EP1129264B1 - Cable a fils paralleles pour structure d'ouvrage de construction, ancrage d'un tel cable, et procede d'ancrage - Google Patents

Cable a fils paralleles pour structure d'ouvrage de construction, ancrage d'un tel cable, et procede d'ancrage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1129264B1
EP1129264B1 EP00962608A EP00962608A EP1129264B1 EP 1129264 B1 EP1129264 B1 EP 1129264B1 EP 00962608 A EP00962608 A EP 00962608A EP 00962608 A EP00962608 A EP 00962608A EP 1129264 B1 EP1129264 B1 EP 1129264B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wires
reinforcement
sheath
cable
solid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP00962608A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1129264A1 (fr
Inventor
Jérôme Stubler
Patrick Ladret
Jean-Claude Percheron
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Freyssinet SAS
Original Assignee
Freyssinet SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Freyssinet SAS filed Critical Freyssinet SAS
Publication of EP1129264A1 publication Critical patent/EP1129264A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1129264B1 publication Critical patent/EP1129264B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
    • D07B1/0673—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core having a rope configuration
    • D07B1/068—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core having a rope configuration characterised by the strand design
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/16—Ropes or cables with an enveloping sheathing or inlays of rubber or plastics
    • D07B1/162—Ropes or cables with an enveloping sheathing or inlays of rubber or plastics characterised by a plastic or rubber enveloping sheathing
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/16—Ropes or cables with an enveloping sheathing or inlays of rubber or plastics
    • D07B1/165—Ropes or cables with an enveloping sheathing or inlays of rubber or plastics characterised by a plastic or rubber inlay
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B5/00—Making ropes or cables from special materials or of particular form
    • D07B5/002—Making parallel wire strands
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
    • E01D19/16—Suspension cables; Cable clamps for suspension cables ; Pre- or post-stressed cables
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2015—Strands
    • D07B2201/2023—Strands with core
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2015—Strands
    • D07B2201/2033—Parallel wires
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2015—Strands
    • D07B2201/2042—Strands characterised by a coating
    • D07B2201/2044—Strands characterised by a coating comprising polymers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2015—Strands
    • D07B2201/2046—Strands comprising fillers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2047—Cores
    • D07B2201/2052—Cores characterised by their structure
    • D07B2201/2059—Cores characterised by their structure comprising wires
    • D07B2201/206—Cores characterised by their structure comprising wires arranged parallel to the axis
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2047—Cores
    • D07B2201/2052—Cores characterised by their structure
    • D07B2201/2059—Cores characterised by their structure comprising wires
    • D07B2201/2062—Cores characterised by their structure comprising wires comprising fillers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2047—Cores
    • D07B2201/2052—Cores characterised by their structure
    • D07B2201/2065—Cores characterised by their structure comprising a coating
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2071—Spacers
    • D07B2201/2073—Spacers in circumferencial direction
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2083—Jackets or coverings
    • D07B2201/2084—Jackets or coverings characterised by their shape
    • D07B2201/2085—Jackets or coverings characterised by their shape concerning the internal shape
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2083—Jackets or coverings
    • D07B2201/2084—Jackets or coverings characterised by their shape
    • D07B2201/2086—Jackets or coverings characterised by their shape concerning the external shape
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
    • D07B2205/20—Organic high polymers
    • D07B2205/201—Polyolefins
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
    • D07B2205/20—Organic high polymers
    • D07B2205/2075—Rubbers, i.e. elastomers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2501/00—Application field
    • D07B2501/20—Application field related to ropes or cables
    • D07B2501/2015—Construction industries
    • D07B2501/2023—Concrete enforcements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2929—Bicomponent, conjugate, composite or collateral fibers or filaments [i.e., coextruded sheath-core or side-by-side type]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2973—Particular cross section

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of reinforcements used in structures of construction work.
  • the invention aims particularly, but not exclusively, among these structures, those that are intended to equip cable stayed bridges, suspended or otherwise.
  • the frames usually encountered in such structures include a number of wires.
  • the various constituent son are generally twisted around a central wire.
  • This arrangement is used to make a strand, also called strand, from reduced diameter wires.
  • the mechanical characteristics of the strand obtained are higher than those of a single-strand wire whose section is equivalent to that of said strand.
  • Twisting the peripheral threads around a central thread makes the strand or strand wires integral with one another and reduces the bending inertia of the assembly. This gives a reinforcement unit from very high strength son.
  • the embodiment of the twisted strand or strand requires a particular stranding operation which is expensive.
  • this operation causes a differential elongation between the central wire and the peripheral wires.
  • the peripheral wires are then less stressed than the central wire, inducing an apparent modulus of elasticity of the lower strand than that of each constituent wire.
  • the fatigue behavior of a strand as defined above is less efficient than that of the wire that constitutes it.
  • the differential elongation between the peripheral wires and the central wire indeed causes differential movements with the radial pressure and therefore a friction between the son unfavorable to fatigue.
  • a further disadvantage lies in the work hardening resulting from the stranding which creates a steep steel with residual internal stresses making it less ductile and therefore susceptible to creep or relaxation depending on the type of stress.
  • an operation is performed consisting in exerting a high temperature voltage close to 400 ° C. This operation generates an additional cost and can be delicate because it requires a high temperature accuracy when the son are galvanized son or galfanisés. It must not exceed the melting temperature of zinc while not reducing the temperature too much otherwise the operation will be ineffective.
  • a spacer device makes it possible to fill the spaces between the threads around the central thread with a flexible product such as grease or wax. This operation creates, because of the need to untwist and twist the son again, a new hardening by deformation of the peripheral son, which reduces the ductility of the strand.
  • the invention aims to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks by providing an armature whose mechanical performance is equivalent to and equal to that of each of the son that constitute it.
  • an armature of the kind in question is essentially characterized in that the son are substantially parallel to each other to form a bundle and in that it comprises a plastic sheath which has a lobed inner wall which is provided with depressions and projections, the peripheral wires being housed in the recess and the projections extending into the grooves.
  • the subject of the invention is also a cable for a construction structure structure comprising at least two reinforcements as defined above.
  • the invention further relates to a method of conditioning an armature as defined above, by parallel winding on a drum by performing a complete twist on a lathe.
  • the subject of the invention is a method for implementing a construction structure of an armature as defined above, consisting in that, in at least a portion of the armature, the wires are stripped. solid and anchored stripped son to at least one constituent part of the construction work so as to work the armature in traction.
  • all the solid wires of the armature are collectively jammed in an anchor jaw.
  • the structure of building structure 1 shown in Figure 1 is for example a suspension bridge.
  • This bridge conventionally comprises an apron 2, two pylons 3, two parallel carrying cables 4, only one being visible in the figure, and a plurality of lines 5 which are attached to the cables 4, and which carry the deck 2.
  • the carrying cables 4 are stretched between two ground anchors 6 located at both ends of the bridge, and they are supported by the two pylons 3.
  • Each carrier cable 4 consists of one or more armatures 10 according to a first embodiment of the invention such as that represented in FIG.
  • Each armature 10 consists of a set of solid wires 11 which form a bundle wrapped in a sheath 12.
  • the armature 10 thus formed is also called strand, and can be joined to other strands to form the cable 4.
  • armature is meant a flexible assembly that can be rolled up to be stored and transported, and then unrolled to be installed in a construction work.
  • the son 11 are generally seven in number and comprise a central wire 13 around which are disposed six peripheral son 14.
  • the son 13 and 14 extend parallel to each other and are for example made of steel.
  • the son 13 and 14 are mutually in contact according to their generator. Only the central wire 13 is in contact with all the other peripheral wires 14. The wires The peripherals 14 are mutually spaced apart and define grooves 15 which face towards the outside of the wire bundle 13, 14.
  • All the son 13 and 14 is extruded with the sheath 12.
  • This sheath forms an outer flexible plastic envelope which may be HDPE or amorphous polypropylene.
  • the sheath 12 ensures the cohesion of all the son 13 and 14.
  • the sheath 12 is of hollow cylindrical shape and has an outer wall 16 and an inner wall 17. The thickness of the sheath is small relative to its length.
  • the outer wall 16 is, in cross section, circular while the inner wall 17 is, in cross section, lobed.
  • This wall thus has recesses 18 and projections 19 which alternate alternately along the circumference of the inner wall.
  • peripheral cables 14 are housed in the recesses 18 and the projections 19 extend between the cables 14 in the grooves 15. Thus, the peripheral cables are firmly held by the sheath.
  • the armature 20 is distinguished from the armature 10 only by the shape of the outer wall of the sheath or sheath 22.
  • This sheath has an outer wall 26 and an inner wall 27 which are in cross-section, both of lobed form.
  • the inner wall 27 is similar to the inner wall 17 of the sheath 12 of the first embodiment and is provided with recesses 28 and projections 29.
  • the outer wall 26 has recesses and projections respectively in correspondence of the projections and recesses of the inner wall 27.
  • the armature 30 of the third embodiment shown in FIG. 4 differs from the previously described armature 20 only in that the wires 13 and 14 are embedded in an elastomeric matrix 31 such as polybutadiene or the like. This matrix occupies the interstices between the wires 13, 14.
  • the elastomer 31 adheres to the yarns, by surface adhesion, preferably by chemical bonding with the sheath 22 to increase this adhesion.
  • the matrix may be a lubricant such as wax or grease to reduce friction between the wires and the sheath.
  • the armature 40 differs from the armature 30 described with reference to FIG. 4 by the external shape of the sheath 42.
  • the outer wall 46 of this sheath is no longer lobed shape in cross section, but of polygonal shape. This shape facilitates the juxtaposition of the reinforcements or strands in order to constitute a cable 50 such as that shown in FIG. 6.
  • the spaces between the strands 40 may be occupied by a matrix similar to that described above.
  • the strand thus obtained according to one of the embodiments has a mechanical strength, a modulus of elasticity, fatigue performance and ductility of equivalent values and even equal to those of each wire constituting it.
  • the strand In order to be packaged and transported into the area of the construction work, the strand is wound on a drum by performing a complete twist on a lathe.
  • the pitch is of the order of one to three meters so that residual stresses in the elastic domain are stored in each constituent wire.
  • the reinforcement obtained according to one of the embodiments is implemented within the structure 1 to have the function of one of the cables 4 or lines 5.
  • a portion the armature for example the end, is stripped by removing the sheath.
  • the son thus stripped are fixed by means of jaws, for example in the ground anchors 6, and the rest of the armature extends towards the pillars 3 so as to work the armature in traction.
  • the set of son 13,14 are for example collectively stuck in the anchor jaw.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Installation Of Indoor Wiring (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
  • Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)
  • Details Of Indoor Wiring (AREA)
  • Electric Cable Installation (AREA)
EP00962608A 1999-09-15 2000-09-12 Cable a fils paralleles pour structure d'ouvrage de construction, ancrage d'un tel cable, et procede d'ancrage Expired - Lifetime EP1129264B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9911515A FR2798408B1 (fr) 1999-09-15 1999-09-15 Cable a fils paralleles pour structure d'ouvrage de construction, ancrage d'un tel cable, et procede d'ancrage
FR9911515 1999-09-15
PCT/FR2000/002509 WO2001020096A1 (fr) 1999-09-15 2000-09-12 Cable a fils paralleles pour structure d'ouvrage de construction, ancrage d'un tel cable, et procede d'ancrage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1129264A1 EP1129264A1 (fr) 2001-09-05
EP1129264B1 true EP1129264B1 (fr) 2006-03-01

Family

ID=9549850

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00962608A Expired - Lifetime EP1129264B1 (fr) 1999-09-15 2000-09-12 Cable a fils paralleles pour structure d'ouvrage de construction, ancrage d'un tel cable, et procede d'ancrage

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (2) US6560807B1 (enExample)
EP (1) EP1129264B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP3910066B2 (enExample)
AT (1) ATE318968T1 (enExample)
AU (1) AU7427400A (enExample)
DE (1) DE60026330T2 (enExample)
DK (1) DK1129264T3 (enExample)
ES (1) ES2258473T3 (enExample)
FR (1) FR2798408B1 (enExample)
PT (1) PT1129264E (enExample)
WO (1) WO2001020096A1 (enExample)

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JP2002339279A (ja) * 2001-05-14 2002-11-27 Times Engineering:Kk 建築土木用引張ケーブル
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PT1606456E (pt) * 2003-03-24 2010-03-31 Soletanche Freyssinet Cabo de estrutura de obra de arte
CN100554589C (zh) * 2003-06-02 2009-10-28 弗里希尼特斯特普公司 固定平行的金属缆索的方法
US7891070B2 (en) * 2007-04-14 2011-02-22 Air Logistics Corporation Method for handling elongate strength members
AT504886B1 (de) * 2007-09-10 2008-09-15 Thal Hermann Dipl Ing Bandförmiges vorspannelement
US7803465B2 (en) * 2008-06-17 2010-09-28 Specialty Minerals (Michigan) Inc. Strand cladding of calcium wire
JP2009068333A (ja) * 2008-12-15 2009-04-02 Sumitomo Denko Steel Wire Kk プレハブケーブルの取り扱い方法
EP2367990A1 (en) * 2008-12-18 2011-09-28 NV Bekaert SA A cord for reinforcement of a cementitious matrix
KR101137474B1 (ko) * 2009-12-24 2012-04-20 재단법인 포항산업과학연구원 자기장 케이블 및 이를 이용한 진동 저감 구조
KR101171039B1 (ko) * 2010-09-02 2012-08-06 오베아룹코리아(주) 주경간 긴장수단을 이용한 일부 및 전부 타정식 사장교와 그 시공 방법
US8438826B2 (en) * 2010-10-11 2013-05-14 Wireco Worldgroup Inc. Four strand blackened wire rope
US8474219B2 (en) 2011-07-13 2013-07-02 Ultimate Strength Cable, LLC Stay cable for structures
US20120260590A1 (en) * 2011-04-12 2012-10-18 Lambert Walter L Parallel Wire Cable
US9909419B2 (en) * 2012-03-09 2018-03-06 Nv Bekaert Sa Strand, cable bolt and its installation
JP6161397B2 (ja) * 2013-05-16 2017-07-12 大成建設株式会社 Ｐｃケーブル
CN105421244B (zh) * 2015-12-10 2017-07-28 江苏法尔胜缆索有限公司 一种悬索桥主缆用预制平行钢丝预成型索股的制作方法
FR3051484A1 (fr) * 2016-05-18 2017-11-24 Michelin & Cie Element de renfort pour bandage, produit renforce comprenant un tel element de renfort, bandage comprenant un tel element de renfort ou produit renforce, et procede de fabrication d'un tel element de renfort
EP3284865B1 (en) * 2016-08-19 2023-01-18 VSL International AG Cable anchorage with seal element and prestressing system comprising such anchorage
JP6936059B2 (ja) * 2017-06-30 2021-09-15 株式会社ブリヂストン ゴム物品補強用スチールコード
JP2024513745A (ja) * 2021-03-23 2024-03-27 シーエムティーイー ディベロップメント リミテッド 炭素繊維ロックボルト

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EP1129264A1 (fr) 2001-09-05
DE60026330D1 (de) 2006-04-27
JP2003509604A (ja) 2003-03-11
FR2798408B1 (fr) 2002-01-18
US6560807B1 (en) 2003-05-13
US20030110583A1 (en) 2003-06-19
PT1129264E (pt) 2006-07-31
ATE318968T1 (de) 2006-03-15
DE60026330T2 (de) 2006-10-19
DK1129264T3 (da) 2006-07-10
HK1038252A1 (en) 2002-03-08
JP3910066B2 (ja) 2007-04-25
US6658684B2 (en) 2003-12-09
AU7427400A (en) 2001-04-17
ES2258473T3 (es) 2006-09-01
FR2798408A1 (fr) 2001-03-16
WO2001020096A1 (fr) 2001-03-22

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