EP1092644B1 - Couvercle avec étiquette fabriquée à partir d'un film anisotrope préorienté - Google Patents
Couvercle avec étiquette fabriquée à partir d'un film anisotrope préorienté Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1092644B1 EP1092644B1 EP00122097A EP00122097A EP1092644B1 EP 1092644 B1 EP1092644 B1 EP 1092644B1 EP 00122097 A EP00122097 A EP 00122097A EP 00122097 A EP00122097 A EP 00122097A EP 1092644 B1 EP1092644 B1 EP 1092644B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lid
- label
- tear
- lid label
- adhesive
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D51/00—Closures not otherwise provided for
- B65D51/16—Closures not otherwise provided for with means for venting air or gas
- B65D51/1672—Closures not otherwise provided for with means for venting air or gas whereby venting occurs by manual actuation of the closure or other element
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D51/00—Closures not otherwise provided for
- B65D51/24—Closures not otherwise provided for combined or co-operating with auxiliary devices for non-closing purposes
- B65D51/246—Closures not otherwise provided for combined or co-operating with auxiliary devices for non-closing purposes provided with eating utensils or spatulas
- B65D51/247—Closures not otherwise provided for combined or co-operating with auxiliary devices for non-closing purposes provided with eating utensils or spatulas located between an inner and an outer closure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2577/00—Packages formed by enclosing articles or materials in preformed containers, e.g. boxes, cartons, sacks, bags
- B65D2577/10—Container closures formed after filling
- B65D2577/20—Container closures formed after filling by applying separate lids or covers
- B65D2577/2041—Pull tabs
- B65D2577/205—Pull tabs integral with the closure
Definitions
- the invention relates to a lid for a food container, with a lid label, that in at least one essentially continuous connection zone with the cover is connected, and with one covered by the lid label, by at least sections Peeling off the lid label in a peeling direction exposed functional area of the lid, such as in particular a ventilation opening or a receiving trough for one Spoon, the functional area being arranged outside the connection zone of the lid is.
- lids with lid labels are known and are used, for example, for closing of soup containers for ready-made or instant soups, of containers for frozen foods or used by ice cream containers.
- Soup containers and frozen food containers often have the problem that the Pressure inside the container increases as the soup is heated. To prevent that the lid drops due to the excess pressure inside the container, the excess pressure must be released become. To do this, the lid is provided with vents, which are usually are covered by a lid label. For warming up the soup or frozen food the vents can be exposed by a section of the lidding film is subtracted. The overpressure can be released through the exposed ventilation openings escape inside the soup bowl
- Ice cream containers are often accompanied by a spoon, which is in the lid in a recess is included. For hygienic reasons, this recess is through the lid label covered so that no dirt can get to the spoon. To spoon out To be able to remove the cover, the section above the receiving trough must be the lid label are peeled off.
- vents and troughs which are a perceive additional function of the lid, simply referred to as functional areas.
- lid labels with tear lines are in a separate Manufacturing process and its course adapted to the functional area to be exposed Need to become. This is complex and expensive.
- the invention has for its object to avoid these disadvantages and the manufacturing costs to reduce the lid label.
- this object is achieved for a lid of the type mentioned solved that the lid label from an anisotropic, pre-oriented polymer film from long-chain Molecules with a preferred direction of crack propagation, the long-chain molecules essentially parallel to the pulling direction and thus to the direction of crack propagation are aligned.
- the lid label is made according to the invention from an anisotropic film, the mechanical properties are strongly dependent on the direction and in which the course of the crack predetermined preferred direction, the crack propagation direction follows. If you tear such a thing Lid label anywhere, so the crack doesn't go uncontrolled, like in the prior art, but follows regardless of where the lid label is torn was always the direction of crack propagation. By aligning the preferred direction of crack propagation each tear spreads parallel to the direction in which the lid label is peeled off clean crack in the pulling direction and can be used to expose the functional area be used.
- the film is pre-oriented, so it has the anisotropic properties before the lid labels are made from the film by punching, cutting, etc. This eliminates the additional work step, as in the prior art by the Subsequent punching of the tear lines in the lid label is necessary.
- a shrink film packaging is known from US-A-4903843 anisotropy in the meadow during the previous stretching and subsequent shrinking process is achieved that the tearing is facilitated; However, this film is also additional Weakening required. There is a parallel alignment of the molecules of the film not given with such a shrink film.
- a cost-effective application of the lid label on the lid results if in a further embodiment of the lid, the lid label with an adhesive layer is glued on.
- the lid label can be used as a self-adhesive label be trained.
- lid labels can be used any shape cut out of a large sheet of self-adhesive film become. A subsequent coating of the lid label with adhesive is not necessary.
- the self-adhesive label above the functional area be designed non-adhesive.
- this prevents the Lid labels on the edges of the functional area, where high mechanical loads occur, and the label on the lid can easily tear when removed, and on the other hand that, for example, objects present in the functional area on Stick the lid label on.
- the cover of the tray for the spoon for ice cream containers of the spoons sticks to the lid label; for food container lids for ready-made soups and frozen meals is avoided that parts of the container contents on the lid label stick.
- the area of the lid label above the Functional area be adhesive-free.
- Exposing the functional area of the lid by pulling off the lid label is facilitated in a further advantageous embodiment in that the Connection zone in which the lid label is connected to the lid, a peeling area bounded in which the functional area is arranged.
- the peel area is the section of the lid label that exposes the functional area is pulled off the lid. To completely expose the functional area, corresponds to the width of the peeling area in the direction transverse to the crack propagation direction at least the width of the functional area. The peel area can easier to pull off the lid when it is not connected to the lid.
- the pull-off area essentially changes the pull-off is continuous to an edge of the lid label the peeling area and exposing the functional area to special simple way possible.
- the peeling area can be from Teared edge of the lid label and the functional area in a simple way be exposed.
- the film from which the lid label is made can be made from a pre-stretched film be produced by the stretching anisotropic, highly directional mechanical Preserves properties and is therefore pre-oriented.
- the mechanical resilience the film is greatly reduced at a certain angle to the stretching direction, so that when a crack occurs, the crack almost exclusively becomes the preferred one Crack propagation direction - essentially parallel to the stretch direction - the Spreads out foil.
- lid label Cost-effective production of the lid label in just a few steps arises when the lid label is composed essentially of a film layer is. This has compared to known lid labels that consist of several laminated or laminated layers are built up, a considerable cost advantage.
- the film from which the lid label is made be printed directly. This avoids having separately printed labels to be stuck on the lid label and the number of times to produce the The necessary steps for lid labels are reduced. This leads to a reduction in costs in manufacturing costs.
- the film from which the lid label can be made is made of long-chain molecules, preferably made of a polymer his.
- the film from which the lid label can be made is made of long-chain molecules, preferably made of a polymer his.
- a gripping tab provides one Area of the lid label that is easy for a user to grasp by hand is, for example, by the gripping tab protruding from the lid label. So by pulling the gripping tab on the lid label according to the invention the pre-oriented film is also torn and the functional area is exposed the gripping tab on the lid label is in an area around the end a line arranged from the functional area along the preferred direction of crack propagation of the lid label runs.
- the width of the lid label across to the crack propagation direction corresponds approximately to the width of the peel area to the crack propagation direction or at least the functional area transverse to the crack propagation direction.
- the gripping tab can then be particularly advantageous in a further advantageous embodiment grasp easily if it is formed on the edge of the lid label. there the gripping tab can also protrude over the edge of the lid.
- the lid label can be a tear aid have, by which the tearing of the lid label is facilitated.
- the tear aid represents an area of the lid label in which the lid label in a mechanical Load, such as pulling on the gripping tab, first will tear down. This ensures that the lid label is in a narrow, predetermined area tears and that, due to the predetermined course of the crack along the preferred direction of crack propagation, the functional areas in the Lid can be reliably exposed.
- the Gripping tab in the area of the transition between the gripping tab and the lid label Punching should be appropriate. By punching it is also possible to Tensions when lifting the gripping tab to a certain, locally narrowly defined Focus area so that the crack begins on a small area is set.
- the tear corner or the punching can be done independently or individually be provided together.
- the tear aid in the vicinity of the intersection the edge of the lid label with a along the direction of crack propagation of the lid label extending line may be arranged by an area of the lid label that runs between an edge of the functional area and an edge of the connection zone facing the functional area.
- This arrangement of the tear aid is independent of its shape and independent by providing a gripping tab ensures that the at the tear corner and / or Punching created along the preferred direction of crack propagation Crack does not end in the connection area or above the functional area, but instead runs in such a way that the functional area can be reliably exposed.
- the invention also relates to a food container, which is a container in which a Food is stored, and a lid that closes the container comprises a lid label, the lid according to one of the above Refinements is formed.
- Fig. 1 shows a food container 1, here an ice cream container, with a Lid 2 and a container 3.
- the lid 2 closes the container 3 tightly.
- On a self-adhesive lid label 4 is glued to the lid 2.
- the lid label 4 covers a trough 5 in the lid 2, in which a spoon 6 is received.
- the shape of the lid label 4 corresponds essentially to the shape of the lid 2 in Layout.
- the lid label 4 has essentially continuous on its two long sides Areas 7a and 7b, which are provided with a pressure sensitive adhesive. In these Connection areas 7a, 7b, the lid label 4 is connected to the lid 2. There is essentially one between the two connecting regions 7a and 7b Consistently adhesive-free area 8.
- the adhesive-free area 8 is in the exemplary embodiment 1 is strip-shaped and lies over the receiving trough 5 for the spoon 6.
- a gripping tab 9 is arranged at one end of the area 8, which protrudes from the edge of the lid label 4 and in the embodiment of the Fig. 1 extends over the edge of the lid 2.
- the gripping tab 9 is gripped and pulled up in the direction of arrow 10.
- On both sides of the gripping tab 9 is in the transition region 11 between the gripping tab 9 and the edge of the Lid labels 4 each provided a tear aid 11.
- the tear aid 11 focuses the forces generated when pulling on the gripping tab 9 such that the lid label will tear down earlier at this point than at another point.
- the ones starting there Cracks propagate in the direction of crack propagation 12.
- By further Pulling the gripping tab 9 in the direction of the receiving trough 5 becomes an area 8a of the Cover labels 4 peeled off of the two, from the tear aid in the direction of crack propagation reproductive cracks is limited.
- This peel area 8a 5 lies within the adhesive-free region 8, its Edges run close and substantially parallel to the edge of the respective connection areas 7a and 7b, so that the lid label 4 when torn on one Side of the spreading crack is well held.
- the crack propagation direction 12 runs parallel to the pull-off direction 10 the width B of the gripping tab 9 is dimensioned transversely to the crack propagation direction 12, that they are larger than the width of the receiving trough 5 or another functional area and is less than or equal to the width of the adhesive-free area 8.
- tear the lid label 4 therefore in the area of the tearing aid 11 between the gripping tab 9 and Cover label 4, and the resulting crack then spreads in the direction of the crack 12, the crack reaches an area C between the edge of the receiving trough 5 and the edge of the adhesive-free area 8 and sets the receiving trough 5 free.
- This dimensioning guideline therefore ensures that when the lid label is torn in the area of the tearing aid 11, the tears run so that the receiving trough 5 or another functional area of the cover 2 is completely below the peeling area 8a.
- the adhesive areas 7a and 7b on the opposite of the gripping tab 9 Extend the end of the lid label 4 around the receiving trough and so that Connect the lid label to the lid on three sides of the receptacle 5.
- FIG. 2 shows the lid label 4 of FIG. 1 with the pull-off area already partially pulled off, so that part of the receiving trough 5 is already exposed.
- the crack edge 13 runs in the predetermined crack propagation direction of the pre-oriented one Foil from which the lid label 4 is made.
- the course of the crack extends essentially parallel to the extent of the receiving trough 5 in the longitudinal direction of the Spoon.
- 3A to 3C show different configurations of the tearing aid in the transition area 11 between the gripping tab 9 and the lid label 4.
- the exact location of the tear direction of the pre-oriented film is Area 11 designed such that the one exerted when the gripping tab is pulled up Force is concentrated on a small area of the lid label. In this area will tear the lid label.
- the Width of the pull-off area 8a assigned to the respective tear aid is determined become.
- the transition region 11 between the gripping tab 9 and the lid label 4 is as a sharp corner is formed in which through the connection areas 7a and 7b held lid label 4 will tear when pulling on the gripping tab 9. As soon as a crack has occurred in area 11, it spreads as you pull on the Gripping tab 9 in the pull-off direction 10, parallel to the preferred crack propagation direction the lid label.
- the area 11 is provided with an elongated stamping 14, which adjoins the side of the gripping tab 9 extends essentially in the direction of crack propagation 12.
- an elongated stamping 14 which adjoins the side of the gripping tab 9 extends essentially in the direction of crack propagation 12.
- Pulling up the gripping tab 9 creates a crack even when the tab is pulled slightly.
- the area 11 is provided with a wedge-shaped recess 15, the the bottom facing the bottom has a high curvature or a tip. At this tip of the recess 15, which thus forms a corner area, a crack occurs when the gripping tab 9 is pulled up.
- a punch 14 can also be provided.
- Fig. 4 the lid label according to the invention is applied to a lid which tightly seals a container for ready-made soups.
- the reference numerals in FIG. 4 correspond those of FIGS. 1 and 2.
- the lid label 4 is a self-adhesive label made of a pre-stretched polymer film.
- the lid label 4 again has two adhesive areas 7a and 7b, in which the Self-adhesive label 4 is adhesively connected to the lid 2.
- the two areas 7a and 7b are formed by a strip-shaped, with a cover film (not shown) covered area 8 separated from each other, which is rectilinear over the lid label extends. Within the rectilinear area 8 are at the edge areas of the cover 2 opposite one another two ventilation openings 16a and 16b arranged.
- the vent openings 16a and 16b must be used to heat the soup be exposed so that the excess pressure generated inside the container 3 can escape.
- the pull-off area 8a is pulled off by the cover label, as in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 on one of the gripping tabs is gripped, and the gripping tab is pulled up.
- area 11 are on both sides of the gripping tab 9 for easier cracking corner areas 15, which in a punch 14 lead provided.
- this punch 14 arises the crack that propagates in the crack propagation direction 12 when the gripping tab 9 is subtracted. This is due to the lying on both sides of the gripping tab
- Areas 11 of the peeling area 8a determine: the peeling area is again here starting from the areas 11 by the preferred crack propagation direction of the Cover film 4 determined.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Claims (20)
- Couvercle pour un récipient à produit alimentaire, avec une étiquette de couvercle, reliée au couvercle en au moins une zone de liaison essentiellement continue, et avec une zone fonctionnelle du couvercle couverte par l'étiquette de couvercle, susceptible d'être dégagée par un arrachage au moins d'une section de l'étiquette de couvercle dans une direction d'arrachage, comme particulièrement une ouverture d'aération ou bien une auge de réception pour une cuillère, la zone fonctionnelle étant disposée à l'extérieur de la zone de liaison du couvercle, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette de couvercle (4) est fabriquée à partir d'une feuille polymère pré-orientée, anisotrope, formée de molécules à chaíne longue, avec une direction de propagation de déchirement préférentielle (12), les molécules à chaíne longue étant orientées essentiellement parallèlement à la direction d'arrachage et, ainsi, à la direction de propagation de déchirement (12).
- Couvercle selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette de couvercle (4) est collée sur le couvercle (2) à l'aide d'une couche d'adhésif.
- Couvercle selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette de couvercle (4) est fabriquée à partir d'une étiquette auto-adhésive.
- Couvercle selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette auto-adhésive n'est pas adhésive dans la zone située au-dessus de la zone fonctionnelle (5, 16a, 16b)
- Couvercle selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette auto-adhésive est couverte d'une feuille de recouvrement, au-dessus de la zone fonctionnelle (5, 16a, 16b).
- Couvercle selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette auto-adhésive est essentiellement exempte d'adhésif au-dessus de la zone fonctionnelle (5, 15a, 16b).
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications citées ci-dessus, caractérisé en ce que la zone de liaison (7a, 7b) délimite une zone d'arrachage (8a) de l'étiquette de couvercle (4), dans laquelle est disposée l'ouverture de d'aération.
- Couvercle selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que la zone d'arrachage (8a) s'étend de façon essentiellement continue jusqu'à un bord de l'étiquette de couvercle (4).
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications citées ci-dessus, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette de couvercle (4) est fabriquée à partir d'une feuille pré-étirée.
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications citées ci-dessus, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette de couvercle (4) est constituée essentiellement d'une couche de feuille.
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications citées ci-dessus, caractérisé en ce que la feuille anisotrope pré-orientée est imprimée.
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications citées ci-dessus, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette de couvercle (4) est munie d'une patte de saisie (9) présentant, transversalement par rapport à la direction de propagation de déchirement préférentielle (12) de l'étiquette de couvercle (4), essentiellement la même largeur que la zone non adhésive se trouvant au-dessus de la zone fonctionnelle (5, 16a, 16b).
- Couvercle selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que la patte de saisie (9) est réalisée sur le bord de l'étiquette de couvercle (4).
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications citées ci-dessus, caractérisé en ce que l'étiquette de couvercle (4) est munie d'un moyen auxiliaire de déchirement initial (11), au moyen duquel le déchirement initial de l'étiquette de couvercle (4) est facilité.
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications 12 à 14, caractérisé en ce que le moyen auxiliaire de déchirement initial (11) est disposé dans la zone de la transition entre la patte de saisie (9) et l'étiquette de couvercle (4).
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications 14 ou 15, caractérisé en ce que le moyen auxiliaire de déchirement initial (11) est disposé dans l'environnement du point d'intersection du bord de l'étiquette de couvercle (4) avec une ligne s'étendant de long de la direction de propagation de déchirement (12) de l'étiquette de couvercle (4), qui part d'une zone (C) de l'étiquette de couvercle, située entre un bord de la zone fonctionnelle (5, 16a, 16b) et un bord, tourné vers la zone fonctionnelle, de la zone de liaison (7a, 7b).
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications 14 à 16, caractérisé en ce que le moyen auxiliaire de déchirement initial (11) présente un angle de déchirement ayant une portion à forte courbure.
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications 14 à 17, caractérisé en ce que le moyen auxiliaire de déchirement initial (11) présente un estampage.
- Couvercle selon l'une des revendications 12 à 18, caractérisé en ce que la patte de saisie est disposée dans une zone d'arrachage (8a).
- Récipient pour produit alimentaire, comprenant un récipient dans lequel est conservé un produit alimentaire et un couvercle obturant le récipient, caractérisé en ce que le couvercle (2) est réalisé selon l'une des revendications citées ci-dessus.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19948894 | 1999-10-11 | ||
DE19948894A DE19948894C1 (de) | 1999-10-11 | 1999-10-11 | Deckel mit Deckeletikett aus anisotroper, vororientierter Folie |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1092644A1 EP1092644A1 (fr) | 2001-04-18 |
EP1092644B1 true EP1092644B1 (fr) | 2003-04-16 |
Family
ID=7925207
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00122097A Expired - Lifetime EP1092644B1 (fr) | 1999-10-11 | 2000-10-11 | Couvercle avec étiquette fabriquée à partir d'un film anisotrope préorienté |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1092644B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE237523T1 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE19948894C1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7748560B2 (en) * | 2006-07-11 | 2010-07-06 | Taylor Fresh Vegetables, Inc. | Atmosphere controlled packaging for fresh foodstuffs |
US7748561B2 (en) * | 2006-07-11 | 2010-07-06 | Taylor Fresh Vegetables, Inc. | Atmosphere controlled packaging for fresh foodstuffs |
FR2944510B1 (fr) * | 2009-04-15 | 2011-06-17 | Europlastiques | Couvercle destine a fermer l'ouverture d'un contenant. |
CN106915559A (zh) * | 2017-04-01 | 2017-07-04 | 广东汇伟塑胶股份有限公司 | 一种密封有勺子的杯盖 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE8704836U1 (de) * | 1987-03-25 | 1987-06-11 | Folien Fischer AG, Dottikon | Folienumhüllung für Gegenstände, insbesondere Warenpackungen |
US4990345A (en) * | 1988-12-05 | 1991-02-05 | Webb John D | Package with compartmented closure assembly |
FI640U1 (fi) * | 1993-01-25 | 1993-04-13 | Prevex Ab Oy | Portionsfoerpackning |
DE9415949U1 (de) * | 1994-10-04 | 1994-11-17 | Zweckform Etikettiertechnik GmbH, 83607 Holzkirchen | Vorrichtung zur lösbaren Abdeckung eines Gegenstands, der sich in einer Vertiefung eines Aufnahmekörpers befindet |
-
1999
- 1999-10-11 DE DE19948894A patent/DE19948894C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-10-11 EP EP00122097A patent/EP1092644B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-10-11 AT AT00122097T patent/ATE237523T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-10-11 DE DE50001778T patent/DE50001778D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE237523T1 (de) | 2003-05-15 |
EP1092644A1 (fr) | 2001-04-18 |
DE50001778D1 (de) | 2003-05-22 |
DE19948894C1 (de) | 2000-07-06 |
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