EP1106033A1 - Element chauffant a surface de resistance - Google Patents

Element chauffant a surface de resistance

Info

Publication number
EP1106033A1
EP1106033A1 EP99941575A EP99941575A EP1106033A1 EP 1106033 A1 EP1106033 A1 EP 1106033A1 EP 99941575 A EP99941575 A EP 99941575A EP 99941575 A EP99941575 A EP 99941575A EP 1106033 A1 EP1106033 A1 EP 1106033A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
heating element
conductor
layers
element according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP99941575A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1106033B1 (fr
Inventor
Manfred Elsässer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP1106033A1 publication Critical patent/EP1106033A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1106033B1 publication Critical patent/EP1106033B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • H05B3/36—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/011—Heaters using laterally extending conductive material as connecting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/016—Heaters using particular connecting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a resistance surface heating element.
  • Electrical resistance heating elements are becoming versatile, e.g. used for heating rooms. Compared to heating elements with rod-shaped, tubular or spiral-shaped resistors, those with resistance areas have proven to be particularly advantageous, since the heat can be given off over the entire area of a resistance layer.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a resistance surface heating element, hereinafter referred to only as a heating element, which meets these requirements, which allows operation with mains voltage, and which can also be simply connected and installed electrically, and in which several electrically conductive layers are provided, in which contact electrodes are inserted or applied in such a way that only a selected number of contact electrodes are reached at a predetermined point when the heating element is contacted.
  • a grounded resistance surface heater which can be protected by a residual current circuit breaker (FI). It consists of an insulating carrier film with a conductive layer on the one hand, which serves as a heating layer and is to be connected to the electrical power supply, and a further, electrically conductive coating on the other side as the layer to be grounded.
  • the external, conductive layers can also be covered by electrically insulating layers
  • a serious disadvantage of this type of panel heating is that it is in operation, i.e. When the power supply is switched on, there is always a capacitive feedback between the heating layer and the earthed layer, which causes a more or less strong leakage current at the earthed layer depending on the size of the heating surface.
  • a suitable residual current circuit breaker must be selected with regard to the size of a given heating element or vice versa, that the size of a desired heating element must be adapted to the residual current tolerance of a given Fl circuit breaker, in order not to cause a premature and undesirable triggering of the Fl circuit breaker to effect.
  • a resistance heating surface is separated by an insulating layer from a second conductive layer to be grounded, in particular a metal protective film, the layer to be grounded either being designed as a fuse made of easily meltable metal or a fuse in the circuit of the heating layer and / or grounded layer is installed.
  • the external conductive layers can be covered by insulating layers.
  • an additional metal foil, designed as a fuse can be attached to the rear of the heating surface, which is also delimited from the heating surface by an insulating layer.
  • the present invention is based on the knowledge that by essentially completely keeping the earth conductor (protective conductor) free from capacitive leakage currents, total independence between the type of FI device and the size of the heating element can be achieved.
  • This has considerable advantages over the known flat heating elements both for use in practice and for the approval and protection class certification procedures according to the standard regulations of the relevant technical inspection services.
  • it is now possible to equip buildings or other objects with electrical surface heating of any size without having to take special account of the mostly already existing Fl protection switch.
  • protection class certification for the heating elements according to the invention can also be carried out and issued independently of the size.
  • capacitive fault currents on the earth conductor (protective conductor) were also undesirable fault parameters due to additional phase shifts in the FI area.
  • This first conductor layer which acts as an additional neutral conductor, basically prevents capacitive coupling between the resistance heating surface and the protective conductor.
  • the neutral conductor capacitively shields the protective conductor from the resistance heating surface.
  • the flat neutral conductor and the flat protective conductor above ter are at the same potential; Therefore, no capacitive fault current can flow through the protective conductor between these two flat conductors, regardless of the size of the entire heating surface, which may also be composed of individual elements.
  • one contact electrode of the resistance layer is connected to the neutral conductor and the other to the phase, as a result of which a current flow is generated in the surface of the resistance layer, which heats up and releases the heat to the surroundings.
  • the heating element according to the invention can be contacted with simple means.
  • electrical contacting can be carried out by introducing contact elements, e.g. of contact tabs, which extend through the thickness of the heating element. Is such a contact nose, each electrically either with the phase, the
  • the structure of the heating element according to the invention also allows a non-positive or positive connection between the power supply and the contact electrodes.
  • a connection can be produced by contacting means which contact the contact electrodes in depth.
  • clamps can be used which engage at predetermined points from above and below via electrically conductive contact tongues or contact teeth in the heating element.
  • Such contact m Depth is only possible with the heating element according to the invention. If an additional protective conductor and a shield were attached to conventional heating elements, a short circuit between the individual layers was generated by the pressure for introducing the contact element and by the contact element itself.
  • the contacting m of the depth offers the advantage over the precise connection of predetermined contact electrodes that the positive connection between the heating element and the power supply can also withstand tensile and shear loads.
  • the heating element according to the invention can be operated with mains voltage, the structural outlay for such a heating element is low. Transformers and other large components that were necessary for low voltage elements are unnecessary in the heating element according to the invention. As a result of this low design effort, there are a multitude of possible uses for the heating element according to the invention.
  • the entire heating element can be enclosed in a watertight manner by external insulating layers and thereby a danger when touching the flat heating element can be avoided.
  • the insulation of the contact electrodes according to claim 5 prevents them from protruding from the heating element.
  • the insulation of the entire heating element, in particular the contact electrodes, is of great importance, in particular when used in a moist environment, for example in the case of splashing water, in order to be able to ensure safety when using the heating element.
  • a suitable Nete contacting possible, for example, via contact lugs or contact teeth.
  • Preferred materials for the resistance mass are described in claim 5.
  • the use of an electrically conductive polymer in the resistance mass has the advantage, among other things, that with a suitable choice of the polymer, the performance of the heating element can be increased compared to the performance when using carbon black.
  • the embodiment according to claim 7 has the further advantage that e.g. when using electrically conductive polymers, the entire heating element has a high flexibility and is resistant to mechanical loads and thermal fluctuations due to the elasticity, and can be easily stored, transported and installed without mechanical damage.
  • the heating element contains openings which e.g. can have a circular shape and an attachment of the heating element e.g. enable on the wall or on the floor. Through the openings, an attachment part, e.g. a screw to be passed through without short-circuiting the conductive layers and the resistance layer.
  • the structure of the heating element according to claim 10 offers contacting options at various points on the heating element.
  • the suitable contact electrode is selected in the respective layer from which the path to the power supply line is the smallest.
  • an embodiment in accordance with claim 11 is preferred, since heating over the entire area of the partial regions delimited by the contact electrodes of the resistance layer is achieved.
  • the area to be heated can be adapted to the width of the heating element and, in an embodiment with a plurality of contact electrode pairs, the resistance layer can be varied between the distance of a pair of contact electrodes and the entire width of the heating element.
  • the cut-shaped distances between the partial areas of the respective layer create possible cut edges at which the heating element can be divided. If the heating element is cut through in such a region that is free of resistance mass or conductive material, contacting possibilities again arise due to the continuous contact electrodes. The heating element can thus erfmdungsge94e j e as necessary to any great be cut without the benefits of projecting beyond the subregion contact electrodes banks and the resulting Kontak- go t istsmogrete lost.
  • the partial areas are arranged according to claim 14 so that when a heating element according to the invention is cut it is ensured that none of the partial areas m of the resistance layer or m of the first or second conductor layer is open at the cut edge, i.e. is uninsulated; Safe contacting is possible.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic exploded view of a heating element according to the invention
  • Figure 2 plan view of an embodiment of the heating element with partial areas
  • Figure 3 is a schematic exploded view of a heating element with sections
  • FIG. 1 shows a heating element 1 in which a resistance layer 10 is arranged between two contact electrodes 11, 12 extending along the sides of the resistance layer 10. This resistance layer 10 with the contact electrodes 11, 12 lies between two insulating layers 70, 40.
  • a first conductor layer 20 is arranged on the upper insulating layer 40 and has a contact electrode 21 on one side in the edge region.
  • first conductor layer 20 there is a further insulating layer 50 which separates the conductor layer 20 from the second conductor layer 30.
  • the second conductor layer 30 also has a contact electrode 31 on one side.
  • a further insulating layer 60 is arranged on the second conductor layer.
  • the contact electrode 21 of the first conductor layer 20 following the resistance layer (10) exactly overlaps with the contact electrode 12 of the resistance layer. In this way, contact can be made by introducing a contact element, for example a contact lug or contact tongue, through these two contact electrodes.
  • the contact electrode 21 of the first conductor layer 20 designed as an additional neutral conductor and the contact electrode 12 of the resistance layer 10 functioning as a neutral conductor are connected to the neutral conductor of the power supply.
  • the contact electrode 31 of the second conductor layer 30, which is designed as a protective conductor to be grounded is preferably laterally offset from the contact electrodes 12 and 21 and is therefore not congruent in the projection thereof. In the embodiment shown, the contact electrode 31 is laterally offset to the left relative to the contact electrodes 21 and 12.
  • the contact electrode 31 it is also within the scope of the invention to position the contact electrode 31 to the right relative to the contact electrodes 12, 21, ie in the direction of the two th contact electrode 11 of the resistance layer 10 to be arranged offset.
  • a contact element is pierced by this contact electrode 31, only this contact is made with the power supply. A short circuit with the further contact electrodes 12 and 21 cannot occur.
  • the heating element can thus be earthed without leakage currents occurring, as detailed above.
  • the second contact electrode 11 of the resistance layer 10 is connected to the phase of the power supply.
  • the ends of the contact electrodes 11, 12, 21, 31 protrude on one side beyond the respective layers 10, 20, 30.
  • the contacting of the contact electrodes, which takes place in this protruding area, can thus be carried out by contact elements which extend through the heating element without producing a short circuit with another layer.
  • Openings 14, 24, 34 in layers 10, 20, 30 are also shown in FIG. These openings 14, 24, 34 are arranged in the respective layers 10, 20, 30 in such a way that they overlap one another in projection.
  • a screw can be passed through these openings. The screw only comes into contact with the insulating layers 40, 50, 60, 70, but not with the electrically conductive layers 20, 30 and the resistance layer 10. This prevents a short circuit between the layers 10, 20, 30, so that a reliable there is a secure fastening possibility for the heating element according to the invention.
  • the contact electrodes are arranged on the respective layers on the edge. However, it is also within the scope of the invention to arrange the contact electrodes in this way. NEN, that this is a distance from the edge in the edge region of the respective layer.
  • An advantage of the heating element according to the invention is, on the one hand, the simple and reliable possibility of contacting through the arrangement of the contact electrodes to one another and the possibility of being able to operate this heating element with 220 V AC voltage.
  • the heating element When the heating element is supplied with mains voltage, it must be possible to ground the element. This is generated by the second conductor layer.
  • the contact electrode 31 of the second conductor layer is connected to the protective lead of the power supply.
  • the first conductor layer 20 is provided to shield this protective conductor from the resistance layer and the contact electrodes therein. This is connected to the neutral conductor of the power supply and at the same time contacted with the one contact electrode of the resistance layer.
  • FIG. 2 shows the top view of a further embodiment of the heating element according to the invention.
  • the insulating layer 60 is not shown in this figure.
  • the second conductor layer 30 has two contact electrodes 31, 31 '. These contact electrodes are each assigned to a pair of contact electrodes 11, 12 or 11 ', 12' of the resistance layer 10. Furthermore, each contact electrode pair is assigned a contact electrode 21 or 21 'of the first conductor layer 20. The contact electrodes 12, 21 and 12 ', 21' coincide completely. The contact electrodes 31 and 31 ', however, are laterally offset from these overlapping contact electrodes 12, 21, 12', 21 '.
  • the distance between the electrodes 31 and 12, 21 is small compared to the distance between the contact electrodes 11 and 12 of the resistance layer.
  • the current generated when the voltage is applied takes place in the area between the contact electrodes 11, 12. river, so that this area is heated.
  • the contact electrode 11 is spaced n projection from the contact electrode 31 ', which is assigned to the next pair of contact electrodes 11', 12 '. This distance is also small compared to the distance between the pair of electrodes 11, 12 or 11 ', 12'.
  • partial areas 13, 23, 33 are provided, in which there is conductive material in the conductor layers 20, 30 and resistance mass 10 in the resistance layer.
  • the partial areas 13, 23, 33 of the individual layers overlap one another in a projection. There are distances between these sub-areas in which there is neither resistance mass nor electrically conductive material. These distances extend in the form of strips across the entire width of the heating element. In contrast to the dimensions of the partial areas 13, 23, 33, the dimension of the strip is small. The distances serve as possible cutting edges S when dividing the heating element according to the invention. Only the insulating layers and the contact electrodes extending through the entire length of the heating element are present at these distances.
  • different areas of the heating element 1 can be connected to the power supply and thereby heated.
  • contacting the contact electrodes 11 ', 12 in the resistance layer with further connection of the conductor layers 20, 30 via the contact electrodes 21, 31 is possible. With such contacting, the heating element is distributed over its entire width and over the length
  • the distance between the partial areas is preferably kept small in order to minimize the loss of area over which heat is emitted.
  • FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of a heating element 1 with partial areas 13, 23, 33.
  • the position of the contact electrodes in the individual layers and in particular the relative position of the contact electrodes of the individual layers to one another can be seen.
  • the insulating layers 40, 50, 60, 70 are not shown in FIG. 3.
  • the insulating layers are dimensioned such that they extend in the longitudinal and width directions beyond the surfaces 10, 20, 30 and preferably cover the contact electrodes projecting beyond the ends of the layers.
  • the size of the heating element according to the invention is variable. Widths of e.g. B. 250 mm, 500 mm, 625 mm, 1000 mm, 1250 mm or 1.5 m can be realized.
  • the distance between the contact electrodes of the resistance layer, each forming a pair of contact electrodes can also be varied. For example, Distances of e.g. 10 cm should be provided. Also a finer subdivision, i.e. a smaller distance between the electrodes of the pair of contact electrodes is possible. Such a finer subdivision enables the heating element to be cut to an arbitrary width in an embodiment as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the heating element is severed at a point S 'which lies between a contact electrode 11 of the resistance layer and the contact electrode 31' of the second conductor layer. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, this resulted in two separate heating elements that can be used directly.
  • the heating element according to the invention thus has the further advantage that it can provide a plurality of contacting options over the width, through the presence of a plurality of contact electrode pairs, and over the length, through the distances between the partial areas.
  • the resistance layer can also consist of a carrier material which is coated with a resistance mass. Plastic fabrics, glass fiber mats, nonwovens and the like can be used as the carrier material.
  • any other internal or external insulation layer can also be designed as a support layer for the respectively adjacent or adjacent conductor layer (s).
  • the conductor layers are preferably produced from the same material as the resistance layer.
  • the use of electrically conductive polymers is particularly preferred.
  • the thickness of the individual layers of the heating element can be selected differently depending on the area of application.
  • the outer insulating layers also serve to protect against mechanical damage and can have a thickness of 50-200 ⁇ m, preferably 100 ⁇ m, for example.
  • the insulating layer lying between the resistance layer and the first conductor layer can e.g. have a thickness of 50-100 ⁇ m, preferably 75 ⁇ m, and a smaller thickness of, for example, 10-50 ⁇ m, preferably 30 ⁇ m, can be selected for the insulating layer arranged between the first and second conductor layers.
  • the thickness of the resistance layer varies in particular depending on the material used. If the resistance layer consists of a material that, for. B. is printed directly on the insulating layer, the thickness can be small, z. B. 10 microns. The resistance layer has a greater thickness in cases in which it comprises a carrier material. Here thicknesses of z. B. 3000 microns can be selected.
  • the thickness of the first conductor layer is typically in the range from 10 to 50 ⁇ m, for example, and that of the second conductor layer in the range from 50 to 100 ⁇ m.
  • the individual layers of the heating element according to the invention can be connected to one another by conventional methods.
  • the resistance layer and the conductor layers or the respective subregions in these layers are preferably applied to an insulating layer in the form of a heating lacquer film which comprises an electrically conductive polymer.
  • These insulating layers covered with the conductive material are provided with contact electrodes either during the coating process or subsequently.
  • the laminates produced in this way are then joined together.
  • the material of the resistance layer or the electrically conductive layers itself can serve as an adhesive. But it is also within the scope of the invention, the individual layers or prefabricated laminates by introducing plastic films such. B. polyester films and subsequent thermal treatment.
  • the contact electrodes can be incorporated into the resistance layer or conductor layer or fastened to it. Either the material of the
  • the insulating layers can consist of known insulating materials, e.g. B. made of polyester and can be used in the form of films.
  • the amount by which the contact electrodes protrude beyond at least one side of the respective layer can be, for example, 5 mm.
  • the distance between the sub-areas that are covered with resistance mass or electrically conductive material are layered, z. B. 10 mm. If the heating element is cut through in the middle of this distance, ie 5 mm from the next partial area, two heating element parts are created, each with several contacting options at the cutting edge.
  • the length of the subareas can e.g. B. 200 mm.
  • the partial areas can also be divided into themselves.
  • at certain distances in the longitudinal and / or width direction at distances of e.g. 10 mm narrow strips of, for example, 3 mm are provided, which are free of resistance mass or electrically conductive material. These strips allow the insulating layers to be welded at these points and thus the strength of the entire heating element, i. H. especially the adhesion of the individual layers, improved.
  • a thermal treatment of the cut edge can be carried out at the same time when the heating element is divided, as a result of which the contact electrodes are welded into the insulating layers.
  • an embodiment of the heating element according to the invention is preferably selected which has the resistance mass and the conductive material only in m partial areas and in which a plurality of electrode pairs are provided in the resistance layer, the electrodes a pair of contact electrodes in the first and second conductor layers.
  • the distances between the partial areas, or the distances between the contact electrode of the resistance layer and a contact electrode of the first or second conductor layer laterally offset in projection, define cut edges along which the heating element according to the invention can be divided. It is therefore possible to cut the heating element into the desired size on site and to contact it with the power supply. Due to the large number of contact electrode pairs in the resistance layer, several contact possibilities are given across the width of the heating element, which can be selected depending on the position of the power supply and the area to be heated.
  • the position of the contact electrodes and of the partial areas or of the resistance layer and conductor layer is preferably marked on the top and bottom insulating layers, so that the user can easily recognize the possible contact points.

Landscapes

  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
  • Central Heating Systems (AREA)
  • Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
  • Cookers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un élément chauffant à surface de résistance (1), qui présente au moins une couche de résistance (10), deux couches conductrices (20, 30), ainsi que des couches isolantes (40, 50) placées respectivement entre lesdites couches (10, 20, 30). La première couche conductrice se présente sous la forme d'un conducteur neutre et la deuxième couche (30) conductrice sous la forme d'un conducteur de protection. Dans un mode de réalisation préférée de l'invention, la couche de résistance (10) présente respectivement une électrode de contact (11, 12), des deux côtés, dans la zone du bord, et la première et la deuxième couche conductrice (20, 30) comportent chacune une électrode de contact (21, 31) dans la zone du bord; les électrodes de contact (11, 12, 21, 31) font saillie dans le sens longitudinal sur au moins un côté au-dessus de leurs couches respectives (10, 20, 30); une électrode de contact (12) de la première couche de résistance (10) coïncide avec l'électrode de contact (21) de la première couche conductrice (20); la deuxième électrode de contact (31) de la couche de résistance (30) et l'électrode de contact (12) de la deuxième couche conductrice (10) sont décalées l'une par rapport à l'autre et par rapport à l'électrode (21) de contact de la première couche conductrice (20).
EP99941575A 1998-08-10 1999-08-10 Element chauffant a surface de resistance Expired - Lifetime EP1106033B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19836148A DE19836148A1 (de) 1998-08-10 1998-08-10 Widerstandsflächenheizelement
DE19836148 1998-08-10
PCT/EP1999/005842 WO2000010365A1 (fr) 1998-08-10 1999-08-10 Element chauffant a surface de resistance

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1106033A1 true EP1106033A1 (fr) 2001-06-13
EP1106033B1 EP1106033B1 (fr) 2003-02-12

Family

ID=7877057

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99941575A Expired - Lifetime EP1106033B1 (fr) 1998-08-10 1999-08-10 Element chauffant a surface de resistance

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US6426489B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1106033B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE232676T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU747734B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2340164A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19836148A1 (fr)
EA (1) EA002670B1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2193740T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000010365A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200100940B (fr)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE59904286D1 (de) 2003-03-20
ZA200100940B (en) 2002-02-04
EP1106033B1 (fr) 2003-02-12
WO2000010365A1 (fr) 2000-02-24
DE19836148A1 (de) 2000-03-02
US6426489B1 (en) 2002-07-30
AU5513999A (en) 2000-03-06
AU747734B2 (en) 2002-05-23
ATE232676T1 (de) 2003-02-15
EA200100232A1 (ru) 2001-08-27
EA002670B1 (ru) 2002-08-29
CA2340164A1 (fr) 2000-02-24
ES2193740T3 (es) 2003-11-01

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