Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
  • H04W56/0055—Synchronisation arrangements determining timing error of reception due to propagation delay
  • H04W56/0065—Synchronisation arrangements determining timing error of reception due to propagation delay using measurement of signal travel time
  • H04W56/009—Closed loop measurements
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
  • H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
  • H04B7/2662—Arrangements for Wireless System Synchronisation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
  • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
  • H04J3/02—Details
  • H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
  • H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
  • H04J3/0682—Clock or time synchronisation in a network by delay compensation, e.g. by compensation of propagation delay or variations thereof, by ranging

Definitions

• This invention relates to methods of in-band signaling for measurement of system latency in wireless and wire line communications and, in particular, to the use of latency measurements for time synchronization and synchronization error measurement between a reference clock and a remote clock in communication over a wireless and/or wire line voice communication network.
• SPS satellite positioning system
• GPS Global Positioning System
• GLONASS Global Positioning System
• a slave oscillator is synchronized to a SPS master oscillator in a normal SPS signal receiving mode called "lock."
• the amount of synchronization error between the SPS master oscillator and a slave oscillator of the SPS positioning receiver impacts the ability of the SPS positioning receiver to accurately determine its position from the SPS signals using satellite ephemeris data.
• the synchronization error of a slave oscillator of a GPS receiver must be less than about +/- 500 microseconds ( ⁇ sec) from a GPS satellite master oscillator in order to obtain a location fix from a cold start in less than 30 seconds.
• the slave oscillator In lock mode, the slave oscillator is typically synchronized to within +/- 10 ⁇ sec of the GPS satellite master oscillator.
• SPS signals are not available, for example because SPS satellites are out of view, or when the mobile unit has not acquired an SPS satellite signal, the mobile unit must be re-synchronized due to drift of the slave oscillator over time. Re-synchronization requires a significant amount of time if SPS signals must be used. SPS synchronization from a cold start is also time consuming. Synchronization processing times of up to one minute or more from cold start are not uncommon.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,368,987 of Waters describes a synchronization method for satellites in which a master pulse is transmitted by a master-clock station to a slave station where a slave pulse having conjugate phase with respect to the received master pulse is retransmitted for receipt by the master station.
• a measurement at the master station of a time difference between the master pulse and the received slave pulse is used to calculate a time phase difference between the master clock and the slave clock.
• the time phase difference is then used to synchronize the clocks.
• Waters requires cooperation between the satellite-based master station and the satellite-based slave station in order to determine phase difference and for clock synchronization.
• the method described by Waters is not a substitute for re-synchronization of an SPS-enabled mobile unit.
• SPS satellites which were originally developed for military use, will not retransmit a slave pulse in response to a master pulse received from the mobile unit. Nor will the SPS satellites, conversely, receive a conjugate slave pulse generated by the mobile unit or calculate a phase time difference.
• ANI Automatic Number Identification
• PSAP Public Safety Answering Point
• ANI ANI
• PSAP Public Safety Answering Point
• the portable nature of wireless communications devices eliminates the viability of such a lookup scheme in wireless networks.
• Wireless mobile telephone units incorporating SPS receivers have been contemplated as a way to generate location data that can then be transmitted to a call receiving station. In theory, the generation and transmission of location data in this manner would be especially useful for locating a wireless caller that dials 911 to report an emergency, but who is unable to verbally provide location information to a PSAP operator.
• Fig. 1 shows a diagram of a prior art voice communications network 10 including a wireless communications network 12 coupled to a wire line communications network (POTS network) 14.
• wireless communications network 12 includes one or more cellular base stations 16 each having an associated base station antenna 18 and a mobile switching center 20.
• Mobile switching center 20 couples cellular base station 16 to POTS network 14 to allow a wire line call taker 22, such as a PSAP, to communicate with a mobile unit 24 of wireless communications network 12.
• mobile unit 24 transmits and receives signals that are respectively received and transmitted by cellular base station 16 over two transmission channels 26.
• These transmission channels 26 include a voice channel 27 (which is also known as the call path, the voice call path, the voice call connection, the audio call path, the audio traffic channel, and the traffic channel) for transmitting radio-frequency signals representative of voice, and a control channel 28 (also known as an overhead channel and the non-call path) for transmitting call initiation and control signals.
• voice channel 27 which is also known as the call path, the voice call path, the voice call connection, the audio call path, the audio traffic channel, and the traffic channel
• control channel 28 also known as an overhead channel and the non-call path for transmitting call initiation and control signals.
• transmissions over control channel 28 consist of packetized digital data.
• Protocols for control channel 28 and the type of data that can be carried on control channel 28 are determined by the type of control channel communications protocol in use by wireless communications network. Because each type of wireless network uses its own protocol, control signals must be decoded at cellular base station 16. Other inherent limitations of the prior art will become apparent upon a review of the following summary of the invention and detailed description of preferred embodiments.
• Wireline and wireless communications systems have some system latency, typically less than 500 milliseconds (ms), due to propagation and processing of signals traveling in the call path.
• ms milliseconds
• differences in air interface protocols, base stations, handset manufacturers, and transmission distances make the system latency variable.
• the present invention provides methods for determining a system latency of a voice communication network for signals transmitted between a reference station and a remote unit over an audio call path of the voice communications network.
• the system latency is then taken into account during synchronization of the remote unit with a reference oscillator of the reference station.
• Measurement of system latency is accomplished by a signaling sequence including transmitting a reference signal over the audio call path from the reference station to the remote unit, where a reply signal is generated and transmitted back to the reference station over the call path after a preselected reply delay interval.
• the reference signal and the reply signal are transmitted for respective predetermined reference and reply durations, which may be dictated by signal attenuation characteristics of the voice communications network.
• the reply delay interval begins upon receipt of the reference signal at the remote unit and must be preselected to allow sufficient time for the remote unit to process the reference signal and generate the reply signal.
• a measurement is made at the reference station to determine a round-trip time difference between transmission of the reference signal and receipt of the reply signal.
• a total latency is then calculated as the round-trip time difference less the sum of the reference duration, the reply duration, and the reply delay interval.
• a correction interval is calculated as one-half the total latency, and a synchronization signal representing the correction interval is then transmitted from the reference station over the call path for receipt by the remote unit.
• the remote unit synchronizes itself with the reference oscillator in response to the synchronization signal. Synchronization may be effectively accomplished in a number of different ways, for example, by storing the synchronization signal at the remote unit and using it later as a parameter for calculating synchronized time, or by adjustment or restarting of the remote oscillator upon receipt of a synchronization mark of the synchronization signal.
• the remote unit is a mobile unit that includes an SPS receiver.
• the remote oscillator is coupled to or made part of the SPS receiver and is used by the SPS receiver, in conjunction with, SPS satellite signals to determine a location of the remote unit. Synchronization of the remote oscillator may be accomplished by any of the above-described synchronization techniques or by modification, in response to the synchronization signal, of algorithms used by the SPS receiver to calculate the location of the remote unit.
• the reference signal, the reply signal, and the synchronization signal are all audio-frequency signals that are adapted to freely pass through the voice communications network. Such audio-frequency signals are necessary for transmission over a voice call path of an advanced communications network of the type that uses compression protocols and/or spread- spectrum technology to maximize call traffic in a limited radio-frequency bandwidth.
• TDMA time- division multiple access
• CDMA code-division multiple access
• GSM global system for mobile communication
• the reference, reply, and synchronization signals also transmit freely through analog wireless networks.
• These audio-frequency signals are specifically configured to emulate certain characteristics of the human voice such as, for example, frequency, amplitude, and duration. By generating signals that resemble sounds of the human voice, the present invention thereby avoids destruction of the signals by the voice communications network.
• the signals are audio-frequency signals that include one or more audio tones, multi-frequency tones, or substantially
• Gaussian pulses generated by a multi-frequency controller.
• the Gaussian pulses are characterized by a 3 ⁇ (standard deviation x 3) of between about 0.3 ms and 1 ms, and an amplitude of between -4 dBm and -10 dBm to avoid destructive attenuation by the voice communications network.
• Single or multi-frequency tones have a duration of between about 5 ms and 50 ms and a frequency in the range of about 300 to 3000
• the time of receipt of the tones or pulses (of a particular signal) may be averaged to improve accuracy of latency measurements and synchronization.
• the signals may also comprise a pulse train created by concatenating a plurality of tones or pulses spaced at regular and irregular intervals. Irregular spacing of tones or pulses facilitates accurate correlation of the reply signal to the reference signal at the reference station for calculation of the total round-trip time difference. Use of these techniques allows synchronization of the remote unit to within +/- 500 ⁇ sec of the reference oscillator. In SPS-enabled remote units, use of the method of the present invention significantly reduces the time it takes the SPS receiver to attain SPS lock.
• the signaling sequence is initiated by the remote unit, which generates and transmits the reference pulse, the receipt of which prompts the reference station to reply with a reply pulse after a reply delay interval. Latency calculations may then be performed at the remote unit. Synchronization of the remote unit still requires the remote unit to receive a synchronization signal transmitted by the reference station upon a time mark output of the reference oscillator.
• the present invention presents particularly significant advantages in the context of a cellular telephone network in which the remote unit comprises a wireless communications device such as a cellular telephone.
• the remote unit comprises a wireless communications device such as a cellular telephone.
• the present invention requires no special equipment or software to be installed at a base station site of the wireless network for handling the reference, reply, and synchronization signals.
• POTS wireless and wire line
• In-band signals in the voice call path can be received at any point in the wireless or wire line networks, for example at a location services controller or PSAP, which may also serve as a reference station.
• the present invention also provides advantages over prior-art wireless modem devices, which fully occupy the voice call path during data transmission by switching the wireless communications device to a data mode. By keeping the voice call path available to the wireless telephone user during latency measurement, synchronization, and location data transfer, the present invention facilitates substantially concurrent verbal communication between the wireless user and a call taker.
• Fig. 1 is a diagram of a prior-art wireless communications network showing components of a wireless communications network and their connection to a wire line communications network;
• Fig. 2 is a diagram of a mobile unit including a SPS receiver in communication with a call taker over a wireless commumcations network for implementing a synchronization protocol in accordance with the present invention;
• Fig. 3 is a diagram of a signal transmission sequence in accordance with the present invention;
• Fig. 4 is a timing diagram showing the timing and elements of a reference signal, a reply signal, and a synchronization signal of the signal transmission sequence of Fig. 3;
• Fig. 5A is a diagram of a first alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal, comprising first and second reference tones;
• Fig. 5B is a diagram of a second alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal, comprising a Gaussian pulse
• Fig. 5C is a diagram of a third alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal comprising a reference pulse train, overlaid with an observed reply pulse train; and Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a mobile unit including a SPS receiver and a multi-frequency controller implementing the present invention.
• Fig. 2 shows a diagram of a voice communications network 30 including an SPS-enabled mobile unit 40 for implementing a first preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• voice communications network 30 includes a wireless commumcations network 44 coupled to a public switched telephone network or ("POTS") 48.
• Wireless commumcations network 44 includes a base station 52 for transmitting radio frequency signals 56 to mobile unit 40 and for receiving radio frequency signals 56 from mobile unit 40.
• Radio frequency signals 56 include a voice channel signal 58 for transmitting audio, and a control channel signal 60 for transmitting control commands and digital data.
• a mobile switching center 64 couples wireless communication network 44 to POTS 48.
• Mobile unit 40 is preferably a cellular telephone handset, but may be any type of wireless communications device capable of transmitting over voice channel 58.
• Mobile unit 40 includes a local oscillator (also referred to as a "mobile oscillator” or a “remote oscillator”) and an SPS receiver 66 for receiving SPS signals 70 that are broadcast by SPS satellites 72 in earth orbit and for calculating a location of the mobile unit based upon SPS signals 70.
• SPS receiver 66 achieves "lock” with SPS signals 70 to synchronize the local oscillator to within +/- 10 microseconds ( ⁇ sec).
• resynchronization of the SPS oscillator may be initiated automatically by mobile unit 40, as necessary, or may occur during the next telephone call received or made by mobile unit 40.
• the local oscillator may be synchronized with a reference oscillator positioned at a known terrestrial location. This type of resynchronization procedure is known as "seeding" SPS receiver 66 because it results in synchronization to a wider tolerance than occurs during SPS lock.
• a seed processor 80 communicates with a reference SPS receiver 82 and the reference oscillator, which may be integrated with SPS receiver 82. Seed processor 80 may be coupled to wireless communications switch 64 or a call taking device 86 of POTS 48, or both. Once an audio call path has been established between seed processor 80 and mobile unit 40, seed processor 80 initiates a signaling sequence 100 (Fig. 3) to determine system latency and for synchronization of the local oscillator with the reference oscillator.
• Fig. 3 is a diagram of the signaling sequence 100 for measuring system latency.
• a reference station 102 such as a location services controller (LSC) 104 transmits a reference signal over voice channel 58 (Fig. 2).
• a remote unit 108 such as a cellular telephone handset (HS) 110 receives reference signal 106 after a reference latency t
• Remote unit 108 responds to receipt of reference signal 106 by transmitting a reply signal 112, which is received at reference station 102 after a reply latency tj.
• Reference latency t, and reply latency tj include both signal propagation time and time for processing the respective reference and reply signals 106, 112 at reference station 102 and remote unit 108.
• the elapsed time between the transmission of reference signal 106 and the receipt of reply signal 112 is measured at reference station 102 to determine a round-trip delay t RT . If the reference latency t, and the reply latency t are equal, the system is said to be symmetric. For purposes of illustration, asymmetry is exaggerated in Fig 3. However, empirical measurements on CDMA, TDMA, GSM, and analog wireless phone systems, confirm that POTS network 48 in combination with wireless communications network 44 (Fig. 2) is symmetric (and substantially time-invariant during each call session) to within tolerances acceptable for the purpose of in-band signaling for time synchronization within +/- 500 ⁇ sec. Because wireless and POTS communications networks are substantially symmetric, a one-way latency can be estimated as one-half the round-trip delay, or V2t RT .
• Fig. 4 is a timing diagram showing the timing and elements of signaling sequence 100.
• the upper section of the timing diagram shows signals at reference station 102, and the lower section shows signals at remote unit 108. Transmitted signals are shown in solid lines, while received signals are shown in dashed lines.
• Signaling sequence 100 is shown in Fig. 4 as being initiated by reference station 102, but may be initiated in an alternative embodiment (not shown) at remote unit 108.
• reference station 102 transmits reference signal 106 having a reference duration i, ef .
• reference signal 106 is transmitted by reference station 102 upon occurrence of a periodic time mark 120 of the reference oscillator having a period P.
• Reference signal 106 is received at remote unit 108 after reference latency t,.
• remote unit 108 Upon receipt of reference signal 106, remote unit 108 generates a reply signal 112 and transmits reply signal 112 after a preselected reply delay interval t del .
• Reply signal 112 has a reply duration t and is received a reference station 102 after reply latency tj.
• a measurement of round trip delay t RT is made at reference station 102.
• a total latency T L is then calculated as:
• T L t RT - (t ref + t dBl + t ⁇ p )
• a synchronization signal 124 representative of correction interval T c is transmitted from reference station 102.
• Synchronization signal 124 is transmitted upon the next time mark 120, and correction interval T c is transmitted as data to remote unit 108, either as part of synchronization signal 124 or as part of a separate data signal (not shown).
• synchronization signal 124' is transmitted at a correction time 126 in advance of a future time mark 120' by an amount equal to correction interval T c .
• Remote unit 108 then utilizes correction interval T c and/or a time of receipt 127 of synchronization signal 124' to synchronize with the reference oscillator.
• correction interval T c and/or a time of receipt 127 of synchronization signal 124' to synchronize with the reference oscillator.
• synchronization can be accomplished in a variety of ways, based upon receipt at remote unit 108 of one or more signals representing correction interval T c and a time mark 120 of the reference oscillator. For example
• synchronization signal 124 may be generated by forming a delayed time mark that is delayed by an amount equal to period P minus the correction interval T c .
• Voice communication networks and, particularly, digital cellular telephone networks use signal compression, spread-spectrum signal transmission, and other signal manipulation protocols to maximize call traffic in the signal transmission medium. These signal processing protocols tend to remove signals in the call path that do not resemble human voice.
• reference signal 106, reply signal 112, and synchronization signal 124 are all generated as audio-frequency signals in the audio call path.
• audio-frequency signals are converted numerous times between analog signal form, digital signal form, and radio frequency signal form during encoding, transmission, and decoding, as normally occurs in the audio call path of a wireless telephone network.
• Audio-frequency signals as used herein describes any signal representative of audio as it travels in the call path, regardless of its form.
• Reference signal 106, reply signal 112, and synchronization signal 124 are generated to have characteristics that have been found empirically to pass through voice communications network 30.
• Figs. 5A, 5B, and 5C show respective first, second, and third alternative embodiments of an audio-frequency signal 128a, 128b, and 128c that may be used for reference signal 106, reply signal 112, and synchronization signal 124.
• a first alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal 128a includes a first audio-frequency tone 130 and a second audio-frequency tone 132 spaced apart in time by a reference pause 134.
• First and second audio-frequency tones 130, 132 are each characterized by a frequency of between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz, a predetermined duration of between 5 ms and 50 ms, and an amplitude of between -4 dBm and -10 dBm.
• Reference pause 134 is characterized by a preselected duration, which for convenience may be the same as the duration of first and second audio-frequency tones 130, 132, but may be selected to be shorter or longer.
• the use of multiple tones allows remote unit 108 and reference station 102 to average first and second audio-frequency tones 130, 132 as they are received and thereby more accurately determine the time at which audio-frequency signal 128a is received.
• a second alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal 128b comprises a substantially Gaussian pulse represented as a function of time (t) by the equation:
• A is amplitude of between about -4 dBm and -10 dBm and ⁇ (standard deviation) is between about 100 ⁇ sec and 330 ⁇ sec.
• Fig. 5C shows a third alternative embodiment of reference signal 106', overlaid with a corresponding reply signal 112'.
• a third alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal 128c comprises a reference pulse train 140 including eight substantially Gaussian reference pulses 144 spaced at predefined intervals a, b, c, d, e, f, and g.
• reply signal 112' (shown in Fig. 5C as received at reference station 102) comprises a reply pulse train including eight substantially Gaussian reply pulses 148 spaced substantially identical to reference pulses 144. Intervals a-g are irregular to enhance correlation at reference station 102 when determining round trip delay t RT .
• third alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal 128c comprises an analog filtered pulse train modulated onto a voice-frequency carrier signal, with pulses 11.4 ms long with 3 dB bandwidth of 400 Hz and roll-off of 1.0.
• a total duration tp T of pulse train 140 is between about 143 ms and 189 ms.
• the voice-frequency carrier signal can be any signal in the voice frequency spectrum (300 Hz to 3000 Hz), but is preferably an 1800 Hz signal.
• Fig. 6 shows a schematic diagram of selected signal processing components of mobile unit 40.
• mobile unit 40 includes an audio bridge 200 connected to a multi-frequency controller 204 and a modem transceiver 208.
• Multi-frequency controller 204 and modem transceiver 208 are connected to an interface processor 212 via, for example, an RS-232 connection 214.
• Interface processor 212 is connected to an SPS receiver 216 that includes an SPS antenna 220. Both multi-frequency controller 204 and modem transceiver 208 actively listen to the call path during signaling sequence 100.
• multi-frequency controller 204 may be a personal computer including a sound card and running MATLAB software available from Mathworks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, USA, or any other commercially available multi-frequency controller.
• interface processor 212 and multi- frequency controller 204 ideally operate so that the total root mean square error of the entirety of signaling sequence 100 is less than 0.1 ms.
• Reference station 102 (not shown) includes signal processing components that are similar to those of mobile unit, including a reference multi-frequency controller, a reference modem transceiver, and a reference interface processor.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
• Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)
• Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
• Time-Division Multiplex Systems (AREA)

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• 2000
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