EP1031710A1 - Auspuffvorrichtung - Google Patents

Auspuffvorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1031710A1
EP1031710A1 EP00102775A EP00102775A EP1031710A1 EP 1031710 A1 EP1031710 A1 EP 1031710A1 EP 00102775 A EP00102775 A EP 00102775A EP 00102775 A EP00102775 A EP 00102775A EP 1031710 A1 EP1031710 A1 EP 1031710A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
exhaust
pipes
pipe
chamber
muffler
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00102775A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1031710B1 (de
Inventor
Kazuaki K.K. Honda Gijutsu Kenkyusho Furukawa
Hideo c/o K.K. Honda Gijutsu Kenkyusho Amino
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Honda Motor Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Honda Motor Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Honda Motor Co Ltd filed Critical Honda Motor Co Ltd
Publication of EP1031710A1 publication Critical patent/EP1031710A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1031710B1 publication Critical patent/EP1031710B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F01N13/1838—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly characterised by the type of connection between parts of exhaust or silencing apparatus, e.g. between housing and tubes, between tubes and baffles
    • F01N13/1844—Mechanical joints
    • F01N13/1855—Mechanical joints the connection being realised by using bolts, screws, rivets or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/02—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by using resonance
    • F01N1/04—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by using resonance having sound-absorbing materials in resonance chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/089—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling using two or more expansion chambers in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/04—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more silencers in parallel, e.g. having interconnections for multi-cylinder engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2490/00—Structure, disposition or shape of gas-chambers
    • F01N2490/15—Plurality of resonance or dead chambers
    • F01N2490/155—Plurality of resonance or dead chambers being disposed one after the other in flow direction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2590/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines
    • F01N2590/04—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines for motorcycles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an exhaust assembly structure capable of improving output performance and extending the life thereof.
  • exhaust pipes 2, 5 extending backward from a V-type engine 1, shown in Fig. 1 of the publication are connected via respective connection pipes 4, 6 with an exhaust combining box 3, which is provided behind and below the engine 1 and at the middle part of the vehicle body in front of the rear wheel 7, as shown in Fig. 2 of the same publication.
  • a lower muffler 8 is communicated via an exhaust inlet 12 to the exhaust combining box 3, which is also connected via a connection pipe 13 with an upper muffler 11.
  • the communication pipes 4, 6 must be significantly bent in order to have them connected to the exhaust combining box 3 provided at the middle of the vehicle body.
  • the connection pipe 13 extending from the exhaust combining pipe 3 to the upper muffler 11 is also bent significantly. Therefore, exhaust resistances of the exhaust assemblies extending from the exhaust pipes 2, 5 to the respective mufflers 8, 11 become large, which makes it difficult to improve output performance.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide an exhaust assembly structure for reducing exhaust resistance to improve output performance.
  • an exhaust assembly structure in which exhaust pipes are extended backward from the respective cylinders of a multi-cylinder engine mounted to a motorcycle, the respective leading ends of these exhaust pipes are connected to an exhaust chamber for collecting exhaust gas, and the exhaust chamber is connected to a muffler, wherein the exhaust chamber is integrally formed with the muffler, and when the plurality of exhaust pipes are different in length, a longer exhaust pipe is set to have a larger diameter so that exhaust resistances in the respective exhaust pipes are set substantially equal.
  • the exhaust chamber is integrally provided with the muffler so that the plurality of exhaust pipes are provided in an arrangement closer to a straight line. Also, a longer exhaust pipe is set to have a larger diameter so that exhaust resistances of the respective exhaust pipes are set substantially equal.
  • the engine is a V-type engine.
  • An exhaust pipe connected to the front cylinder of the front and rear cylinders of a V-type engine, which has a longer pipe length, is set to have a larger diameter so that it has substantially equal exhaust resistance to that of the exhaust pipe connected to the rear cylinder.
  • the V-type engine has a 90° V-angle.
  • Figs. 1 to 9 illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which:
  • Fig. 1 is a side view of a motorcycle employing an exhaust assembly structure according to the present invention.
  • the motorcycle 1 comprises a vehicle frame 2, a head pipe 3 provided at the front end of the vehicle frame 2, a front fork 5 and a front wheel 6 to be operated using a handlebar 4, the front fork 5 being rotatably provided to the head pipe 3, the front wheel 6 being provided below the front fork 5, a fuel tank 7 provided behind the head pipe 3, an engine 8 provided below the fuel tank 7, exhaust pipes 11, 12 extending backward from the respective cylinders of the engine 8, a combined muffler 13 connected to the rear ends of the exhaust pipes 11, 12, and a transmission 14 integrally provided to the engine 8.
  • the motorcycle 1 comprises a swing arm 15 swingably installed below the middle part of the vehicle frame 1, a rear wheel 17 provided at the rear end of the swing arm 15 and to be driven by a chain (not shown) wound around an output axis of the transmission 14, seats 21, 22 provided behind the fuel tank 7, and rear suspension units 23, 23 (one on the other side being not shown) bridging between the vehicle frame 1 and the swing arm 15.
  • 8a indicates a front cylinder of the engine 8, which is connected to the leading end of the exhaust pipe 11; 8b indicates a rear cylinder of the engine 8, which is connected to the rear end of the exhaust pipe 12; 25 indicates a front fender; 26 indicates a headlamp; 27 indicates a speedometer; 28 indicates a mirror; 31 indicates a radiator; 32a indicates a front carburetor for fuel supply to the front cylinder 8a; 32b indicates a rear carburetor for fuel supply to the rear cylinder 8b; 34 indicates a rear step; and 35 indicates a rear fender.
  • the combined muffler 13 is provided, at its front end, with an exhaust chamber (to be described later) integrally formed thereon, which is connected to the exhaust pipes 11, 12.
  • the above motorcycle 1 is an American style vehicle suitable for a long drive, in which the seat 21 is set low, the handlebar 4 has a wide width and is set high so that the driver can sit in a comfortable posture, and the caster angle (an angle inclined with respect to a vertical straight line of the center line of a steering stem (not shown), and being substantially equal to the backward inclining angle of the front fork 5) is set large to achieve improved straight driving capability.
  • the engine 8 is a V-type twin engine having a V-angle set at 90° to reduce engine vibration.
  • Fig. 2 is an enlarged side view showing a supporting section of an exhaust assembly structure according to the present invention.
  • the motorcycle 1 comprises a bracket 41, welded below the middle part of the vehicle body frame 2, for supporting the exhaust assembly 37, and a stay 47 having a wide end 42 attached to the bracket 41 by means of bolts 43, 43, and a narrow end 44 attached to the lower bracket 45 of the combined muffler 13 by means of bolts 46, 46.
  • 51 indicates a heat shielding cover provided to the exhaust pipe 12 and 52 indicates a cover of the combined section.
  • Fig. 3 is a perspective view showing a supporting section of an exhaust assembly structure of the present invention, indicating that the stay 47 is attached by means of bolts 43, 43 to the bracket 41 welded to the vehicle frame 2.
  • the stay 47 is formed having one wide end 42, or the root, and gradually becoming thinner toward another section 44 thereof so that, when the combined muffler 13 (see Fig. 2) is attached to the leading end thereof, vertical stresses occurring in the respective sections thereof are substantially equal.
  • 53, 53 indicate bolt insertion slots where the bolts 43, 43 are inserted
  • 54, 54 indicate bolt insertion slots where the bolts 46, 46 (see Fig. 2) are inserted
  • nuts (not shown) for receiving the bolts 46, 46 are provided at the rear side thereof.
  • Fig. 4 is a cross sectional view showing a combined muffler of an exhaust assembly structure according to the present invention.
  • the combined muffler 13 has a front cap 62 provided at the front end of the large diameter tube section 61, and a rear cap 63 provided at the rear end of the large diameter tube section 61.
  • Inside of the large diameter tube section 61 is partitioned by a dividing wall 66 into an exhaust chamber section 64 for combining the exhaust gas, which is connected to the exhaust tubes 11, 12, and a silencer section 65 for reducing exhaust noise.
  • the exhaust chamber section 64 serves to combine and expand high pressured exhaust gas to thereby reduce the pressure thereof to suppress interference and pulsation of the exhaust gas, propagated from the front and rear cylinders 8a, 8b (see Fig. 1) to improve exhaust efficiency.
  • the space between the separation wall 66 and the rear cap 63 in the large diameter tube section 61 is separated by two separation walls 67, 68 to thereby form a first chamber 71, a second chamber 72, and a third chamber 73.
  • the separation wall 66 is provided with a communication tube 74 which communicates between the exhaust chamber section 64 and the first chamber 71 of the silencer section 65.
  • the separation walls 67, 68 are provided with a communication tube 75, which communicates between the first chamber 71 and the third chamber 73 of the silencer section 65.
  • a communication tube 76 which communicates between the second chamber 72 of the silencer section 65 and the outside of the combined muffler 13 is inserted in the separation wall 68.
  • the rear cap 63 is fixedly secured by the flange 77, which is attached to the communication tube 76, by means of a screw 78. Note that 63a indicates an opening formed on the rear cap 63.
  • the communication tube 76 has holes 81 formed therein, and is surrounded, around the holes 81, by a swollen part 83 filled with glass wool 82 for noise reduction.
  • Fig. 5 is a cross section view of Fig. 4 along the line 5-5, showing the separation wall 66 viewed from the rear side thereof.
  • the separation wall 66 has a water-draining notch 85 at the lower part thereof, through which the water collected inside the exhaust chamber 64 (see Fig. 4) drains to the outside.
  • Fig. 6 is a cross sectional view of Fig. 4 along the line 6-6, showing the separation wall 68 viewed from the rear side thereof.
  • the separation wall 68 has openings 86, 87 for communicating between the second chamber 72 (see Fig. 4) and the third chamber 73 (see Fig. 4), and a water-draining notch 88. Note that 68a indicates a through hole formed on the separation wall 68.
  • Fig. 7(a), (b) are diagrams for explaining an exhaust pipe of an exhaust assembly structure according to the present invention, (a) being a side view, (b) being a plan view.
  • the exhaust pipe 11 extends downward from a connection section 11a with the front cylinder 8a (see Fig. 1), and then toward the rear of the motorcycle 1 (see Fig. 1) until connection with the combined muffler 13.
  • the exhaust pipe 12 slantingly extends downward and backward from the connection section 12a with the rear cylinder 8b (see Fig. 1), and then backward until connection with the combined muffler 13.
  • the exhaust pipe 11 extends sideward from the connection section 11a, and then backward.
  • the exhaust pipe 12 slantingly extends backward and sideward from the connection section 12a, and then backward.
  • the exhaust pipes 11, 12 can be installed in a substantially linear arrangement except for parts in the vicinity of the connection sections 11a, 12a.
  • the exhaust pipe 11 which is connected to the front cylinder 8a, has a longer length than the exhaust pipe 12, which is connected to the rear cylinder 8b, the exhaust pipe 11 is set to have a larger inner diameter D1 than the inner diameter D2 of the exhaust pipe 12, which means that exhaust resistance in parts from the respective connection sections 11a, 12a of the exhaust pipes 11,12 to the respective trailing ends of the combined muffler 13 can be made substantially consistent.
  • fuel adjustment of the front and rear carburetors 32a, 32b, or an air fuel ratio can be readily set at a predetermined value, and the air fuel ratios of the carburetors 32a, 32b can be readily matched. Further, the above arrangement, in combination with the exhaust pipes 11, 12 installed in a substantially linear arrangement, can improve output performance of the engine 8.
  • the exhaust gas in the exhaust chamber section 64 flows into the first chamber 71 of the silencer 65 through the communication pipe 74, to the third chamber 73 through the communication pipe 75, to the second chamber 72 through the openings 86, 87 (see Fig. 6) on the separation wall 68, and finally to the outside of the combined muffler 13 through the communication pipe 76.
  • exhaust noise is attenuated while passing from the exhaust chamber section 64 through the communication pipe 74, the first chamber 71, the communication pipe 75, the third chamber 73, the openings 86, 87, the second chamber 72, and the communication pipe 76, and then absorbed in the communication pipe 76 by the swollen part 83 filled with glass wool 82.
  • Fig. 8 is a first assembly diagram for explaining an assembly procedure for a combined muffler according to the present invention.
  • the rear cap 63 is inserted into the large diameter tube section 61 from the front side thereof, and fixed to the rear part thereof.
  • Figs. 9(a), (b) are second assembly diagrams for explaining an assembly procedure for a combined muffler according to the present invention.
  • an assembly of the communication pipe 76, the flange 77, and the swollen part 83 is fixed to the rear cap 63 by means of a screw 78.
  • the front cap 62 is fixed to the front end of the large diameter pipe 61, and the exhaust pipes 11, 12 are secured to the front cap 62.
  • the exhaust chamber section 64 can be readily formed. As a result, the numbers of parts and welding points are reduced, compared to a conventional method in which they are provided separately from a muffler. This enables significant reduction of the number of assembly steps, and productivity improvement.
  • V-type engine 8 is not limited to a twin type, and may be four-cylinder type or a six-cylinder type.
  • the present invention provides the following effects due to the above structure.
  • the exhaust pipes can be installed in a substantially linear arrangement, as a result of which exhaust resistance in the respective exhaust pipes can be reduced.
  • exhaust resistance in the exhaust pipe connecting to the front cylinder can be set substantially equal to that in the exhaust pipe connecting to the rear cylinder by making the former have a larger diameter. As a result, engine output performance can be improved.
  • An exhaust chamber 64 is integrally provided with a muffler 65, and when a plurality of exhaust pipes 11, 12 have different lengths, the exhaust pipe 11, which is longer, is set to have a larger diameter so that the exhaust pipes 11, 12 have substantially equal exhaust resistance.
  • Exhaust pipes can be set in a substantially linear arrangement so that exhaust resistance of the respective exhaust pipes can be reduced. Also, as a longer exhaust pipe is set to have a larger diameter, exhaust resistance for the respective exhaust pipes can be set substantially equal. Therefore, fuel adjustment of the carburetors for fuel supply to the respective cylinders can be readily achieved, and, in combination with the substantially linear arrangement of the exhaust pipes, engine output performance can be improved.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
EP20000102775 1999-02-25 2000-02-10 Auspuffvorrichtung Expired - Lifetime EP1031710B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP11048637A JP2000248925A (ja) 1999-02-25 1999-02-25 排気装置構造
JP4863799 1999-02-25

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1031710A1 true EP1031710A1 (de) 2000-08-30
EP1031710B1 EP1031710B1 (de) 2002-03-27

Family

ID=12808898

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP20000102775 Expired - Lifetime EP1031710B1 (de) 1999-02-25 2000-02-10 Auspuffvorrichtung

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1031710B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2000248925A (de)
DE (1) DE60000095T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2174780T3 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140290232A1 (en) * 2013-03-30 2014-10-02 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Exhaust pipe structure for internal combustion engine

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005057597C5 (de) * 2005-12-02 2015-11-12 Audi Ag Doppelsträngige Abgasanlage für ein Kraftfahrzeug
DE102006044087B4 (de) * 2006-09-20 2008-11-27 Audi Ag Modulares Verbindungselement
JP5969328B2 (ja) * 2012-09-04 2016-08-17 川崎重工業株式会社 自動二輪車

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4359865A (en) * 1979-08-31 1982-11-23 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Exhaust system for multicylinder motorbike engine
US4800719A (en) * 1985-08-26 1989-01-31 Campbell Monty A Exhaust system
US4903483A (en) * 1988-02-17 1990-02-27 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Exhaust system for V-type engine
EP0500105A1 (de) * 1991-02-22 1992-08-26 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Motorrad mit Abgasvorrichtung

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4359865A (en) * 1979-08-31 1982-11-23 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Exhaust system for multicylinder motorbike engine
US4800719A (en) * 1985-08-26 1989-01-31 Campbell Monty A Exhaust system
US4903483A (en) * 1988-02-17 1990-02-27 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Exhaust system for V-type engine
EP0500105A1 (de) * 1991-02-22 1992-08-26 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Motorrad mit Abgasvorrichtung

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140290232A1 (en) * 2013-03-30 2014-10-02 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Exhaust pipe structure for internal combustion engine
US9328647B2 (en) * 2013-03-30 2016-05-03 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Exhaust pipe structure for internal combustion engine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1031710B1 (de) 2002-03-27
DE60000095D1 (de) 2002-05-02
ES2174780T3 (es) 2002-11-16
DE60000095T2 (de) 2002-07-18
JP2000248925A (ja) 2000-09-12

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