Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/81—Protease inhibitors
  • C07K14/8107—Endopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.21-99) inhibitors
  • C07K14/8146—Metalloprotease (E.C. 3.4.24) inhibitors, e.g. tissue inhibitor of metallo proteinase, TIMP
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
  • A61P39/02—Antidotes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• the invention relates to a class of peptide and peptide-like compounds, "Buforinins” which inhibit the enzymatic activity of Botulinum toxin B and Tetanus neurotoxins.
• Bttxs The Botulinum toxins (Bttxs) are among the most potent toxins to animals, e. g. the LD 50 in mice is about 1 ng/kg.
• Bttxs comprise a family of seven distinct serotypes (A-G).
• Bttxs are composed of two subunits comprising a 100 kdal nerve-cell targeting heavy chain and a 50 kdal endoproteolytically active light chain. These toxins are Zn-metalloproteases and contain a Zn-protein binding motif HEXXH.
• Zn-metalloprotease inhibitors such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, captopril and phosphoramidon
• Zn-chelators inhibit Bttx protease activity in vitro, they merely delay the protease activity in vivo and in tissue preparations comprising intact nerve and muscles cells and/or tissues.
• some Zn-chelators are toxic at concentrations necessary to delay the Bttx protease activity.
• dithiocarbamates inhibit other Zn-containing proteins such as SOD, they are ineffective against the Bttx serotype B (BttxB).
• BttxB Bttx serotype B
• VAMP2 synaptobrevin
• phenylalanine 77 QF bond or cleavage site
• VAMP2 synaptobrevin
• V2 a peptide derived from VAMP2, is a sequence of 10 amino acids located 4 residues upstream from the cleavage site, and was found to inhibit Bttx activity.
• VAMP2 Computer-aided secondary structure analysis of VAMP2 predicted two stretches of ⁇ - helical structure flanking the cleavage site QF. See Witcome, M. R. et al. (1996) FEBS Let. 386: 133-136. Computer-aided tertiary structure analysis indicates that the two helices could self associate to form a supersecondary structure of a helix bundle with the helices separated by a reverse turn. See Lebeda F. J., et al. (1996) Med. Defense Biosci. Rev. 204.
• the invention is directed to a class of peptides and peptide-like compounds,
• Buforinins which have an internal QF bond and the ability to inhibit BttxB protease activities. As the tetanus toxin cleavage site is the same as BttxB, Buforinins may also competitively inhibit tetanus protease activity.
• the invention is directed to compounds of the formula: X ⁇ X 2 B 3 X 4 B 5 X* 6 X 7 X B 9 X ⁇ oB ⁇ ⁇ X ⁇ 2 Bi 3 X ⁇ 4 Bi 5 X] B ⁇ X* ⁇ 8 X* ⁇ 9 B 2 oX 2 ⁇ X 2 X 3 Q 24 F 2 Z* 26
• Up to 15 amino acids may be truncated from the N-terminus and up to 6 amino acids may be truncated from the C- terminus.
• Each position represented by a letter indicates a single amino acid residue
• B is a basic or polar/large amino acid or a modified form thereof
• X is a small or hydrophobic amino acid or a modified form thereof
• X* is a small or polar/large amino acid or a modified form thereof
• Z is a polar/large or hydrophobic amino acid or a modified form thereof
• Z* is Proline or a polar/large or hydrophobic amino acid or a modified form thereof.
• one or more of the peptide linkages between the amino acid residues may be replaced by a peptide linkage mimic.
• the invention is directed to recombinant materials useful for the production of those peptides of the invention that contain gene-encoded amino acids, as well as plants or animals modified to contain expression systems for the production of these peptides.
• the invention also includes methods to prepare and manipulate these recombinant materials.
• the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of the invention as active ingredients and to compositions which contain expression systems for the production of the peptides.
• the invention is also directed to methods to prepare the invention compounds synthetically, to antibodies specific for these compounds, and to the use of the compounds as preservatives, therapeutics, and prophylactics.
• the invention is also directed to the use of the compounds of the invention in assays for detection of BttxB and Tttx by the use of selective inhibition and for determining inhibitors and substrates for a given toxin.
• the present invention relates to materials, compositions, kits and methods for inhibiting the enzymatic activity of Botulinum toxin B and Tetanus neurotoxins.
• the invention further relates to materials, compositions, kits and methods for preventing or treating toxic poisoning such as Botulinum toxin B and tetanus poisoning.
• the kits can provide single or multiple dosage and can include other conventional ancillary materials such as instructions, solutions and compositions needed for operation.
• the compositions and solutions may be placed in containers, test tubes, etc.
• Containers could be similar to those employed in insect/snake bite kits that includes an injector which provides the Buforinin, and TCEP in separate chambers. If chaotropes are present, they are separately included in one or more containers.
• a kit for determining whether a sample contains a Buforinin, the amount of said Buforinin or the type of said Buforinin may include antibodies immunospecific for Buforinins.
• a kit for determining whether a sample contains a Botulinum toxin or the type of the Botulinum toxin may include antibodies immunospecific for at least one Buforinin having an interaction with a Botulinum toxin.
• a kit for determining whether a sample contains a Tetanus toxin would include antibodies immunospecific for at least one Buforinin having an interaction with a Tetanus toxin.
• kits may also include a stable peptide mixture or powder which includes Buforinin for sprinkling over food or wounds for detoxification.
• Figure 1 shows that Substance P is not a substrate of BttxB.
• FIG. 2 shows that Buforinins are not substrates of Bttx B.
• Figure 3 shows a double reciprocal plot of inhibition of BttxB endopro tease activity by Buforin I.
• FIG. 4 illustrates the inhibition of BttxB endoprotease activity by various Buforinins.
• Figure 5 illustrates the X-ray crystallographic structure of avian chromosomal protein histone octamer H2A residues Lysl5-Try39 produced by Brookhaven Protein Database #1HI0.
• Helix 1 and 2 are the helices predicted for sequence upstream and downstream of the QF site respectively (see Table 2). Mutants were selected to increase the amphipathicity of the helix indicated.
• B-I Helix 2 is shown as the companion to which Helix 1 is predicted to associate.
• C Helical wheel projections of mutant Buforinins. The amino acid order is indicated by the concentric numbering.
• FIG. 6A is a comparison of the amino acid sequences of Buforin I, and mutant B-I Rl IL and mutant B-I Rl IL, K15L, S18L.
• Figure 6B shows helical wheel projections for Buforin I of Helix I and Helix 2.
• Figure 6C shows helical wheel projections for Helix 1 of mutants B-I R11L and B-I Rl IL, K15L, S18L.
• Figure 7 shows inhibition of Botulinum toxin B endoprotease activity with peptide 05P (Sequence: TRSRAKGLQFPGLLNHRLLRKGNY).
• Figure 8 shows the rapid uptake of Buforin I in to blood over time.
• Truncated B-I peptides were evaluated with our endopeptidase activity assay.
• the truncated peptides evaluated were Peptide 36 which contains amino acids 1-36 of B-I and Peptide 24 which contains amino acids 16-39 of B-I. Like B-I, these truncated peptides were not substrates of BttxB; however, the truncated peptides are less effective inhibitors of BttxB activity as B-I. See Figure 2.
• Peptide 36 was about 50% as effective as B-I.
• Peptide 24 was about 25%) as effective as B-I.
• Buforin II (B-II) which contains amino acids 16-36 of B-I, was also evaluated and found to be 25% as effective as B-I.
• B-I is derived from histone protein 2A (H2A) of the toad which is nearly identical to the sequence of avian H2A. See 7 ⁇ b/e 2 and see Park, C.B., et al. (1996) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 218:408-413.
• X-ray crystallographic analysis of the chicken histone protein particle shows that, for the region K15 to Y39, there are helices upstream and downstream of the QF site. See Fig 5 and see Arents, G., et al. (1991) PNAS 88:10148-52 and Wang, S. W., et al. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13:1369-138.
• NMR analysis of B-II shows that the region upstream from the QF site could form ⁇ -helix. See Yi, et al. (1996) FEBS Lett. 398:87-90.
• Buforinins which includes Buforin I (39 amino acids), Buforin II (21 amino acids), Peptide 36 and Peptide 24, and other analogous peptides having a QF bond, that competitively inhibit BttxB protease activity was defined.
• Each position represented by a letter indicates a single amino acid residue
• B is a basic or polar/large amino acid or a modified form thereof
• X is a small or hydrophobic amino acid or a modified form thereof
• X* is a small or polar/large amino acid or a modified form thereof
• Z is a polar/large or hydrophobic amino acid or a modified form thereof
• Z* is Proline or a polar/large or hydrophobic amino acid or a modified form thereof.
• one or more of the peptide linkages between the amino acid residues may be replaced by a peptide linkage mimic.
• the invention compounds include those represented by formula (1) as well as analogous peptides.
• "Analogous” forms are peptides which retain the ability to form the supersecondary structure, alpha-helical-turn-alpha-helical configuration and inhibit BttxB protease activity in reaction with the toxin (since it apparently has no secondary structure in aqueous solution).
• "Analogous” forms also include peptides having amino acid sequences which mimic the conformational structure of either B-I or B-II and interact with BttxB to inhibit its protease activity.
• “Analogous” forms also include peptides which are isolatable from the amphibian stomach and inhibit BttxB protease activity.
• the amino terminus of the peptide may be in the free amino form or may be acylated by a group of the formula RCO-, wherein R represents a hydrocarbyl group of 1-6C.
• R represents a hydrocarbyl group of 1-6C.
• the hydrocarbyl group is saturated or unsaturated and is typically, for example, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexene-2-yl, hexene-3-yl, hexyne-4-yl, and the like.
• the C-terminus of the peptides of the invention may be in the form of the underivatized carboxyl group, either as the free acid or an acceptable salt, such as the potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, or other salt of an inorganic ion or of an organic ion such as caffeine.
• the carboxyl terminus may also be derivatized by formation of an ester with an alcohol of the formula ROH, or may be amidated by an amine of the formula NH 3 , or R H 2 , or R NH, wherein each R is independently hydrocarbyl of 1-6C as defined above.
• Amidated forms of the peptides wherein the C-terminus has the formula CONH are preferred.
• the peptides of the invention may be supplied in the form of the acid addition salts.
• Typical acid addition salts include those of inorganic ions such as chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride or the like, sulfate, nitrate, or phosphate, or may be salts of organic anions such as acetate, formate, benzoate and the like. The acceptability of each of such salts is dependent on the intended use, as is commonly understood.
• amino acids in the peptides of the invention may be those encoded by the gene or analogs thereof, and may also be the D-isomers thereof.
• a preferred embodiment is a compound of the formula (1) wherein the compound is resistant to protease activity by having at least some of its residues in the D-configuration, yet retains the ability to inhibit BttxB protease activity.
• amino acid notations used herein are conventional and are as follows:
• the compounds of the invention are peptides or peptide-like compounds which are partially defined in terms of amino acid residues of designated classes.
• Amino acid residues can be generally subclassified into major subclasses as follows: Acidic: The residue has a negative charge due to loss of H ion at physiological pH and the residue is attracted by aqueous solution so as to seek the surface positions in the conformation of a peptide in which it is contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium at physiological pH.
• the residue has a positive charge due to association with H ion at physiological pH or within one or two pH units thereof (e.g., histidine) and the residue is attracted by aqueous solution so as to seek the surface positions in the conformation of a peptide in which it is contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium at physiological pH.
• Hydrophobic The residues are not charged at physiological pH and the residue is repelled by aqueous solution so as to seek the inner positions in the conformation of a peptide in which it is contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium.
• Neutral/polar The residues are not charged at physiological pH, but the residue is not sufficiently repelled by aqueous solutions so that it would seek inner positions in the conformation of a peptide in which it is contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium.
• Amino acid residues can be further subclassified as cyclic or noncyclic, and aromatic or nonaromatic, self-explanatory classifications with respect to the side-chain substituent groups of the residues, and as small or large.
• the residue is considered small if it contains a total of four carbon atoms or less, inclusive of the carboxyl carbon, provided an additional polar substituent is present; three or less if not.
• Small residues are, of course, always nonaromatic.
• subclassification according to the foregoing scheme is as follows.
• proline is a special case due to its known effects on the secondary conformation of peptide chains, i.e. helix structure disruptions. Therefore, proline may only be allowed in position 26 where it would help to disrupt the helix structures found on both sides of the QF cleavage site and force the helix -turn-helix structure.
• Cysteine residues are also not included in these classifications since their capacity to form disulfide bonds to provide secondary structure may override the general polarity/nonpolarity of the residue. However, if a cysteine, which is, technically speaking, a small amino acid, is modified so as to prevent its participation in secondary structure, those locations indicated "S" in the compound of formula (1) may be inhabited by such modified cysteine residues.
• cysteine or methionine there are no cysteine or methionine in any of the sequences (VAMP2 substrate, B-I, B-II, Peptide 24, Peptide 36).
• the side chain of cysteine is somewhat hydrophobic, but it is highly reactive.
• the sulfur moiety has the potential to react with the sulfur in other cysteine to from a cystine or disulfide bond. If a single cysteine is introduced then dimerization may occur between two buforoxins. If more than one cysteine is introduced then polymerization could occur.
• cysteine and methionine residues are the potential for oxidation to cysteic acid or methionine sulfoxide or methionine sulfone respectively. These conversions would significantly alter the peptide properties since a hydrophobic weakly polar or ionizable form would be converted to an acidic or strongly polarized form.
• cysteine it may be advantageous to incorporate cysteine on either end of a Buforinin for use as a reactive site to label a Buforinin with fluorescent markers where the aforementioned problems may be minimized
• the "modified" amino acids that may be included in the Buforinins are gene-encoded amino acids which have been processed after translation of the gene, e.g., by the addition of methyl groups or derivatization through covalent linkage to other substituents or oxidation or reduction or other covalent modification.
• the classification into which the resulting modified amino acid falls will be determined by the characteristics of the modified form. For example, if lysine were modified by acylating the, -amino group, the modified form would not be classed as basic but as polar/large amino acid.
• amino acids which are not encoded by the genetic code, include, for example, beta-alanine (beta- Ala), or other omega-amino acids, such as 3-aminopropionic, 2,3-diaminopropionic (2,3-diaP), 4-aminobutyric and so forth, alpha- aminisobutyric acid (Aib), sarcosine (Sar), ornithine (Orn), citrulline (Cit), t-butylalanine (t-BuA), t-butylglycine (t-BuG), N-methylisoleucine (N-Melle), phenylglycine (Phg), and cyclohexylalanine (Cha), norleucine (Nle), 2-naphthylalanine (2-Nal); 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic); 3-2-thienylalanine (Th) s
• Cit, Acetyl Lys and MSO are neutral/polar/large.
• the various omega-amino acids are classified according to size as small (beta- Ala and 3-aminopropionic) or as large and hydrophobic (all others).
• amino acid substitutions which are not gene encoded, are included in peptide compounds within the scope of the invention and can be classified within this general scheme according to their structure.
• D-amino acid substitutions would be desirable to circumvent potential stability problems due to endogenous protease activity; especially important for an oral dosage route.
• This replacement can be made by methods known in the art.
• the following references describe preparation of peptide analogs which include these alternative-linking moieties: Spatola, A.F., Vega Data (March 1983), Vol.
• Xi is Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Naline, or preferably Alanine;
• X 2 is Alanine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Naline, or preferably Glycine;
• B 3 is Histidine, Lysine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Arginine;
• X 4 is Alanine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Naline, or preferably Glycine;
• B 5 is Arginine, Histidine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Lysine;
• X* 6 is Alanine, Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, or preferably Glutamine;
• X 7 is Alanine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Naline, or preferably Glycine;
• X 8 Alanine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine, or preferably Glycine;
• B 9 is Arginine, Histidine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Lysine;
• Xio is Alanine, Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, or preferably Valine;
• Bn is Histidine, Lysine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Arginine;
• Xi 2 is Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Naline, or preferably Alanine;
• B ⁇ is Arginine, Histidine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Lysine;
• X ⁇ 4 is Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Naline, or preferably Alanine;
• Bi 5 is Arginine, Histidine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Lysine;
• Xi 6 is Alanine, Glycine, Serine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Naline, or preferably Threonine;
• B ⁇ 7 is Histidine, Lysine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Arginine;
• X* ⁇ s is Alanine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Glycine, Threonine, or preferable Serine;
• X* ⁇ is Alanine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Glycine, Threonine, or preferable Serine;
• B 20 is Histidine, Lysine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Arginine;
• X 2 ⁇ is Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine, or preferably Alanine;
• X 22 is Alanine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine, or preferably Glycine;
• X 23 is Asparagine, Glutamine, Alanine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Glycine, Valine, or preferably Leucine;
• Z* 26 is Asparagine, Glutamine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine or preferably Proline;
• X 2 is Alanine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Glycine , or preferably Valine;
• X 28 is Alanine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine, or preferably Glycine;
• B 29 is Asparagine, Glutamine, Histidine, Lysine, or preferably Arginine;
• X 30 is Alanine, Glycine, Leucine Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine or preferably; Valine;
• B 3 ⁇ is Arginine, Lysine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Histidine;
• B 32 is Arginine, Histidine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Lysine
• X 3 is Alanine, Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Valine, or preferably Leucine;
• X 34 is Alanine, Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Valine, or preferably Leucine;
• B 35 is Lysine , Histidine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Arginine;
• B 36 is Arginine, Histidine, Asparagine, Glutamine, or preferably Lysine;
• X 37 * is Alanine, Glutamine, Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, or preferably Glycine
• Z 38 is Glutamine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine or preferably Asparagine;
• Z 3 is Asparagine, Glutamine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, or preferably Tyrosine.
• Typical compounds within the scope of the Buforinins are:
• Buforinins are defined as those peptides that fit the invention sequence description and inhibit BttxB and/or Tttx protease activities.
• the conformation of the Buforinins may be determined by circular dichroism and FT-IR. See CBnaves, J. M., et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:43214-34221. Proton NMR may also be used. See Yi, G. et al. (1996) FEBS Lett. 398:87-90. X-ray crystallography may also be used. See Sutton, R. B., et al. (1998) Nature 395, 347-353.
• Buforinins are defined as those peptides fitting the invention description that have amino acid modifications such as Buforinin peptides containing 'unnatural' amino acids other than the known 21 amino acids (20 common, and then selenocysteine, which is an uncommon but naturally occurring non-gene encoded amino acid) or additions such as cysteine and lysine on termini to provide a reactive center for conjugation to other chemicals, labels or proteins.
• Truncated Buforinins include compounds of the formula (1) such as B-II.
• Amino acids can be truncated, asymmetrically, upstream and downstream while maintaining the helix-turn-helix supersecondary structure.
• B-II could be optimized by amino acid substitutions to promote a helical structure upstream of the QF site. See, e.g. SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ NO:6.
• Businins are essentially peptide backbones which may be modified at the N- or C-terminus.
• Standard methods can be used to synthesize peptides similar in size and conformation to the Buforinins. Most commonly used currently are solid phase synthesis techniques; indeed, automated equipment for systematically constructing peptide chains can be purchased. Solution phase synthesis can also be used but is considerably less convenient. When synthesized using these standard techniques, amino acids not encoded by the gene and D-enantiomers can be employed in the synthesis.
• the N- and/or C-terminus can be modified with conventional chemical techniques.
• the compounds of the invention may optionally contain an acyl or an acetyl group at the amino terminus. Methods for acetylating or, more generally, acylating, the free amino group at the N-terminus are generally known in the art.
• the carboxyl group may be present in the form of a salt; and in the case of pharmaceutical compositions, the salt will be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
• Suitable salts include those formed with inorganic ions such as NH + , Na + , K + , Mg ++ , Ca ++ , and the like as well as salts formed with organic cations such as those of caffeine and other highly substituted amines.
• the carboxy terminus may also be esterified using alcohols of the formula ROH wherein R is hydrocarbyl (1-6C) as defined above.
• carboxy terminus may be amidated so as to have the formula -CONH 2 , -CONHR, or -CONR 2 , wherein each R is independently hydrocarbyl (1-6C) as herein defined.
• Techniques for esterification and amidation as well as neutralizing in the presence of base to form salts are all standard organic chemical techniques.
• the side- chain amino groups of the basic amino acids will be in the form of the relevant acid addition salts.
• the peptide backbone is comprised entirely of gene-encoded amino acids, or if some portion of it is so composed, the peptide or the relevant portion may also be synthesized using recombinant DNA techniques.
• the DNA encoding the peptides of the invention may be synthesized using standard techniques in the art such as solid phase DNA synthesis with conventional equipment that includes, for example, an ABI 3948 Nucleic Acid Synthesis System (Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) utilizing phosphoramidite synthesis chemistry (Beaucage, S. L. et al. (81) Tefrahedorn Lett. 22:1859-1862). DNA oligomers would be synthesized with overlapping matching complimentary sequences.
• Annealing of these sequences would form a double-stranded synthetic gene. Building on this process would give larger and larger double-stranded products till the requisite gene is built.
• DNA recombinant means would be employed by cloning Buforinins, or like- fragment of H2A protein, and then modifying by site-directed mutagenesis or DNA-cassette replacement or other means in the art (Methods Enzymology vol. 152; Eds. S. L. Berge and A. R. Kimmel, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 1998) to achieve the modification desired. Codon choice can be integrated into the synthesis depending on the nature of the host.
• the DNA encoding the Buforinins is included in an expression system which places these coding sequences under the control of a suitable promoter and other control sequences which are compatible with an intended host cell.
• suitable promoter and other control sequences which are compatible with an intended host cell.
• Types of host cells available span almost the entire range of the plant and animal kingdoms.
• the Buforinins of the invention could be produced in bacteria or yeast (to the extent that they can be produced in a nontoxic or refractile form or utilize resistant strains) as well as in animal cells, insect cells and plant cells.
• the Buforinins can be produced in a form that will result in their secretion from the host cell by fusing to the DNA encoding the Buforinin, a DNA encoding a suitable signal peptide, or may be produced intracellularly. They may also be produced as fusion proteins with additional amino acid sequence which may or may not need to be subsequently removed prior to the use of these compounds as an inhibitor of BttxB protease activity.
• Buforinins of the invention can be produced in a variety of modalities including chemical synthesis and recombinant production or some combination of these techniques.
• purified and isolated any members of the Buforinin class which occur naturally are supplied in purified and isolated form.
• purified and isolated is meant free from the environment in which the peptide normally occurs (in the case of such naturally occurring peptides) and in a form where it can be used practically.
• purified and isolated form means that the peptide is substantially pure, i.e., more than 90%> pure, preferably more than 95% pure and more preferably more than 99% pure or is in a completely different context such as that of a pharmaceutical preparation.
• the invention is also directed to the screening assays for the Buforinin analogues and assays utilizing the analogues.
• the invention is also directed to the use of Buforinins as intracellular inhibitors of BttxB.
• Bttxs specifically target nerve cells because of the receptor-like recognition of cell surface gangliosides and synaptogamin by the nerve-cell targeting heavy chain (HC) subunit of the toxin.
• HC nerve-cell targeting heavy chain
• Buforonins may be linked to BttxB HC with a linkage such as a disulfide bond.
• Buforinins may be linked to BttxB HC with a carrier protein such as human albumin or another bridge to form a multi-protein conjugate. This conjugate should then target the susceptible cells in a manner similar to BttxB. Once inside the cell, the conjugate may inhibit BttxB or the linkage may be cleaved to free the Buforinins or carrier- Buforinins to inhibit BttxB.
• Antibodies to the Buforinins may be produced using standard immunological techniques for production of polyclonal antisera and, if desired, immortalizing the antibody- producing cells of the immunized host for sources of monoclonal antibody production. Techniques for producing antibodies to any substance of interest are well known. It may be necessary to enhance the immunogenicity of the substance, particularly as here, where the material is only a short peptide, by coupling the hapten to a carrier. Suitable carriers for this purpose include substances which do not themselves produce an immune response in the mammal to be administered the hapten-carrier conjugate.
• Common carriers used include keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), diphtheria toxoid, serum albumin, and the viral coat protein of rotavirus, VP6.
• KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
• VP6 the viral coat protein of rotavirus
• Coupling of the hapten to the carrier is effected by standard techniques such as contacting the carrier with the peptide in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or through the use of linkers such as those available through Pierce Chemical Company, Chicago, IL.
• Buforinins in immunogenic form are then injected into a suitable mammalian host and antibody titers in the serum are monitored.
• Polyclonal antisera may be harvested when titers are sufficiently high.
• antibody-producing cells of the host such as spleen cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes may be harvested and immortalized.
• the immortalized cells are then cloned as individual colonies and screened for the production of the desired monoclonal antibodies.
• the genes encoding monoclonal antibodies secreted by selected hybridomas or other cells may be recovered, manipulated if desired, for example, to provide multiple epitope specificity or to encode a single-chain form and may be engineered for expression in alternative host cells, such as CHO cells.
• antibodies also includes any immunologically reactive fragment of the immunoglobulins such as Fab, Fab' and F(ab') 2 fragments as well as modified immunoreactive forms such as Fv regions, which are produced by manipulation of the relevant genes (isolatable, for example, from the appropriate hybridoma).
• the antibodies of the invention are, of course, useful in immunoassays for determining the amount or presence of the Buforinins. Such assays are essential in quality controlled production of compositions containing the Buforinins of the invention.
• the antibodies can be used to assess the efficacy of recombinant production of the Buforinins, as well as for screening expression libraries for the presence of Buforinin encoding genes.
• Buforinins may also be used as affinity ligands for purifying and/or isolating the Buforinins. They may also be used for detecting and measuring Buforinins in sera or plasma by methods well known in the art such as RIA and ELISA. Therefore, one may monitor circulating Buforinin levels to assure sufficient dosage.
• compositions Containing the Buforinins and Methods of Use Containing the Buforinins and Methods of Use
• the Buforinins are effective in inhibiting the protease activity of BttxB and tetanus neurotoxins. Accordingly, they can be used in prevention, prophylaxis and therapies for BttxB and Tttx poisoning.
• a Buforinin may be administered alone, or a variety of Buforinins may be administered, or the Buforinin or the variety of Buforinins may be administered as a mixture with additional protease inhibitors or adjunct chemicals such as tris-(2-carboxyethl)phosphine (TCEP).
• TCEP is a non-odorous, non-sulfhydryl containing reducing agent that is relatively non-toxic in animals (P-CH 2 CH 2 COOH) 3 HCl; Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene OR).
• TCEP can reduce the disulfide bond between the HC and LC and allow the dissociation of the BttxB or Tttx subunits. TCEP would work on any BOT. This dissociation increases the availability of the active QF site to Buforinins. Additionally, the disassociation of the toxin prevents nerve cell penetration.
• Other reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT) may be used; however, they may be objectionable due to their distinctive odors and toxicity.
• DTT dithiothreitol
• TCEP can be used in conjunction with chaotropes. Therefore, TCEP is preferred.
• the peptides of the invention are also useful as standards in monitoring assays and in assays for evaluating the effectiveness of later-generation Buforinins. This could be done by utilizing the endopeptidase activity assay for BttxB. In this endopeptidase assay, one may evaluate whether potential peptides function as inhibitors or substrates of BttxB by the ability to cleave of a synthetic peptide substrate comprising amino acids 55-94 of the intracellular target VAMP2. The cleavage products may be separated by a C ⁇ 8 reverse-phase HPLC column and detected by absorbance at 205 nm.
• the Buforinins can be formulated as pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions.
• the mode of administration, and the type of treatment desired e.g., prevention, prophylaxis, therapy; the Buforinins are formulated in ways consonant with these parameters.
• a summary of such techniques is found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA.
• the Buforinins may be used alone or in combination with other compounds which inhibit protease activity such as VAMP2.
• Use of the enantiomeric forms containing all D-amino acids may confer advantages such as resistance to those proteases, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin.
• the Buforinins can be administered singly or as mixtures of several Buforinins or in combination with other pharmaceutically active components, and in single or multiple administrations.
• the formulations may be prepared in a manner suitable for systemic administration.
• Systemic formulations include those designed for injection, e.g. intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection, or may be prepared for transdermal, transmucosal, or oral administration.
• the formulation will generally include a diluent as well as, in some cases, adjuvants, buffers, preservatives and the like.
• the Buforinins can be administered also in liposomal compositions or as microemulsions using conventional techniques.
• the Buforinins of the invention must be protected from degradation in the stomach using a suitable enteric coating. This may be avoided to some extent by utilizing amino acids in the D-configuration, thus providing resistance to protease. However, the peptide is still susceptible to acid hydrolysis; thus, some degree of enteric coating may still be required.
• the manner of administration and formulation of the compounds useful in the invention and their related compounds will depend on the nature of the condition, the severity of the condition, the particular subject to be treated, and the judgement of the practitioner; formulation will depend on mode of administration.
• the compounds of the invention are small molecules, they are conveniently administered by oral administration by compounding them with suitable pharmaceutical excipients so as to provide tablets, capsules, syrups, and the like.
• suitable formulations for oral administration may also include minor components such as buffers, flavoring agents and the like.
• the amount of active ingredient in the formulations will be in the range of 5%-95% of the total formulation, but wide variation is permitted depending on the carrier.
• Suitable carriers include sucrose, pectin, magnesium stearate, lactose, peanut oil, olive oil, water, and the like.
• the compounds useful in the invention may also be administered through suppositories or other transmucosal vehicles.
• formulations will include excipients that facilitate the passage of the compound through the mucosa such as pharmaceutically acceptable detergents.
• the compounds may also be administered topically, for topical conditions such as psoriasis, or in formulation intended to penetrate the skin.
• topical conditions such as psoriasis
• formulation intended to penetrate the skin include lotions, creams, ointments and the like which can be formulated by known methods.
• the compounds may also be administered by injection, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection.
• Typical formulations for such use are liquid formulations in isotonic vehicles such as Hank's solution or Ringer's solution.
• Suitable alternative formulations also include nasal sprays, liposomal formulations, slow-release formulations, and the like.
• Any suitable formulation may be used.
• a compendium of art-known formulations is found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA. Reference to this manual is routine in the art.
• a preferred means to deliver the Buforinins would include the use TCEP. Since TCEP cleaves the holotoxin which yields a site available to the Buforinin. TCEP also disassociates the toxins into individual components which prevents nerve cell penetration.
• the Buforinins could be coupled to a variety of compounds including a BttxB heavy chain, which excludes the toxin light chain, to target the Buforinin to the toxin affected cells.
• the dosages of the compounds of the invention will depend on a number of factors which will vary from patient to patient.
• Example 1 Endopeptidase Activity Assay The toxin was activated immediately prior to use by incubating at 25°C for 30 minutes in an activation mixture that contained, in a volume of 7.5 ⁇ l per digest: 2.4 ⁇ g (16 pmol) of toxin, 30 mM NaHEPES buffer, pH 7.3, and 5 mM DTT or TCEP.
• a substrate peptide mix was prepared that contained 1 nmol of the substrate peptide (VAMP2 55-94), 4% DMSO, 4% Triton X-100, and 80 mM NaHEPES buffer, pH 7.3, per digest.
• the final reaction mix was made by adding 25 ⁇ l of the substrate peptide mix, 4.5 ⁇ l of fresh 10 mM DTT, 13 ⁇ l H 2 O or test peptide, and 7.5 ⁇ l of activation mixture. The reaction was initiated by incubation at 37°C. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 1 vol trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to 0.25%). The samples were clarified by centrifugation.
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• Digested peptide products were fractionated by RP-HPLC on a Waters :Bondapak analytical Cj 8 column (3.9 mm x 30 cm) attached to Beckman 126 pumps and a model 168 Diode Array Detector, controlled by Beckman System Gold Ver 8.1 software.
• the solvent system consisted of buffer A (BA; H 2 O - 0.1% TFA) and buffer B (BB; CH 3 CN - 0.1%TFA).
• the development program consisted of the following: 97%> BA, 0-1 min; to 33% BB, 1-30 min; then wash with 97% BB for 5 min, followed by equilibration in 97% BA for 10 min.
• the flow rate was ml min " except during the wash and equilibrium phase where it was 1.5 ml min "1 .
• 75 ⁇ l injections were made with a Waters Intelligent Sample Processor (WISP Model 712).
• WISP Model 712 Waters Intelligent Sample Processor
• the effluent was monitored at dual wavelengths of 205 and 280 nm.
• digestion products are identified by peptide sequencing using automated Edman-degradation on an ABI 477A protein sequencer attached in-line with a HPLC (ABI model 120A) for detection of phenlythiohydratoin derivatized amino acids.
• the extent of digestion was determined by comparison of peak areas of undigested controls (no added toxin) and total digests (digests allowed to go to completion, typically 2-3 h).
• the extent of inhibition or digestion will be determined from examination of the chromatograms by peak area comparison with standards and/or products formed compared with quantified standards or digests without added inhibitor that have gone to completion.
• the Buforinins may be obtained from amphibian stomach by gut lavage using methods as described by Park, C. B. et al. See Park, C.B., et al. (1996) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 218:408-413.
• the Buforinins may be synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SSPS) as described by L.A. Carpino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79,4427 (1957), CD. Chang et al, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 11, 246 (1978), E. Atherton, et al, J. Chem Soc. Chem. Commun., 537 (1978) and R.B. Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149 (1963) and Barlos, K., et al, (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30:3947.
• SSPS solid-phase peptide synthesis
• the Buforinins may also be produced by DNA recombinant means commonly known in the art whereby a suitable promoter for expression in heterologous systems, i.e. bacterial, fungi, insect, or mammalian cell cultures may be used.
• the DNA sequence may be optimized for the particular host and tRNA content.
• the endopeptidase assay and reverse phase HPLC as described in Examples 1 and 2 may be used to detect the cleavage products and the extent of protease inhibition. Briefly, potential inhibitors may be added to the substrate peptide mix immediately before the addition of the activation mix containing the toxin as described in Garica, et al. After incubation for 45 min at 37°C, the reaction should be stopped and the digestion products may be analyzed by using RP HPLC. If a fluorescent-labeled substrate is used then product formation will be determined with an in-line fluorescent detector.
• the extent of inhibition or digestion will be determined as described in Example 2 of undigested substrate remaining and/or products formed compared with quantified standards or digests without added inhibitor that have gone to completion.
• Alternatives also include in vivo protection or tissue-specific function assays.
• an experimental animal would be dosed with the inhibitor with or with out adjuncts and then challenged with the toxin, e.g. i.v. injection of a Buforinin with a reducing agent such as TCEP.
• a Buforinin with a reducing agent such as TCEP.
• Tissue protection assays would employ an intact nerve-muscle preparation wherein muscle twitch response to nerve cell stimulation would be evaluated.
• the toxin would be preincubated with a Buforinin and adjuncts and are then added to the tissue preparation.
• the peptides of the invention may be modified by either making mutations or substitutions which include substituting Pro 26 with glutamine to make the active site more like the substrate, or other amino acid, that favors turn formation without the turn constraint imposed by Pro. Such substitutions are predicted to result in more effective helix bundling for toxin association to occur. Other amino acid substitutions or mutations in the helix region could be made so that either the helix becomes more amphipathic to improve helix bundling or improve interaction with the toxin. Such changes would include a substitution of Rl 1 with L or another helix favoring amino acid. See Figs. 6A and B. Similarly, multiple substitutions RllL, K15L, and S18L or other amino acids could be made to favor helix formation and bundling.
• B-II which lacks the predicted upstream helix of B-I may be modified to enhance and improve its ability to inhibit BttxB protease activity.
• a peptide having substitutions S3A and S4A (SEQ ID NO:5) has a predicted helix upstream of the QF site.
• Another example would be a peptide having substitutions S2L and S4L (SEQ ID NO:6).
• this peptide has a predicted helix upstream of the QF site.
• Buforinins may be used to pretreat food and liquids that might be contaminated with BttxB or Tttx.
• an effective amount of a Buforinin may be mixed into water having BttxB to inhibit the protease activity of the BttxB, e.g. 100 ml of water containing 1 ug of BttxB would be treated with lOOug of Buforinin and 0.1 mmol reducing agent, i.e. TCEP in tablet, powder, or liquid form.
• Buforinin reducing agent such as TCEP
• a liquid form could be made from a tablet or powder that is pre-dissolved prior to use.
• a Buforinin solution may be applied on the surface of solid food having BttxB on the surface.
• an effective amount of a Buforinin may be used to treat solid food which has been ground into small particles in order to allow the Buforinin access to amounts of BttxB which is not found on the surface of the food.
• Contaminated or suspect non-food surfaces may also be washed with solutions of Buforinin.
• Buforinins could be applied as a spray, foam, towelette, or sponge used to soak or wipe the surface.
• the amounts would be typically 200 ug per ml of solution applied; however, the concentrations required would depend on the extent of contamination and the appropriate Buforinin concentration may be adjusted as needed.
• Buforinins could be used as a prophylactic against BttxB or Tttx poisoning. Subjects could be treated with Buforinins prior to entering situations where they are likely to be in contact with BttxB or Tttx.
• the dosage mode and amount could be dependent on the amount of toxin expected to contact and the time in which contact might occur.
• the preferred administration for immediate contact would be i.v.
• the preferred form administration for a slower and more prolonged exposure would be by ingestion. However, other slow release forms of delivery such as a patch may be used.
• Buforinins may be incorporated into a disposable, moist-filter, breathing mask for inactivating BttxB in aerosol form.
• the toxin would be trapped in moist-filter whereupon it would inactivated by a Buforinin.
• Such a filter design would protect against toxin particles smaller than bacteria, e.g. 1 micron such as HEPA.
• the filters could be supplied premoistened and impregnated with Buforinins and adjunct chemicals such as TCEP.
• the filters could be prepared by wetting a dry filter pre-impregnated or by soaking the filter in a solution of Buforinins. Enclosed areas that have air processing capabilities may also be protected in this fashion with appropriate sized filters.
• a powder mixture containing Buforinins and adjuncts which include a reducing agent and other stabilizers or fillers may be applied directly to the wound. This approach relies on the wound weeping to dissolve the Buforinins.
• an ointment, liquid, spray, foam, or towelette having Buforinins may be applied to the wound surface. The towelette could be supplied or made in a similar manner as the filters of Example 10.
• Example 11 Post Exposure Subjects already suffering from BttxB or Tttx poisoning could be treated with Buforinins. These of treatments would scavenge accessible toxin not yet compartmentalized into susceptible cells. Intoxication of susceptible cells leads to cell function inhibition but is not itself lethal to the cells. Given sufficient time the cells can recover and become functional again. This recovery process may last up to several months. Therefore, treatment with Buforinins will aid in the recovery of the subject and reduce the need of alternative life supporting measures.
• the treatment may comprise use of Buforinin-BttxB HC or other like conjugates.
• the Bttx-HC portion would specifically direct the conjugate to susceptible cells where uptake would occur in a manner similar as the toxin. Inside the cell, the Buforinins would access to the toxin and inhibit the protease activity, thereby protecting the cell against further toxin damage until the toxin is removed from the cells by endogenous proteolysis.
• Buforinins may be used for the identification of BttxB or Tttx.
• An unknown Bttx or Tttx would be incubated with substrates and a Buforinin that would specifically inhibit BttxB and Tttx if present. Detection of uncleaved substrate or reduction of digest products would allow the identification of the toxin.
• a C-terminal fluorescent-labeled substrate such as VAMP2
• VAMP2 C-terminal fluorescent-labeled substrate
• the unknown sample is then added to the well and allowed to incubate. The reaction would be stopped and the well rinsed. Reduction of fluorescence would indicate susceptibility of the substrate to the toxin. If Buforinins are included in the digest mix then BttxB or Tttx toxin would be specifically inhibited and the fluorescence levels would be higher than those reactions containing BttxB without inhibitor.
• Example 13 Long-lived peptide in vivo
• the pharmacokinetic parameters of buforin I in the blood were examined. Since human studies are not possible, a rat model was used. Buforin I was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 ng/kg containing radiolabeled 125 I-buforin 1 (2,000 Ci/mmol) as a tracer with the radioactive dose constant at 11 ⁇ Ci/kg. Blood (100 ⁇ l) was collected at timed intervals from the tail vein and flash frozen on dry-ice.
• buforin I would have a long life in vivo and therefore be an effective therapeutic agent since it is distributed to the blood in a rapid manner and the level of buforin I persists over time at a high steady-state level.
• Example 14 Phosphorylation of Peptides Phosphorylation provides peptides with additional properties that could improve the circulatory half-life, solubility, resistance to degradation, and the interaction of the peptide with the active site of the toxin, making it a more potent inhibitor.
• the natural substrate VAMP2 has been found to be a good phosphorylation substrate and whose function may be affected by its phosphorylation state (Neilander, HB, et al. (95) J. Neurochem. 65:1712-20).
• Example 15 General botulinum toxin/tetanus toxin inhibitor in vivo Use of TCEP and chaotropes Disruption of non-covalent interactions between the light and heavy chains of neurotoxins.
• a replacement for the foul-smelling and toxic sulfhydryl reducing agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol that functions equivalently to activate the neurotoxin in vitro was found.
• the disulfide bond covalently joining the heavy and light chains is broken.
• the neurotoxin chains apparently remain together due to strong hydrophobic interactions.
• biocompatible chaotropes In conjunction with TCEP, the use of biocompatible chaotropes will aid in completely separating holotoxins into its two chains, then the light chain would be effectively diluted in the body and could not target neuronal cells (or other cell types).
• Some biocompatible chaotropes include hydroxyurea or 2-oxo-l pyrrolidine acetamide, compounds that are used for treatment of sickle cell anemia.
• the combination of TCEP and biocompatible chaotropes to open the active site of all botulinum serotypes and similar toxins to pharmacological intervention before translocation into target cells will provide more effective and serotype nonspecific therapeutic peptides.

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