion (Pombo CM, Bonventre JV, Avruch J, Woodgett JR, Kyriakis J.M, Force T.
• Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth, proliferation and migration of cells. Cancer is the second leading cause of death with 500,000 deaths and an estimated 1.3 million new cases in the United States in 1996. The role of signal transduction pathways contributing to cell transformation and cancer is a generally accepted concept. The JNK pathway leading to AP-1 appears to play a critical role in cancer. Expression of c-jun is altered in early lung cancer and may mediate growth factor signaling in non-small cell lung cancer (Yin T., Sandhu G., Wolfgang CD., Burrier A., Webb R.L., Rigel D.F. Hai T.. and Whelan J. J. Biol. Chem. 272:19943- 19950, 1997).
• the oncogene BCR-Abl associated with t(9,22) Philadelphia chromosome translocation of chronic myelogenous leukemia, activates JNK and leads to transformation of hematopoietic cells (Milne D.M., Campbell L.E., Campbell D.G., Meek D.W. J. Biol. Chem. 270:551 1-5518, 1995).
• JIP-1 a naturally occurring JNK inhibitory protein, called JIP-1, blocks cellular transformation caused by BCR-Abl expression (Raitano A.B., Halpern J.R., Hambuch T.M., Sawyers C.L. Proc. Nat. Acad.
• JNK inhibitors may block transformation and tumor cell growth. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for selective inhibitors of JNK, as well as for methods for preparation thereof, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such inhibitors, and methods of inhibiting JNK's and treating diseases in mammals which are responsive to JNK inhibition.
• the present invention fulfills these needs, and provides further related advantages.
• the present invention is directed to compounds having activity as selective inhibitors of JNK, as well as to compositions and methods related thereto.
• JNK inhibitors may generally be classified as "pyrazoloanthrone derivatives" having the following structure (I):
• R, and R 2 are as defined below, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the present invention is also directed to methods for treating a variety of conditions by administering an effective amount of a JNK inhibitor to an animal or subject in need thereof (referred to herein as a "patient"), typically a warm-blooded animal (including a human).
• a patient typically a warm-blooded animal (including a human).
• the compounds of this invention are preferably formulated as a pharmaceutical composition which contains an effective dosage amount of one or more JNK inhibitors in combination with one (or more) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s).
• Conditions that may be treated by the compounds of this invention, or a pharmaceutical composition containing the same, include any condition which may benefit from administration of JNK inhibitors, and are particularly useful for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases including (but not limited to) rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis, gout, asthma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, mucous colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, gastritis, esophagitis, hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, restenosis following angioplasty, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, stroke, ischemic damages to heart, kidney, liver, and brain, transplant rejection, endotoxin shock, psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic laterial
• Figure 1 illustrates the ability of a representative compound of this invention to inhibit IL-2 in Jurkat T-Cell.
• Figure 2 illustrates the ability of a representative compound of this invention to inhibit TNF- in a mouse model of endotoxin shock.
• Figure 3 illustrates the ability of a representative compound of this invention to inhibit leukocyte recruitment in rat model for inflamed lung.
• Figure 4 illustrates the ability of a representative compound of this invention to inhibit paw swelling (Figure 4A), joint destruction (Figure 4B), transcription factor AP-1 activation (Figure 4C), and expression of MMP-13 ( Figure 4D) in a rat model for adjuvant arthritis.
• Figure 5 illustrates the ability of a representative compound of this invention to reduce kainic acid-induced seizure response.
• the present invention is directed to compounds which have activity as selective inhibitors of JNK, as well as to compositions and methods relating to the same.
• the compounds of this invention have the following structure (I):
• R, and R 2 are optional substituents that are the same or different and independently represent alkyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, sulfonyl, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl. alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy. mono- or di- alkylaminoalkoxy, or a group represented by formula (a), (b), (c) or (d):
• R, and R 4 taken together represent alkylidene or a heteroatom-containing alkylidene, or R 3 and R 4 are the same or different and independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyamino, or alkoxy(mono- or di-alkylamino); and
• R 5 represents hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, amino, mono- or di-alkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, or cycloalkylalkylamino.
• the terms used above having following meaning.
• Alkyl means a straight chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl chain having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso- propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, propylenyl, 1 -butenyl, propynyl, and the like.
• Halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• Carboxyl means -COOH.
• Alkoxy means -O-(alkyl), such as methoxy, ethoxy. n-propyloxy, iso- propyloxy. n-butyloxy, iso-butyloxy, and the like.
• Alkoxyalkoxy means -0-(alkyl)-O-(alkyl), such as -OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , and the like.
• Alkoxyalkyl means -(alkyl)-O-(alkyl), such as -CH 2 OCH 3 , -CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 , and the like.
• Aryl means a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic group containing from 5 to 10 ring atoms.
• the ring atoms of a carbocyclic aryl group are all carbon atoms, and includes phenyl and naphthyl.
• the ring atoms of a heterocyclic aryl group contains at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and include pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazolyl, and indolyl.
• Aryloxy means -O-(aryl), such as -O-phenyl, -O-pyridinyl, and the like.
• Arylalkyl means -(alkyl)-(aryl), such as benzyl (i.e., -CH 2 phenyl), -CH 2 -pyrindinyl, and the like.
• Arylalkyloxy means -O-(alkyl)-(aryl), such as -O-benzyl, -O-CH 2 - pyridinyl, and the like.
• Cycloalkyl means a cyclic alkyl having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.
• Cycloalkyloxy means -O-(cycloalkyl), such as -O-cyclohexyl, and the like. "Cycloalkylalkyloxy” means -O-(alkyl)-(cycloalkyl, such as
• Alkylidene means the divalent radical -C n H 2n -, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, such as -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, and the like.
• Heteroatom-containing alkylidene means an alkylidene wherein at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, such as -CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 -, and the like.
• Aminoalkoxy means -0-(alkyl)-NH 2 , such as -OCH 2 NH 2 , -OCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , and the like.
• “Mono- or di-alkylamino” means -NH(alkyl) or -N(alkyl)(alkyl), respectively, such as -NHCH 3 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , and the like.
• “Mono- or di-alkylaminoalkoxy” means -O-(alkyl)-NH(alkyl) or -O-(alkyl)-N(alkyl)(alkyl), respectively, such as -OCH 2 NHCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , and the like.
• “Arylamino” means -NH(aryl), such as -NH-phenyl, -NH-pyridinyl. and the like.
• Arylalkylamino means -NH-(alkyl)-(aryl), such as -NH-benzyl, -NHCH 2 -pyridinyl, and the like.
• Alkylamino means -NH(alkyl). such as -NHCH 3 , -NHCH 2 CH 3 , and the like.
• Cycloalkylamino means -NH-(cycloalkyl), such as -NH-cyclohexyl, and the like.
• compounds of this invention have one of the following structures (III) or (IV):
• compounds of this invention have one of the following structures (V), (VI) or (VII):
• compositions of structure (I) are also within the scope of this invention.
• the compound may generally be utilized as the free base.
• the compounds may be used in the form of acid addition salts.
• Acid addition salts of the free base amino compounds of the present invention may be prepared by methods well known in the art, and may be formed from organic and inorganic acids.
• Suitable organic acids include maleic, fumaric, benzoic, ascorbic, succinic, methanesulfonic, acetic, oxalic, propionic, tartaric, salicylic, citric, gluconic, lactic, mandelic, cinnamic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, glycolic, glutamic, and benzenesulfonic acids.
• Suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids.
• the compounds of this invention may generally be made by organic synthesis techniques known to those skilled in the art, as well as by the following general techniques and by the procedures set forth in the Examples. To that end, the compounds of this invention may be made according to the following Reaction Schemes 1 through 7.
• pyrazoloanthrones of this invention may be prepared by condensation of appropriate anthraquinones having a leaving group at the 1 -position (such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, methanesulfonyloxy, tosyloxy or phenoxy) with hydrazine in a suitable solvent (such as pyridine, dimethylformamide, methylene chloride, chloroform, or dioxane).
• a suitable solvent such as pyridine, dimethylformamide, methylene chloride, chloroform, or dioxane.
• Suitable anthraquinone starting materials are commercially available from a variety of sources with the R, and/or R 2 groups at various positions on the anthraquinone ring.
• the following reaction schemes depict synthesis of 5- and/or 7-substituted pyrazoloanthrones.
• pyrazoloanthrones substituted at other positions may be made in a similar manner from the appropriately substituted pyrazoloanthrone starting material.
• pyrazoloanthrones with 5-amino substituents may be prepared by condensation of 5-chloropyrazoloanthrone with mono- or disubstituted amines at 0 to 250°C for 1 to 16 hours, either in the absence or the presence of a solvent.
• solvents are pyridine, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dichloroethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diglyme, or triglyme in the presence of excess amount of the amine, or in the presence of an acid quenching agent such as triethylamine, diisopropylefhylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium hydroxide.
• pyrazoloanthrones with 7-amino substituents may be prepared by condensation of 7-chloropyrazoloanthrone with mono- or disubstituted amines at 0 to 250°C for 1 to 16 hours either in the absence or the presence of a solvent.
• solvents are pyridine, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dichloroethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diglyme. or triglyme in the presence of excess amount of the amine, or in the presence of an acid quenching agent such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium hydroxide.
• pyrazoloanthrones with 5-acyl- or sulfonylamino substituents may be prepared by condensation of 5-amino-2-(2- methoxyethoxymethyl)pyrazoloanthrone with acid chlorides and sulfonyl chlorides followed by the deprotection.
• Condensation of 5-amino-2-(2- methoxyethoxymethyl)pyrazoloanthrone with appropriate acid chlorides R ⁇ COCl or sulfonyl chlorides is carried out in the presence of an acid quenching agent such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium hydroxide at -20 to 50°C for 0.5 to 16 hours in solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimefhylformamide, and ethyl acetate.
• an acid quenching agent such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium hydroxide at -20 to 50°C for 0.5 to 16 hours in solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimefhylformamide, and
• the deprotection step may be performed by the treatment of the product mentioned above with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, aqueous hydrochloric acid, aqueous hydrobromic acid, or aqueous sulfuric acid.
• an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, aqueous hydrochloric acid, aqueous hydrobromic acid, or aqueous sulfuric acid.
• the starting material may be prepared in two steps.
• the 2-position of 5- nitropyrazoloanthrone may be protected by a protective group such as methoxymethyl (MOM), methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM), or 4- methoxybenzyl (PMB) with an aid of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, potassium hexame hyldisilazide, or lithium diisopropylamide.
• a protective group such as methoxymethyl (MOM), methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM), or 4- methoxybenzyl (PMB) with an aid of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, potassium hexame hyldisilazide, or
• the reaction is typically carried out at -40 to 60°C for 1 to 16 hours in a solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxy ethane.
• a solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxy ethane.
• MEM group is preferred.
• N-Protected 5-nitropyrazoloanthorone is then reduced to its 5-amino derivative by a variety of reducing agents such as Sn or Fe metal in acidic media such as acetic acid or aqueous hydrochloric acid.
• the reaction is typically run at 20 to 160°C for 1 to 16 hours.
• the same transformation can be carried out by hydrogenation in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst such as palladium, platinum, rhodium, or iridium with or without a support such as charcoal in a solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxyethane at 1 to 20 atmospheres of hydrogen at 20 to 60°C for 1 to 16 hours.
• a transition-metal catalyst such as palladium, platinum, rhodium, or iridium with or without a support such as charcoal
• a solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydro
• pyrazoloanthrones with 7-acyl- or sulfonylamino substituents may be prepared by condensation of 7-amino-2-(2- methoxyethoxymethyl)pyrazoloanthrone with acid chlorides and sulfonyl chlorides followed by the deprotection.
• Condensation of 7-amino-2-(2- methoxyethoxymethyl)pyrazoloanthrone with appropriate acid chlorides R 6 COCl or sulfonyl chlorides is carried out in the presence of an acid quenching agent such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium hydroxide at -20 to 50°C for 0.5 to 16 hours in solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylformamide, or ethyl acetate.
• an acid quenching agent such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium hydroxide at -20 to 50°C for 0.5 to 16 hours in solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylformamide, or ethyl acetate
• the deprotection step may be performed by the treatment of the product mentioned above with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, aqueous hydrochloric acid, aqueous hydrobromic acid, or aqueous sulfuric acid.
• an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, aqueous hydrochloric acid, aqueous hydrobromic acid, or aqueous sulfuric acid.
• the starting material is prepared in two steps.
• the 2-position of 7- nitropyrazoloanthrone is protected by a protective group such as methoxymethyl (MOM), methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM), or 4- methoxybenzyl (PMB) with an aid of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, sodium hexamefhyldisilazide, potassium hexamethyldisilazide, or lithium diisopropylamide.
• a protective group such as methoxymethyl (MOM), methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM), or 4- methoxybenzyl (PMB) with an aid of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, sodium hexamefhyldisilazide, potassium hexamethyldisilazide, or
• the reaction is typically carried out at -40 to 60°C for 1 to 16 hours in a solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane. or dimethoxy ethane.
• a solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane. or dimethoxy ethane.
• MEM group is preferred.
• N-Protected 7-nitropyrazoloanthorone is then reduced to its 7-amino derivative by a variety of reducing agents such as Sn or Fe metal in acidic media such as acetic acid or aqueous hydrochloric acid.
• the reaction is typically run at 20 to 160°C for 1 to 16 hours.
• the same transformation can be carried out by hydrogenation in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst such as palladium, platinum, rhodium, or iridium with or without a support such as charcoal in a solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxyethane at 1 to 20 atmospheres of hydrogen at 20 to 60°C for 1 to 16 hours.
• a transition-metal catalyst such as palladium, platinum, rhodium, or iridium with or without a support such as charcoal in a solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydr
• pyrazoloanthrones with 5-alkoxy substituents may be prepared by condensation of 5-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxymethyl)- pyrazoloanthrone with alkyl halides and sulfonates R 7 -X followed by the deprotection.
• the leaving group X chloride, bromide, iodide, methanesulfonate. tosylate, benzenesulfonate, or triflate can be used.
• Condensation of 5-hydroxy-2-(2- methoxyethoxymethyl)pyrazoloanthrone with appropriate alkyl halides and sulfonates is carried out in the presence of an acid quenching agent such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium hydroxide at -20 to 50°C for 0.5 to 16 hours in solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylformamide, or ethyl acetate.
• the deprotection step is performed by the treatment of the product mentioned above with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, aqueous hydrochloric acid, aqueous hydrobromic acid, or aqueous sulfuric acid.
• the starting material is prepared in two steps.
• the 2-position of 5- benzyloxypyrazoloanthrone is protected by a protective group such as methoxymethyl (MOM), methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM), or 4- methoxybenzyl (PMB) with an aid of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, potassium hexamethyldisilazide, or lithium diisopropylamide.
• a protective group such as methoxymethyl (MOM), methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM), or 4- methoxybenzyl (PMB) with an aid of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, potassium hexamethyldisil
• the reaction is typically carried out at -40 to 60°C for 1 to 16 hours in a solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxy ethane.
• a solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxy ethane.
• MEM group is preferred.
• N-Protected 5-benzyloxypyrazoloanthorone is then reduced to its 5- hydroxy derivative by hydrogenation in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, such as palladium platinum, rhodium, or iridium with or without a support such as charcoal in a solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxyethane at 1 to 20 atmospheres of hydrogen at 20 to 60°C for 1 to 16 hours.
• a transition-metal catalyst such as palladium platinum, rhodium, or iridium with or without a support such as charcoal
• a solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxyethane
• pyrazoloanthrones with 5-alkoxy substituents may be prepared by condensation of 7-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxymethyl)- pyrazoloanthrone with alkyl halides and sulfonates R 7 -X followed by the deprotection.
• the leaving group X chloride, bromide, iodide, methanesulfonate, tosylate, benzenesulfonate, or triflate can be used.
• Condensation of 7-hydroxy-2-(2- methoxyethoxymethyl)pyrazoloanthrone with appropriate alkyl halides and sulfonates is carried out in the presence of an acid quenching agent such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium hydroxide at -20 to 50°C for 0.5 to 16 hours in solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylformamide, or ethyl acetate.
• the deprotection step is performed by the treatment of the product mentioned above with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, aqueous hydrochloric acid, aqueous hydrobromic acid, or aqueous sulfuric acid.
• the starting material is prepared in two steps.
• the 2-position of 7- benzyloxypyrazoloanthrone is protected by a protective group such as methoxymethyl (MOM), methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM), or 4- methoxybenzyl (PMB) with an aid of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine.
• a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine.
• 4-(N, N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) can be used as a catalyst when a tertiary amine is used as a base.
• the reaction is typically carried out at -40 to 60°C for 1 to 16 hours in a solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxy ethane.
• a solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxy ethane.
• MEM group is preferred.
• N-Protected 7-benzyloxypyrazoloanthorone is then reduced to its 7- hydroxy derivative by hydrogenation in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, such as palladium platinum, rhodium, or iridium with or without a support such as charcoal in a solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxyethane at 1 to 20 atmospheres of hydrogen at 20 to 60°C for 1 to 16 hours.
• a transition-metal catalyst such as palladium platinum, rhodium, or iridium with or without a support such as charcoal
• a solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethoxyethane
• the procedure using hydrogenation with palladium on charcoal as the catalyst is preferred.
• Compounds of structures (V), (VI) and (VII) may be made by the same procedures
• compositions containing one or more compounds of this invention are disclosed.
• a compound of structure (I) is preferably formulated as a pharmaceutical composition.
• Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of this invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the compound is present in the composition in an amount which is effective to treat the condition of interest.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include a compound of structure (I) in an amount from 0.1 mg to 250 mg per dosage depending upon the route of administration, and more typically from 1 mg to 60 mg. Appropriate concentrations and dosages can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are familiar to those skilled in the art.
• acceptable carriers include saline and sterile water, and may optionally include antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and other common additives.
• the compositions can also be formulated as pills, capsules, granules, or tablets which contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, diluents, dispersing and surface active agents, binders, and lubricants.
• diluents such as those disclosed in Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA 1990.
• the present invention provides a method for treating a variety of conditions by administering an effective amount of a JNK inhibitor to a patient in need thereof.
• Conditions that may be treated by the compounds of this invention, or a pharmaceutical composition containing the same, include any condition which is responsive to JNK inhibition, and thereby benefit from administration of a JNK inhibitor.
• Representative conditions in this regard include (but not limited to) rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis, gout, asthma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, mucous colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn ' s disease, gastritis, esophagitis, hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, restenosis following angioplasty, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, stroke, ischemic damage to the heart, kidney, liver, or brain, transplant rejection (such as kidney, liver, heart, lung, and the like), endotoxin shock, psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic laterial sclerosis, peripheral neuropathies, spinal cord damage, and cancer.
• the methods of this invention include systemic administration of a compound of this invention, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
• systemic administration encompasses both oral and parenteral methods of administration.
• suitable pharmaceutical compositions include powders, granules, pills, tablets, and capsules as well as liquids, syrups, suspensions, and emulsions. These compositions may also include flavorants, preservatives, suspending, thickening and emulsifying agents, and other pharmaceutically acceptable additives.
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared in aqueous injection solutions which may contain buffers, antioxidants, bacteriostats. and other additives commonly employed in such solutions. The following examples are offered by way of illustration, not limitation.
• purification of the same may be achieved by first derivatizing Compound 1 to a more soluble intermediate, such as the corresponding acetate, recrystallizing the intermediate, and then converting the intermediate to yield purified Compound 1 in good yield. More specifically, to solution of the pyrazoloanthrone (9.67 g, 43.9 mmol) in acetic acid (700 mL) is added acetic anhydride (12.4 mL, 132 mmol). The solution is heated to 80°C for 5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. After 16 hours, the reaction is cooled to 0°C for 2 hours. The reaction is then filtered to give the N-acetylpyrazoloanthrone intermediate.
• This compound may be made in the same manner from 1,4- dichloroanthraquinone (commercial product).
• This compound may be made in the same manner from 1,5- dichloroanthraquinone (commercial product).
• This compound may be made from 1 ,4-dinitroanthraquinone (Krapcho, A. P.; Avery, K. L., Jr. J. Org. Chem. 55, 5562-4, 1990).
• This compound may be made in the same manner from 1,5- dichloroanthraquinone (commercial product).
• This compound may be made in the same manner from l-nitro-4- benzyloxy anthraquinone.
• This starting material may be prepared as follows. Benzyl bromide is added to 1 -nitro-4-hydroxyanthraquinone (Aldrich) and potassium carbonate in dimethylformamide, and the mixture is stirred for 16 hours. Water is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (x2). The combined organic layer is washed sequentially with sodium bicarbonate solution, water, IN hydrochloric acid, and brine, dried, and evaporated. The residue is chromatographed on silica gel to afford l-nitro-4- benzyloxy anthraquinone . 27
• This compound may be made in the same manner from l-nitro-5- benzyloxyanthraquinone. which starting material may prepared as disclosed in German Patent No. DE 2254199 to Reubke, Hohmann and Bien.
• This compound may be made in the same manner from 4-acetylamino-l- chloroanthraquinone.
• This starting material may be prepared as follows. 4-Amino-l- chloroanthraquinone is taken in pyridine and treated with acetic anhydride. The mixture is stirred for 1 hour, and poured onto water. The solids are collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried in vacuo to give 4-acetylamino-l- chloroanthraquinone as a colorless solid.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using piperidine as the amine.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using mo ⁇ holine as the amine.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using benzylamine as the amine.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using 4- pyridylmethylamine as the amine.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using 2-(l- piperidyl)ethylamine as the amine.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using piperidine as the amine.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using mo ⁇ holine as the amine.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using benzylamine as the amine.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using 4- pyridylmethylamine as the amine.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using 2-(l- piperidyl)ethylamine as the amine.
• Benzoyl chloride is added to a solution of 2-(methoxyethoxymethyl)-5- aminoanthra[l,9cd]pyrazol-6-(2H)one and triethylamine in methylene chloride at 0°C
• the mixture is stirred for 16 hours, quenched with water, and extracted with ethyl acetate (x2).
• the combined organic layer is washed with sodium bicarbonate solution, and brine, dried and evaporated.
• the crude reaction mixture is then taken in aqueous 6N hydrochloric acid, and heated at 80°C for 4 hours. After cooling, the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (x2), washed with brine, dried, and evaporated.
• the reside is chromatographed on silica gel to furnish the desired amide as a yellow solid.
• the starting material is prepared as follows. Sodium hexamethyldisilazide is added to a cooled (0°C) solution of 5-nitroanthra[l ,9cd]pyrazol- 6(2H)-one (Example 1-D) in tetrahydrofuran, and the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at 0°C MEM-chloride is added, and the mixture is stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. Water is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (x2). The combined organic layer is washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, water, IN hydrochloric acid, and brine, dried and evaporated. The residue is chromatographed on silica gel to give 2-MEM-5-nitroanthra[l ,9cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one as an oil.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using isonicotinoyl chloride as the acid chloride
• This compound may be made in the same manner using nicotinoyl chloride as the acid chloride.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using 2- thiophenecarboxylic acid as the acid chloride.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using isopentanoyl chloride as the acid chloride.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using methanesulfonyl chloride as the sulfonyl chloride.
• G. 5-(3-Benzenesulfonylamino)anthra 1.9cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one
• This compound may be made in the same manner using benzenesulfonyl chloride as the sulfonyl chloride.
• Benzoyl chloride is added to a solution of 2-(methoxyethoxymethyl)-7- aminoanthra[l,9cd]pyrazol-6-(2H)one and triethylamine in methylene chloride at 0°C.
• the mixture is stirred for 16 hours, quenched with water, and extracted with ethyl acetate (x2).
• the combined organic layer is washed with sodium bicarbonate solution, and brine, dried and evaporated.
• the crude reaction mixture is then taken in aqueous 6N hydrochloric acid, and heated at 80°C for 4 hours. After cooling, the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (x2), washed with brine, dried, and evaporated.
• the reside is chromatographed on silica gel to furnish the desired amide as a yellow solid.
• the starting material is prepared as follows. Sodium hexamethyldisilazide is added to a cooled (0°C) solution of 7-nitroanthra[l,9cd]pyrazol- 6(2H)-one (Example 1-E) in tetrahydrofuran, and the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at 0°C. MEM-chloride is added, and the mixture is stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. Water is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (x2). The combined organic layer is washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, water, IN hydrochloric acid, and brine, dried and evaporated. The residue is chromatographed on silica gel to give 2-MEM-7-nitroanthra[l ,9cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one as an oil.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using isonicotinoyl chloride as the acid chloride.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using nicotinoyl chloride as the acid chloride.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using 2- thiophenecarboxylic acid chloride as the acid chloride.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using isopentanoyl chloride as the acid chloride.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using methanesulfonyl chloride as the sulfonyl chloride.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using benzenesulfonyl chloride as the sulfonyl chloride.
• Isopentyl bromide is added to a mixture of 3-(2- methoxyethoxymethyl)5-hydroxyanthra[ 1 ,9cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one and potassium carbonate in dimethylformamide at room temperature. After stirring the mixture for sixteen hours, water is added, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (x2). The combined organic layer is washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water, IN hydrochloric acid, and brine, dried and evaporated. The reside is taken in 6N hydrochloric acid and heated at 80°C for 4 hours. After cooling, the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (x2), and the combined organic layer is washed with brine, dried, and evaporated. The residue is purified by column chromatography to afford the title compound as yellow solid.
• the starting material is prepared as follows. Sodium hexamethyldisilazide is added to a cooled (0°C) solution of 5- benzyloxyanthra[l,9cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one (Example 1-F) in tetrahydrofuran, and the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at 0°C MEM-chloride is added, and the mixture is stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. Water is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (x2). The combined organic layer is washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, water, IN hydrochloric acid, and brine, dried and evaporated. The residue is chromatographed on silica gel to give 2-MEM-5- benzyloxyanthra[l,9cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one as an oil.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using chloromethyl-4- pyridine as the alkyl halide.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using chloromethyl-3 - pyridine as the alkyl halide.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using 2 -methoxy ethyl bromide as the alkyl halide.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using 2- dimethylaminoethyl chloride as the alkyl halide.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using chloromethyl-4- pyridine as the alkyl halide.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using chloromethyl-3 - pyridine as the alkyl halide.
• This compound may be made in the same manner using 2-methoxyethyl bromide as the alkyl halide.
• the compounds of this invention may be assayed for their activity accordingly to the following procedures.
• JNK Assay To 10 ⁇ L of the test compound in 20% DMSO/80% dilution buffer consisting of 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.6). 0.1 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM magnesium chloride, 0.004% Triton xlOO, 2 ⁇ g/mL leupeptin, 20 mM ⁇ -glycerolphosphate, 0.1 mM sodium vanadate, and 2 mM DTT in water is added 30 ⁇ L of 50-200 ng His6-JNK1, JNK2 or JNK3 in the same dilution buffer. The mixture is preincubated for 30 minutes at room temperature.
• IC 50 values are calculated as the concentration of the test compound at which the c-Jun phosphorylation is reduced to 50% of the control value.
• Preferred compounds of the present invention have an IC 50 value ranging 0.01 - 10 ⁇ M in this assay.
• a preferred compound of this invention is Compound 1 , which has an IC 50 according to this assay of 0.11 ⁇ M for JNK1 and JNK2, and 0.15 ⁇ M for JNK3.
• Compound 1 was also assayed for its inhibitory activity against the following protein kinases by techniques known to those skilled in this field (see, e.g., Protein Phosphorylation, Sefton & Hunter, Eds., Academic Press, pp. 97-367, 1998):
• EGF-TK 10,000 nM
• Jurkat T cells (clone E6-1) are purchased from the American Tissue
• Non-fasted mice are acclimatized for at least 7 days.
• Groups of 4 to 6 female BALB/c or CD-I mice (8-10 weeks of age from Charles River laboratories) are pretreated with test compound, either by intravenous injection or by oral gavage 15 - 180 minutes prior to the injection of 0.5 mg/kg Bacto LPS from E. coli 055:B5 (Difco Labs).
• Bacto LPS from E. coli 055:B5 (Difco Labs).
• a terminal bleed is performed via abdominal vena cava and blood is allowed to clot at room temperature for 30 minutes in Microtainer serum separator tubes. After separation by centrifugation.
• ELIZA is performed on thawed, diluted samples (1 :10 to 1 :20) using a Mouse TNF-alpha kit (Biosource International).
• the ED 50 values are calculated as the dose of the test compound at which the TNF- ⁇ production is reduced to 50%> of the control value.
• Preferred compounds of the present invention have an ED 50 value ranging 1 - 30 mg/kg in this assay.
• Figure 2 illustrates the results of this experiment utilizing Compound 1 administered by intravenous injection (I.V.) at 15 and 30 mg/kg, as well as by per os (P.O.) at 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg. Vehicle alone (PEG-400, propylene glycol, cremophor EL.
• Activation of AP-1 was determined by DNA binding activity in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) (Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Publisher, New York, 1992).
• ESA electrophoretic mobility shift assay
• Matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression was measured by nothern blot analysis of MMP-13 mRNA (Ausebel et al., supra) (see also Winter et al., Arthritis and Rheumatism P(3):394-404, 1966; Weichman et al., Pharmacological Methods in the Control of Inflammation, Chang and Lewis Eds., Alan R. Liss, Inc., Publ., New York, 1989).
• Kainic Acid-Induced Seizure Response Compound 1 was administered to male CD rats at 10 mg/kg intravenously through a tail vein catheter. This was followed immediately by a 30 mg/kg subcutaneous injection. Vehicle controls received the same injection volumes of the PPCES vehicle alone. Thirty minutes later, animals were given a 1- mg/kg i.p. injection of kainic acid in normal saline solution. This dose of kainic acid has been previously reported to induce a seizure syndrome in rats (Maj et al., Eur. J. Pharm. 51

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