EP1027459A1 - Telemedecine - Google Patents

Telemedecine

Info

Publication number
EP1027459A1
EP1027459A1 EP98934224A EP98934224A EP1027459A1 EP 1027459 A1 EP1027459 A1 EP 1027459A1 EP 98934224 A EP98934224 A EP 98934224A EP 98934224 A EP98934224 A EP 98934224A EP 1027459 A1 EP1027459 A1 EP 1027459A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
patient
group
medical
test
accordance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP98934224A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Kimberlee S. Caple
David S. Cunningham
Reginald L. Eason
Julian Gordon
Timothy P. Henning
Stephen D. Stroupe
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Abbott Laboratories
Original Assignee
Abbott Laboratories
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Abbott Laboratories filed Critical Abbott Laboratories
Publication of EP1027459A1 publication Critical patent/EP1027459A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0002—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network
    • A61B5/0015—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network characterised by features of the telemetry system
    • A61B5/0022—Monitoring a patient using a global network, e.g. telephone networks, internet
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/16—Devices for psychotechnics; Testing reaction times ; Devices for evaluating the psychological state
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/41—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the immune or lymphatic systems
    • A61B5/411—Detecting or monitoring allergy or intolerance reactions to an allergenic agent or substance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H10/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data
    • G16H10/40—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data for data related to laboratory analysis, e.g. patient specimen analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H15/00—ICT specially adapted for medical reports, e.g. generation or transmission thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H40/00—ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities; ICT specially adapted for the management or operation of medical equipment or devices
    • G16H40/60—ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities; ICT specially adapted for the management or operation of medical equipment or devices for the operation of medical equipment or devices
    • G16H40/67—ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities; ICT specially adapted for the management or operation of medical equipment or devices for the operation of medical equipment or devices for remote operation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
    • A61B3/02—Subjective types, i.e. testing apparatus requiring the active assistance of the patient
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/12—Audiometering
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
    • A61B5/4076—Diagnosing or monitoring particular conditions of the nervous system
    • A61B5/4088—Diagnosing of monitoring cognitive diseases, e.g. Alzheimer, prion diseases or dementia
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H10/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data
    • G16H10/60—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data for patient-specific data, e.g. for electronic patient records
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
    • Y02A90/10—Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation

Definitions

  • This invention pertains to test reporting and, more particularly, to an automatic test reporting process and system.
  • tests are generally administered by one or more persons with the assistance of facilitators and others.
  • the use of many employees in the test process greatly increases the costs of tests, because of salaries, benefits, insurance, workmen's compensation, etc.
  • Current test procedures can be costly and burdensome to test subjects, as well as the testing facility.
  • a call routing and handling system for conveying confidential medical test results information to anonymous callers has also been developed in which the caller can telephone the system and receive HIV test result information or status information from an automated system after providing their personal identification number (PIN).
  • PIN personal identification number
  • the laboratory results are reported to the physician who later telephones or meets with the patient to discuss the test results and adjust the patient's medication, as necessary.
  • the disadvantages of this system include: (1) inconvenience, time and cost for the patient and provider; (2) patients find these visits depressing and cumbersome, especially in cases where test results are normal and no change in regimen is therefore required; (3) patients often miss scheduled appointments, thereby losing any potential compliance assistance from the system; (4) there is usually no feedback and follow-up other than the clinic visits; (5) patients rarely receive help meeting regimen requirements on a day-to-day basis; (6) tests performed in clinics are not generally available on a home-use basis since many of these tests require some level of professional interpretation to adjust patient medication or treatment regimens; and (8) physicians and nurses often spend time with patients who are in good health and/or comply with their treatment regimens, and therefore do not need direct professional attention.
  • the disadvantages of current procedures include: (a) miscommunication or lack of communication among physicians regarding care maps or treatment guidelines; (b) inadvertent failure to comply with care map pathway or treatment guidelines; (c) lack of time and misunderstanding of care maps and treatment guidelines; (d) development of care maps or treatment guidelines is expensive for integrated health systems and manage care organizations; and (e) lack of compliance with guidelines leading to reduced health care quality, increased patient costs, and adverse patient outcomes.
  • the disadvantages of the current procedure include: (a) cost and inconvenience for the patient; (b) lack of good patient history and medical record keeping at health fairs and pharmacies to indicate the patient's baseline or normal conditions; (c) lack of confidentiality for patients; and (d) excessive cost to the health care provider to see healthy patients or conduct health screening on a mass market basis.
  • the disadvantages of current methods include: (a) employees may be "over covered” or "under covered” for their health care; (b) employers may spend money offering plans of little value to the majority of employees; (c) employees do not have a convenient, cost effective mechanism for verifying the health status of their families; (d) employees experience anxiety in the uncertainty of health care plan decisions; and (e) because many employees and physicians switch programs on an annual basis, there is no central depository for an employee's health care records, and employees must pick-up records from one physician and transfer the records to another physician, which is inconvenient and can cause loss of information.
  • Managed care organizations are trying to reduce overall costs per enrolled head count. This can be accomplished by better information management, decreasing use of specialists, minimizing visits to primary care providers and reducing unnecessary hospitalizations. Preferably, cost reductions are achieved without reducing the quality of health care.
  • health care organizations often place caps and/or controls on fees for health care services. Judgment on a patient's need for services is usually made by an administrative gatekeeper.
  • the "gatekeeper” is typically a physician known as a "primary care physician". Procedurally, the physician sees the patient for laboratory testing and other diagnostic services to assess treatment needs, then submits paperwork to an administrator for approval to provide specific services. These procedures can cause problems including: (a) miscommunications or lack of communications regarding this gatekeeper function and requirements; (b) labor intensive and time consuming administrative paperwork; and (c) expensive and time-consuming visits to the gatekeeper.
  • the present invention provides an automated test reporting system that eliminates unnecessary meetings between consumers and health professionals in an economical and convenient manner.
  • the results from at least one test or testing kit such as from a remote sample collection and/or testing kit, are inputted into a central processing unit (CPU), which can track, analyze, compare, or otherwise manipulate the results.
  • CPU central processing unit
  • the results or information derived from, related to, or based on the test results are reported to a designated person or agency such as a patient, public health official, health department employee, official of the Center for Disease Control, physician (medical doctor), staff member of a hospital, trauma center personnel, health care provider, a managed care provider, nurse, dentist, insurance representative, environmentalist, customer, student, pharmacist, medical supply house, nutritionist, hygienist, psychiatrist, psychologist, optometrist, or audiologist.
  • the CPU can select a person or agency based upon inputted test result information.
  • the identification of the person is verified by the system (CPU) before the person is provided with the test results, or information related to the results.
  • the CPU can be a: microprocessor, computer, computer system, computer network, a semiconductor chip (computer chip), circuit board, control board, programmable controller, logic controller, mainframe, or data processing center.
  • the test results can be inputted into the CPU by a: keyboard, telephone, modem, cellular phone, an internet connection, world wide web link, computer, touch screen display, analyzer, or data processing center.
  • the CPU Based upon manipulations performed by the CPU, the CPU selects and contacts an appropriate person or agency through the use of, for example, transmitters, receivers, telephones, cellular phones, internet sites, televisions, beepers, closed circuit monitors, computers, display screens, telephone answering machines, facsimile machines, or printers. Connections between the CPU and appropriate body or bodies can be facilitated with, for example, telephone lines, computer networks, internet connections, satellite communication systems, and global communications networks.
  • a sample can be collected by a patient, customer, public health official, assistant or other collector.
  • the sample can be: urine, saliva, breath, hair, fingernails, buccal cells, oral fluids, stool, skin, sweat, nasal fluids, mucous, semen, vaginal secretions, blood, ocular fluids, eye swabs, or ear wax.
  • the sample is tested by a laboratory which may be remote from the sampling site.
  • the sample is tested by the patient, customer, nurse, public health official, which may be at the sampling site.
  • Non-invasive tests such as a hearing test, a vision test, a reading test, or a cognitive function test to monitor progression of Alzheimer's disease
  • a hearing test can be administered by the system (CPU). This can be accomplished by electronically transmitting the test to a receiver in proximity to the person being tested, such as a: television, monitor, computer screen, internet address, telephone, cellular phone, beeper, flat panel display, light emitting diode (LED) screen, active matrix display screen, passive matrix display screen, or liquid crystal display.
  • a receiver such as a: television, monitor, computer screen, internet address, telephone, cellular phone, beeper, flat panel display, light emitting diode (LED) screen, active matrix display screen, passive matrix display screen, or liquid crystal display.
  • LED light emitting diode
  • the process and system can be used to detect, monitor and screen many types of infectious diseases, chronic diseases, genetic diseases, nutritional deficiencies, environmental and general health problems, fertility, mental disorders, drug abuse, allergies.
  • the process and system provides for better monitoring of a chronic disease patient's status, allowing early intervention to avoid future complications.
  • the novel process and system can lead to better patient compliance for chronic disease treatment regimens by regularly contacting persons to remind them to follow a particular treatment or sampling regimen. Better patient compliance can reduce aggravation of the disease, complications and hospitalizations.
  • the inventive process and system can also save physicians time by sending physicians recommended care plans thereby automating portions of the care map, reducing the physicians' need to remember details of the care map and helping the physicians better comply with care maps and treatment guidelines resulting in improved patient outcomes.
  • the system can be employed to update and modify or create care maps.
  • the process and system can also analyze medical and demographic information on the patient vis a vis statistically significant outcome information on other patients of similar demographic and disease backgrounds to assist health care providers and public health services diagnose or treat diseases. This allows the physician to make better decisions on patient management, ultimately improving quality of care and reducing treatment costs.
  • the novel process and system enable patients to manage their disease or take tests at home. The improved process and system are also helpful to individuals in selecting a health care provider.
  • FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of an automatic test reporting process in accordance with principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a block flow diagram of an automated test reporting process and system for non-invasive tests in accordance with principles of the present invention.
  • An automatic test reporting process and system for telemedicine provides rapid accurate automatic, comprehensive test tracking, analysis and reporting for the convenience of the consumer and health care organizations. Desirably, the economical process and system lowers health care costs and are automated, safe and reliable.
  • test kit 10 ( Figure 1) can be obtained by or for a patient or customer and brought to a site such as the patient's home, place of business, store, or other location remote from a site that performs tests or interprets test results such as a medical facility, hospital, trauma center, or doctor's office.
  • the term "test kit” is intended to encompass means for remote sampling as well as means for remote testing. Means for remote sampling are well known in the art and may include, for example, piercing instruments (such as lancets); and/or collection receptacles (such as cups, pouches, bags, bibulous or absorbent materials and the like).
  • sample collection instruments or collection receptacles include, for example, swabs, cotton gauze, nail clippers, scissors, cups, bottles, test tubes, capillary tubes, petri dishes, condoms, bags, gloves, tape, paperboard, cardboard, dermatological patches, eye droppers, pipettes, and the like.
  • Remote testing kits are also well known and may include means for sampling (as referred to above) and an assay designed to detect an analyte of interest.
  • assays are well known and may include for example immunological or chemical based assays.
  • Self performing assays are exemplary of an assay that may be included in a test kit. Generally, SPAs contain all reagents necessary for performing a chemical or immunological assay.
  • reagents are often times applied to a platform such as a bibulous strip or contained in a receptacle such as a tube. While all of the reagents are supplied with the SPA itself, the test sample is provided by the person being tested. Typically, the person being tested places the test sample on the platform or in the receptacle and waits for a short incubation time for a result.
  • SPAs are merely exemplary of assays that may be contained in a test kit and that other assays are available and choices of which assay to employ are a matter of choice largely based upon nature of the sample and test required.
  • test kit will typically comprise (1) one or more collection or sampling instruments 12 (Figure 1) to assist in collecting a sample, and/or (2) an assay or receptacle for holding the sample, and, optionally, (3) a return envelope or the like into which a sample can be placed and sent to a testing facility
  • test kit or element thereof can be provided with an indicator 11 (Figure 1) such as a: bar code, time marker, date marker, clock, magnetic time and date stamp, temperature indicator or thermometer, blood pressure gauge or monitor, fingerprint pad or marker, label, identification number, name, lettering, code, graphics or other indicia of the person using the kit, the time it was used, the location where it was bought or used, the purpose of the kit, or like indicia.
  • indicator 11 such as a: bar code, time marker, date marker, clock, magnetic time and date stamp, temperature indicator or thermometer, blood pressure gauge or monitor, fingerprint pad or marker, label, identification number, name, lettering, code, graphics or other indicia of the person using the kit, the time it was used, the location where it was bought or used, the purpose of the kit, or like indicia.
  • the patient can open the test kit, collect a sample with the sample collection instrument 12 (Figure 1) and place the sample in the collection device of the test kit, preferably without a medical doctor, medical technician or nurse.
  • the sample can be, for example, urine, saliva, breath, hair, fingernails, buccal cells, oral fluids, stool, skin, sweat, nasal fluids, mucous, semen, vaginal secretions, blood, ocular fluids, eye swabs, or ear wax.
  • the collected sample can be sent by delivery service 13 ( Figure 1), such as by express delivery, courier service or mail, to a designated site equipped with appropriate instruments, assays, and/or personnel to test the sample and/or interpret the results of the sample or assay.
  • delivery service 13 Figure 1
  • the sample can be tested for an analyte, medical characteristic, condition, disease state, medical environmental hazard, or disease, such as: digoxin, glycated hemoglobin, albumin, microalbumin, heart disease, coumadin therapy, digitalis, therapeutic drug monitoring, mental health, depression, cancer, carcinembyonic antigen (CEA), prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostrate cancer, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), breast cancer, osteoporosis, estrogen therapy monitoring, estrogen levels, epilepsy, anticonvulsant drug, kidney problems or failure, diabetes, BUN, creatinine, antibiotic therapy monitoring, acute C- reactive protein
  • A strep. B, influenza, urinary tract infection (UTI), sexually transmitted diseases (STD), chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, infectious diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV viral load, acquired immune deficiency syndrome
  • AIDS herpes simplex virus
  • hepatitis cognitive function
  • cognitive function Alzheimer disease progression
  • fertility monitoring LH
  • FSH progesterone
  • estrogen testosterone
  • E3, hCG nutritional status
  • nutritional assessment nutritional assessment
  • environmental hazard screening environmental contaminants and pollutants
  • heavy metal, mercury, lead, asbestos encephalitis
  • E. coli glucose, glycated proteins, ketones, steroids, cancer markers, drugs of abuse, toxicology, vitamins, vitamin deficiency, specific gravity, smoking problems, lung cancer, cotinine, carbon dioxide, asthma, lung capacity, tuberculosis, pnemonia, blood alcohol, gastrointestinal diseases, H.
  • pylori Ebola virus, colon cancer, colon cysts, colon polyps, occult blood, inflammatory bowl disease, fiber level, allergies, cystic fibrosis, bacteria, infectious organisms, dental assessments, tooth decay, saliva acidity, yeast infections, yeast levels, genetic testing, forensics, toe fungus, athlete's foot, pink eye, blood pressure, cholesterol level, varicella zoster virus (herpes zoster), cytomegalovirus, Epstein barr, papilloma virus, cellutitus, staphylococci, streptococci, mycobacteria, adenoviruses, encephalitis, meningitis, arbovirus, arenavirus, anaerobic bacilli, picornavirus, coronavirus, synsytialvirus, and the like.
  • test equipment or diagnostic equipment 14 employed to test a sample at, for example, a laboratory are well known and a matter of choice depending upon the sample and test desired.
  • Such instruments include but are not limited to immunodiagnostic analyzers, immunoassay systems, hematology analyzers, blood screening instruments, blood analyzers, chemistry instruments, chromatography instruments, urine analyzers, semen analyzers, hair analyzers, tissue and pore analyzer,s drug monitors, microbiology analyzers, and SPAs.
  • Diagnostic equipment available from Abbott Laboratories in Abbott Park, Illinois USA is well suited for such analysis and examples of such instrumentation includes the AxSYM® brand high-volume immunoassay testing system, the IMx® brand immunoassay testing system, the TDx® brand and TDxFLx® brand therapeutic drug monitoring systems, LCx® systems for analyte detection based upon nucleic acid probe technology, the Cell-Dyn® 3000 brand and Cell-Dyn® 3500 brand automated hematology analyzers, Spectrum brand clinical chemistry instruments, CCXTM brand clinical chemistry instrument, Vision® brand desk-top clinical chemistry analyzer, and TestPack® brand and TestPack Plus® brand self-performing tests for pregnancy, strep throat and chlamydia.
  • test results obtained from testing of the sample may be, for example, test data, information answers, chemical reactions, chemical analysis, color change, or visual - re ⁇
  • test results and/or any interpretation thereof and desirably medical profile 15 ( Figure 1) of the patient are electronically inputted or scanned and fed into a central processing unit (CPU) with an electronic inputting device 16 ( Figure 1) such as a: keyboard, optical scanner, telephone, modem, cellular phone, internet link, world wide web connection, cable, phone line, computer, or touch screen display.
  • a central processing unit CPU
  • an electronic inputting device 16 Figure 1 such as a: keyboard, optical scanner, telephone, modem, cellular phone, internet link, world wide web connection, cable, phone line, computer, or touch screen display.
  • the CPU 18 is an electronic inputting device 16 ( Figure 1) such as a: keyboard, optical scanner, telephone, modem, cellular phone, internet link, world wide web connection, cable, phone line, computer, or touch screen display.
  • FIG. 1 can be for example, a microprocessor, computer, computer system, computer network, data processing center and the like.
  • the medical profile can comprise electronic patient data and files about, for example, the patient's age, sex, height, weight, current and/or past medical history, physician, spouse, sex partners, parents, and children.
  • the CPU can access at least one data base 19 ( Figure 1), using, for example, a modem
  • the data base(s) can comprise comprehensive electronic diagnosis and recommendation (recommended course of action), such as: medical treatment, medicine, dosage, prescription drugs, over- the-counter drugs, nutritional supplements, treatment regimens, exercise, diet, and compliance reminders.
  • the data base(s) can comprise comprehensive electronic
  • the CPU's electronic diagnosis and recommendation can be transmitted by a transmitter 21 ( Figure 1) to medical personnel 22 ( Figure 1), such as a physician or health care provider who can personally or through the assistance of others input their approval or changes via an electronic inputting updating device 24 ( Figure 1) into the CPU at step 26 ( Figure 1) to provide feedback to the patient.
  • the CPU can then contact the patient, health care professional or other qualified person, to notify the person that an approved or changed diagnosis and recommendation has been entered into the CPU.
  • the CPU can contact the appropriate person using transmitters 28-30 ( Figure 1) such as a modem 28 to send, for example, e-mail, a recorded telephone message or a facsimile.
  • the CPU will verify that the person seeking to access the approved or changed diagnosis and recommendation is in fact an appropriate person, before transmitting to the approved or changed diagnosis and recommendation resulting from the sample collection and testing.
  • confirmation of the approved or changed diagnosis and recommendation are printed on a printer 32 ( Figure 1) connected to the CPU and sent by facsimile, mail, express delivery, or courier to the patient 34
  • the patient self-test 38 ( Figure 1) the sample at the patient's home or other remote location site in accordance with instructions in the test kit, instead of sending the sample to the laboratory to be tested.
  • the patient or others can input and feed the test results into the CPU, for inte ⁇ retation and analysis, although it is preferred that the patient first contact a designated counselor or advisor 40 ( Figure 1), or the patient's physician or health care provider, with a transmitting device 41, such as with a telephone, internet or e-mail (electronic mail) etc. to discuss the test and test procedure.
  • the counselor or others can input and feed the test results into the CPU with an inputting device 42 ( Figure 1), similar to those described above.
  • the patient can obtain and acquire the test kit by purchasing the test kit from a retailer 44 ( Figure 1) such as a: pharmacy, store, mail order supply house, or from an approved company advertised on television, radio, newspaper, magazine, catalog, internet or a web site.
  • the test kit can also be delivered to a patient identified, designated and selected by the CPU at the request and expense of an organization 46 ( Figure 1) such as: an insurance company, an integrated health care provider, a managed care provider, a health maintenance organization (HMO), a medical group, a public health agency, a Ministry of Health, the Center for Disease Control, an environmental agency, or a hospital.
  • HMO health maintenance organization
  • the patient or an employee of the organization can collect the sample, test the sample, input and feed the test results into the CPU, or can have the sample sent to and tested by a laboratory.
  • test results can be automatically tracked by the CPU for the organization and the electronic computerized diagnosis and recommendation (recommended course of action) can be transmitted to the organization by a transmitter 47 ( Figure 1) by telephone via a modem, by electronic mail (e-mail), by facsimile, express delivery, or mail.
  • the CPU can also transmit recommended drug prescriptions via a transmitter 48 to a designated pharmacy 50 ( Figure 1)
  • the CPU and automatic test reporting process can further assist patients in selecting a health care provider such as a: managed care organization, medical group, hospital, physician, etc.
  • a health care provider such as a: managed care organization, medical group, hospital, physician, etc.
  • the CPU can electronically compare the financial criteria and location of the patient with: a list of available health care providers for the patient, the health status and medical recommendations for the patient and the patient's family, and health care programs available from the employers of the patient's family, before identifying and recommending a health care provider.
  • the automatic test reporting process and system can also be useful for electronically administering non-invasive tests 60 (Figure 2) to a patient, customer or student, such as: hearing tests, blood pressure, pulse, electroencephalograph (EEG), electrocardiograph (EKG), respiration rate and function, vision tests, reading tests, and cognitive function tests, such as for monitoring the progress of Alzheimer's disease.
  • the tests can be administered in the patient's home or other remote location site without the physical presence of a physician, optometrist, optomologist, audiologist, nurse or medical technician.
  • the test kit can take the form of an electronic auditory (hearing) test which can be transmitted by an auditory transmitter 62 ( Figure 2) or carrier, such as by telephone, modem, cable, internet, world wide web, television, radio, etc. and/or a visual test which can be transmitted by a visual transmitter 64, such as by cable, satellite or other signaling system to a receiver 66 ( Figure 2) such as: a monitor, computer display screen, flat panel display, light emitting diode (LED) screen, active matrix display screen, passive matrix display screen, liquid crystal display, or television.
  • an auditory transmitter 62 Figure 2
  • carrier such as by telephone, modem, cable, internet, world wide web, television, radio, etc.
  • a visual transmitter 64 such as by cable, satellite or other signaling system
  • a receiver 66 Figure 2
  • a monitor computer display screen, flat panel display, light emitting diode (LED) screen, active matrix display screen, passive matrix display screen, liquid crystal display, or television.
  • LED light emitting diode
  • test answers and results can be inputted into the CPU 68 ( Figure 2) by the person taking the test with the same or a similar transmitter or inputting device 70 ( Figure 2), such as a: telephone, modem, computer keyboard, internet, or test controller.
  • the patient's medical profile 72 can also be inputted into the CPU.
  • the CPU analyzes the test results; accesses a data base(s) 74 ( Figure 2) containing electronic information about hearing tests, vision tests, reading tests, cognitive function, Alzheimer's disease, eye care, eye diseases, optical lenses, eyeglasses, contact lenses, ear care, hearing aids, ear drums, ear diseases, etc.; electronically compares the test results with the patient's medical profile and data base; and generates an electronic diagnosis and recommendation (recommended course of action) for the patient.
  • a data base(s) 74 Figure 2 containing electronic information about hearing tests, vision tests, reading tests, cognitive function, Alzheimer's disease, eye care, eye diseases, optical lenses, eyeglasses, contact lenses, ear care, hearing aids, ear drums, ear diseases, etc.
  • the electronic diagnosis and recommendation can be transmitted by transmitter 76 ( Figure 2), similar to those previously described, to medical personnel 78, such as: the patient's physician; optomologist; optometrist, audiologist; eye, ear and nose doctor; or health care provider; who can input their approval or changes of the electronic diagnosis and recommendation with an electronic updating inputting device 80, similar to those previously described, into the CPU at stage 82 to provide feedback for the patient 84.
  • medical personnel 78 such as: the patient's physician; optomologist; optometrist, audiologist; eye, ear and nose doctor; or health care provider; who can input their approval or changes of the electronic diagnosis and recommendation with an electronic updating inputting device 80, similar to those previously described, into the CPU at stage 82 to provide feedback for the patient 84.
  • the diagnosis and recommendation can include: medical treatment, prescriptions for eyeglasses, contact lenses or hearing aids, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, etc.
  • the CPU can then transmit the approved or changed diagnosis and recommendation, via a carrier or transmitter 86 (similar to those previously described) to the patient.
  • the process and system include a remote sample collection and testing device with automated test results tracking, automated result reporting to the physician or health care provider, and automated call back from the physician or health care provider to the patient with the test results, as well as interpretation and medication or treatment regimen changes.
  • the automated system (CPU) can call the patient's pharmacy with prescription changes as recommended by physician or health care provider.
  • the process and system can contact chronic disease patients on a regular schedule in order to prompt patients to take medications, exercise, diet or follow any other area of disease treatment regimen.
  • the CPU can contact a patient wearing a beeper to remind them to take their medication.
  • Chronic diseases to which this invention apply include, but are not limited to: diabetes (i.e., glycated hemoglobin, microalbumin), heart disease (i.e. coumadin therapy, digoxin monitoring), therapeutic drug monitoring, transplant drug monitoring, mental health (i.e., anticonvulsant drug monitoring), kidney failure (BUN, creatinine, albumin, antibiotic therapy monitoring).
  • Chronic disease patients can acquire a remote sample collection and testing device for an analyte identified to monitor the status of their disease progression or their compliance with medication and treatment regimens.
  • sample collection and testing kits can be acquired via: purchase in a retail outlet such as a pharmacy, issuance from an insurance company, issuance from a managed care provider, or issuance from any channel involved in the patient's health care.
  • the remote sample collection and test kits preferably contains all materials required to obtain the necessary sample type, to send the sample to a laboratory, or to perform the necessary test on the sample directly at home.
  • Each remote sample collection and testing kit can contain a bar-coded, unique, personal identification number (PIN) for the patient. After the patient acquires a remote sample collection and testing kit, the patient collects samples for non-invasive testing directly.
  • PIN personal identification number
  • Direct tests or home testing can be interpreted by the consumer or by a designated advisor.
  • a decision to see a health care provider is made by the consumer based on test results.
  • Patient results are sent to the system and tracked by a unique bar-coded ID. This procedure can be used to update the patient database and patient history regardless of the decision to see a health care provider.
  • the process and system then transmits the patient test results with the patient history and recommends changes to the health care provider, if necessary.
  • the physician or health care provider can approve or change recommendations.
  • the process and system automatically calls the patient with the doctor's recommendation.
  • the process and system can automatically call the patient's pharmacy with medication or prescription changes approved by the health care provider.
  • the process and system can further automatically schedule visits to the health care provider if necessary.
  • the laboratory will test the sample using appropriate professional laboratory tests.
  • the laboratory will track the patient sample via the patient's unique, bar-coded remote sample collection and/or test kit identification (ID) number.
  • ID test kit identification
  • Patient test results will be reported automatically through computer link, wireless transmission, or other secured, available technology to the patient's identified physician or health care provider.
  • Physicians or providers will receive the patient's history, current test results, and any recommended changes in the patient's medication or treatment regimen.
  • the physician or health care provider will approve or change the recommendations of the CPU.
  • the process and system will then automatically call the patient back with the patient's result report and recommended medication or treatment regimen changes.
  • the following procedures can be followed: 1) the patient will punch in or speak an identification number into the phone or internet or other computer link upon receiving the automatic call back. If the correct patient
  • LD LD is given, the patient will access the test results and physician feedback. If the patient ID is incorrect, the process and system will hang up and call again later. Once the patient call back is cleared from the process and system, written confirmed delivery of the results will be sent via mail to the patient and the physician or health care provider. 2) Upon receiving the call back, the patient is prompted to call a telephone number, such as an 800#, punch in an ID, to receive the test results. Written confirmed delivery of results will be sent via mail or express delivery to the patient and the doctor or health care provider. The system can also automatically call the patient's pharmacy with the necessary medication and prescription changes. Patient records can be maintained in the computer system (CPU) for the patient's life time or until the patient requests that the patient's records be expunged.
  • CPU computer system
  • test results may be coded.
  • the results can also be masked, requiring the patient to contact a designated advisor for test result interpretation.
  • an advisor via phone, internet, wireless system, or other secured communication technology
  • the patient's test results can be inputted into the CPU by the advisor and can be tracked based upon the unique, bar-coded remote sample collection and test kit LD number.
  • the advisor can interpret the patient's results based upon a pattern or number code appearing on the direct test device. Patients can be advised of the test results by phone from the advisor or told to wait for a physician or health care provider response. Patient results will be reported automatically through computer link, wireless transmission, or other secured, available technology to the patient's identified physician or health care provider.
  • Physicians or providers will receive from the CPU the patient's history, current test result, and any recommended changes in the patient's medication or treatment regimen.
  • the physician or health care provider will approve or change the computer's recommendations and have the approval or changes inputted into the CPU.
  • the process and system will then automatically call the patient back with the patient's test results, as well as recommended medication or treatment regimen changes. Guarantee that the patient receives the call back will be generated in one of several ways discussed previously.
  • Assurance that a specific patient performed the sample collection procedure on themselves can be provided via various time and identification verification methods, such as with a magnetic-tape date-stamp built into the collection device to record the exact date and time of testing, or a date and time clock built into the test that stops when patient sample is applied, a sample temperature verifying mechanism, or a patient fingerprint applied with the sample.
  • time and identification verification methods such as with a magnetic-tape date-stamp built into the collection device to record the exact date and time of testing, or a date and time clock built into the test that stops when patient sample is applied, a sample temperature verifying mechanism, or a patient fingerprint applied with the sample.
  • the CPU can analyze, compare, calculate or otherwise manipulate the input and, based upon this manipulation, select, for example, a recommended course of action, suggest a health insurance option, contact various professional personnel or agencies, and/or contact the patient.
  • the process and system can contact a provider and direct the provider to send a remote sample collection or test kit to appropriate chronic disease patients on a schedule which may be determined by a managed care organization or other health care provider. While chronic disease patients may be on a schedule determined by a health care provider, it is the system provided herein that maintains this schedule by insuring that an appropriate kit is provided at the designated times. The system can perform this function through the use of look up tables to match a patient with an appropriate test kit. Additionally, time schedules can be maintained by the present system by referencing an internal clock, well known to those skilled in the art, to determine when to contact a provider.
  • the system also provides patient result tracking and result reporting to various health care providers, as well as the patient. For example, upon entry of a test result and the type of test that was performed, the CPU can consult commonly used look up tables to determine sites that need to be contacted based upon the inputted information. In a simple case, the CPU may consult a look up table to match a patient with her physician who is then contacted with the test result. According to another embodiment, the patient's test results can be reported to the physician and health care provider along with the patient's medical history and a listing of current medications after accessing and pulling such information from a data base containing this information. Additionally, the CPU can deliver treatment recommendations based upon a statistical analysis of the patients history and previous treatments, as they relate to outcomes from similarly situated patients of like demographic information. The CPU can make such recommendations through the use of look up tables containing a listing of various treatments and an outcomes database comprising information about other similarly situated patients who previously have been treated with varying degrees of success.
  • the physician or health care provider may have the opportunity to access the CPU and approve or modify the CPU's recommendation.
  • the CPU recognizes that such a signal has been received which then permits the CPU to take further actions. For example, in cases where a medication is prescribed, a pharmacy can be contacted with the appropriate prescription. Additionally, the patient can be notified that a medication has been prescribed and is available at a particular pharmacy.
  • the patients outcome of the approved or modified treatment recommendation can be added to the outcome database so that the database contains the most current information about various treatments for future recommendations to patients of like condition and demographic background.
  • the process and system can also provide a remote sample collection and testing device for analytes which monitor health status.
  • the process and system includes automated consumer results tracking, consumer counseling, test interpretation and referral, as well as automated result reporting to physician as requested by the patients.
  • This process includes, but is not limited to, tests such as: acute CRP, Strep A. Strep B, influenza tests, UTI, sexually transmitted diseases, e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea, etc., infectious diseases e.g, hepatitis, etc.
  • Patients can acquire a remote sample collection and testing device for an analyte identified to monitor their health status.
  • results may appear directly on the testing platform, allowing the consumer to interpret the test on their own and offering the alternative to call a manufacturer's designated advisor for result interpretation and referral information.
  • results may be coded or masked, requiring the patient to contact a designated advisor for test result interpretation.
  • the consumer's test result can be tracked with, for example, a unique bar-coded remote sample collection and test kit ID number.
  • Advisors can interpret the patient's results based upon a pattern or number code appearing on the direct test device.
  • the patients can be advised of their test results by the advisor and recommended to visit a health care provider, if necessary.
  • the patient can also enter the test results into the CPU.
  • the CPU determines and analyzes the test results and reports the test results and its analysis automatically through computer link, wireless transmission, or other secured, available technology to the patient's identified physician or health care provider.
  • Physicians or providers will receive the patient's history, current test results, test result- interpretation, and a recommended diagnosis and treatment plan generated by the CPU.
  • the physician or health care provider can approve or change the computer's recommendations. Upon confirmation, the process and system will then automatically call the patient back with the test results, physician's recommendations, and any recommended medication or treatment regimen changes, as described previously.
  • the process and system can identify patients for testing each month or on a regular basis.
  • the system can initiate posting of collection and test kit to patients.
  • the process and system can automatically send remote sample collection and testing device kits for specific analytes to appropriate patients on a schedule determined by the Ministry of Health, health agency or other health care provider according to group care maps or treatment guidelines.
  • the patient's results and physician treatment decision will be added to the outcomes database to keep current the statistical analysis of patient treatment and outcomes. Areas to which this process apply include, but are not limited to: chronic diseases, such as: diabetes (i.e., glycated hemoglobin, microalbumin), heart disease (i.e.
  • coumadin therapy digoxin monitoring
  • therapeutic drug monitoring therapeutic drug monitoring
  • transplant drug monitoring mental health (e.g., depression), cancer (e.g., prostate cancer, breast cancer), osteoporosis (i.e. estrogen therapy monitoring), epilepsy (i.e. anticonvulsant drug monitoring), general health monitoring (e.g., general chemistry panels and CBCs), fertility monitoring (LH, FSH, progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, etc), STD testing (chlamydia, gonorrhea, etc), infectious disease testing and monitoring (e.g., HTV viral load, hepatitis, etc) and nutritional status monitoring.
  • the system can down load patient data to the database for updating.
  • the automated process also can provide vision monitoring, hearing loss testing and cognitive function testing to track the progress of Alzheimer's disease.
  • non-invasive tests such as vision, hearing or cognitive function
  • the consumers contact or are contacted by a testing center via phone, internet, wireless system, or other secured communication technology.
  • the consumer will be assigned a unique LD number. Desired tests will then be administered via telephone (hearing or cognitive function test), internet (vision or cognitive function test), wireless system (hearing, vision, or cognitive function test), or other secured communication technology appropriate for the necessary test.
  • the CPU can compare the patient's responses to the tests with a database of test answers to calculate test results. Test results will be reported to the consumer or others as described above.
  • the consumer can be advised about the test results by an advisor and recommended to visit a health care provider, if necessary.
  • the computer system (CPU) can schedule a physician office visit, if necessary, based upon test results above or below a designated baseline value. Patient results can be reported through computer link, wireless transmission, or other secured, available technology to the patient's identified physician optometrist, optomologist, audiologist, or health care provider. The process and system are also useful to monitor elderly patients.
  • the computer system (CPU) can track a patient's results over time and flag results as the results begin to indicate a change in the patient's status as the patient ages.
  • the CPU alerts a patient and/or the patient's physician, if the test results of the medical condition being monitored, reach a predetermined level.
  • a patient and/or the patient's physician alerts a patient and/or the patient's physician, if the test results of the medical condition being monitored, reach a predetermined level.
  • Test sample collection, analysis and reporting are similar to the described above.
  • the process and system can also be helpful to an employee in selecting a health care plan.
  • the process and system can include a remote sample collection and testing device, in conjunction with a patient access to a computer system that utilizes relational databases to recommend actions.
  • the computer system can use databases to access historical health information on the employee and or the employee's family members, store test results indicating the employee's current health status, access statistically significant health information on demographically similar individuals, access a house-call on a disk-type program that makes medical recommendations based upon test results and patient history, and put all this information into an algorithm or software program that contrasts health care insurance and programs available in comparison to the employee's health status, financial status, and history.
  • the computer system can analyze the test results in relation to the patient's medical history, current clinical vital signs, statistically significant health data from individuals of like demographics, and medical decision software.
  • the computer system can use an algorithm or software program to compare and contrast salient parameters of the various health care programs (i.e., deductibles, maximum lifetime coverage, prescription drug benefits, etc) and make a recommendation to the employee on which health care plan the employee should select.
  • various health care programs i.e., deductibles, maximum lifetime coverage, prescription drug benefits, etc.
  • the process and system can also feature a remote sample collection and testing device and provide computerized data handling and automated community notification.
  • the process and system can provide automated patient result tracking and automated result reporting to public health facilities and the Center for Disease Control (CDC).
  • CDC Center for Disease Control
  • the patient results can be reported to the public health with statistical analysis of disease prevalence in that facility and in the state as a whole.
  • Patients can contact the system for test results, interpretation, counseling and referral recommendations.
  • the automated process and system can schedule referral visits for the patient, as desired, if the test results exceed a selected range.
  • the automated system can call patient's exposed partners as required by law or requested by the patient.
  • the patient's results can be added to the CDC database to keep current the statistical analysis of disease prevalence.
  • Areas to which the process and system can apply include, but are not limited to: mental health (e.g., depression), cancer (e.g., prostate cancer, breast cancer), osteoporosis (i.e. estrogen therapy monitoring), epilepsy (i.e. anticonvulsant drug monitoring) general health monitoring (i.e.
  • the patient results can be tracked by a unique bar-coded ID.
  • the public health facility prevalence statistics can be calculated by the CPU to provide overall data.
  • the patient contacts the system for results, counseling and referral, as described previously.
  • the process and system can schedule referral appointment on request.
  • Environmentally borne disease investigation and reporting are typically initiated by a report of the disease outbreak to the Public Health.
  • Public health scientists visit the suspected site, collect samples with remote sample and testing kits and gather names of exposed individuals. The samples are tested in a laboratory or direct tested on site. Test results are entered into the CPU as previously described.
  • the CPU tracks and analyzes the test results.
  • the CPU can also compare the test results with databases concerning the test, environmental borne diseases, and treatments to determine if the patient has an environmental borne disease and, if so, determine an appropriate treatment.
  • the test results can be collated and sent to public health facility and the CDC automatically by the CPU.
  • the process and system can automatically notify exposed individuals and send them test kits.
  • the exposed individual can collect and send the sample to the indicated laboratory as described previously.
  • the samples are tested in the laboratory and the test results can be reported by the process and system to the public health facility, individual and the CDC.
  • the process and system can also perform needed statistical analysis of data and reports for public health and CDC.
  • the automated process and system can provide analysis of population, flagging high risk areas.
  • the public health can distribute remote sample and test kits to high risk targets.
  • the targets personnel at risk collect samples and send the sample to an indicated laboratory for testing.
  • the test results are entered into the CPU as described previously.
  • the CPU tracks and analyzes the test results.
  • the CPU can also compare the test results with databases concerning the test, environmental hazards and treatment, to determine if the patient has a medical condition attributable to the environmental hazard and, if so, identify an appropriate treatment.
  • the process and system can report the test results to public health and the CDC.
  • the process and system can automatically notify positive individuals with public health approval. Positive patients are treated, to the extent possible. Suspect environments should be abated.
  • the process and system can prompt the patient's health care provider or health agency to re-test the patients.
  • the process and system can be programmed to automatically call chronic disease patients on a regular schedule to prompt patients to take medications, exercise, diet or follow any other area of disease treatment regimen.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé automatisé et un système informatique destinés au suivi et à la transmission automatiques d'examens, qui peuvent constituer un réseau de communication global pour la commodité des patients, des fournisseurs de soins de santé et des services de santé publique et réduire le coût des soins de santé. Avantageusement, ce procédé et ce système rapides et précis peuvent être utilisés pour détecter de nombreux types de maladies infectieuses, maladies chroniques, maladies génétiques, carences nutritionnelles, problèmes de santé environnementaux et généraux, troubles de la reproduction, maladies mentales, toxicomanies, allergies, etc., ainsi que pour pratiquer automatiquement des examens non invasifs, tels qu'examens de la vue, de l'audition et des fonctions cognitives, afin de surveiller l'évolution de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Les échantillons à analyser peuvent être collectés d'une manière pratique par le patient ou par d'autres personnes, puis placés dans une trousse d'analyse au domicile du patient ou dans un autre lieu éloigné d'un établissement de soins. L'échantillon peut être analysé en laboratoire, au domicile du patient ou dans un autre lieu éloigné. Les résultats de l'examen et les antécédents médicaux du patient peuvent être entrés dans le système ou le réseau, puis comparés à des bases de données portant sur les maladies, les troubles, les traitements, les plans thérapeutiques, les suppléments nutritionnels et les médicaments. Le procédé et le système permettent de transmettre au médecin ou au fournisseur de soins de santé du patient le résultat d'un examen, ainsi qu'une proposition de traitement, en vue de son approbation ou de sa modification avant que le compte-rendu de l'examen, les médicaments et le traitement préconisés soient envoyés au patient. Ils sont également utiles pour le suivi et la transmission automatique d'examens aux organismes de santé publique.
EP98934224A 1997-07-14 1998-06-30 Telemedecine Withdrawn EP1027459A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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US89200297A 1997-07-14 1997-07-14
US892002 1997-07-14
PCT/US1998/013681 WO1999004043A1 (fr) 1997-07-14 1998-06-30 Telemedecine

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JP (1) JP2002511965A (fr)
CA (1) CA2294294A1 (fr)
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