Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q1/00—Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
  • A61Q1/02—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/23—Apiaceae or Umbelliferae (Carrot family), e.g. dill, chervil, coriander or cumin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
  • A61K36/906—Zingiberaceae (Ginger family)
  • A61K36/9066—Curcuma, e.g. common turmeric, East Indian arrowroot or mango ginger
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
  • A61K8/97—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
  • A61K8/9706—Algae
  • A61K8/9722—Chlorophycota or Chlorophyta [green algae], e.g. Chlorella
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
  • A61K8/97—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
  • A61K8/9783—Angiosperms [Magnoliophyta]
  • A61K8/9789—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
  • A61K8/97—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
  • A61K8/9783—Angiosperms [Magnoliophyta]
  • A61K8/9794—Liliopsida [monocotyledons]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
  • A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
  • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
  • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
  • C12N5/0625—Epidermal cells, skin cells; Cells of the oral mucosa
  • C12N5/0629—Keratinocytes; Whole skin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
  • C12N2500/70—Undefined extracts
  • C12N2500/76—Undefined extracts from plants

Definitions

• the invention relates to new uses of extracts of the plant Rhoeo discolor in the field of cosmetics and pharmacy, in particular dermatology. It also relates to the use of the same extracts for the preparation of culture media for skin cells.
• Rhoeo discolor plant is a plant of the Commeliaceae family also known under the names Rhoeo discolor Hance or Rhoeo spathacea Stearn or Tradescantia spathacea. This plant is known to be native to Central America and cultivated in Brazil. It is also present in New Caledonia.
• the plant is also cited as a potential source of acylated anthocyanins, in particular for the preparation of food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic dyes in US patent 4,999,423.
• An insecticidal activity of an aqueous extract of leaves and stems is also cited in Lloydia, 1950, 13, 89-162).
• extracts of this plant exhibited a certain number of activities making it possible to envisage their use both in the field of cosmetics and in pharmacy, in particular in dermatology.
• This differentiation is reflected in particular, at the epidemic level, by greater cell cohesion, by regulation of the transformation of keratinocytes into corneocytes by loss of the nucleus and increase in cellular corneification, by an increase in the number of layers of corneocytes forming the stratum corneum, all of these phenomena contributing to the strengthening of the protective function of the skin vis-à-vis the external environment and to the strengthening of the water barrier preventing excessive loss of water by the epidemic. Furthermore, it is also reflected in the hair follicle by regulating the processes of synthesis of keratins by keratinocytes, these proteins being the main constituent of the hair shaft, the quality of which is essential for a hair in good condition. In addition, the inventors have observed that these extracts make it possible to promote, accelerate and improve the differentiation of skin cells, in particular keratinocytes, during their culture in a culture medium.
• Rhoeo discolor extracts as free radical scavengers and have demonstrated the advantage of using such extracts for the preparation of cosmetic products or dermatological with anti-radical activity, in particular for the preparation of products intended to combat skin aging and oxidative phenomena leading to the production of reactive free radicals.
• these products make it possible to effectively fight against toxic OH radicals.
• the inventors have also demonstrated that the extracts of the Rhoeo discolor plant are of valuable interest in cosmetics and in pharmacy, in particular in dermatology because of their property of stimulating the production of GAG by fibroblasts of half, in particular of the human half. .
• proteoglycans which are partly made up of GAG, are complex macromolecules formed of a protein part onto which are grafted by covalent bonds polymers of disaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (GAG).
• GAG glycosaminoglycans
• GAGs are present at the dermal level and participate in the composition of the extracellular matrix. They have been found linked to certain sites of collagen fibers, as described by J. E. SCOTT in Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 1991, J_3, pages 157-161. They have also been identified between keratinocytes at the epidemic level as described by J. G. HAGGERTY et al. in the journal J. Invest. Dcrmatol., 1992, 99, pages 374-380, 99 pages 374-380. GAGs have also been found in the extracellular matrix of the dermal papilla of the hair follicle. Their quantity varies depending on the hair cycle.
• proteoglycans and GAGs of the hair follicles reference may be made in particular to the publication by JR COUCHMAN cited above, and to that of M. TAYLOR et al., "Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by cultured human hair follicle dc ⁇ nal papilla cclls: comparison with non-follicular dcrmal fibroblasts ", Brit. J. Dcrmatol. 1992 (May) 126 (5) 479-84.
• GAGs the disaccharide unit of GAGs is formed from a hexosamine (D-glucosamine or D-galactosamine) which is quite often sulfated alternating with a uronic acid (D-glucuronic or L-iduronic).
• the GAG chains most frequently encountered in the skin are hyaluronic acid, chondroitins-4 and -6 sulfate, dermatan sulfate and, in small quantities, heparin and heparan sulfate.
• Hyaluronic acid in particular, is known to be an essential element for healthy and undamaged skin. Only this acid is not synthesized in association with a central protein.
• GAGs by their primary property of associating strongly with water molecules and of forming gels, ensure the hydration of the half and the epidermis.
• Well-hydrated skin guarantees good appearance, a satisfactory physiological and functional state, with in particular good mechanical properties.
• the decrease in GAGs during skin aging has been shown by many authors (such as: SMITH et al. in J. Invest. De ⁇ natol., 1962, 39, pages 347-350; or FLEISCHMAJER et al. in Biochim Biophys. Acta, 1972, 279, pages 265-275 ; or by LONG AS et al. in Carbohydr. Rcs., 1987, 159, pages 127-136).
• the stimulation of the synthesis of GAGs therefore makes it possible in particular to restore to a skin having a deficiency in terms of its mechanical properties or of its water barrier, such as dehydrated or aged skin, the qualities and properties of normal skin and young, or to prevent or treat hair growth disorders, or to restore or strengthen the shine and suppleness of a hair.
• the main object of the present invention is to solve the new technical problem consisting in the supply of a new formulation of cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions, in particular dermatological compositions, having the property of promoting the differentiation of keratinocytes and intended in particular for treating skin disorders.
• '' accompanying an insufficiency or a disturbance in the differentiation of keratinocytes, such as psoriasis, to restore, preserve and / or strengthen the protective function of the skin, in particular the water barrier function, thus leading to a hydrating effect , in particular by preventing excessive loss of water by the epidc ⁇ nc.
• An advantageous application of this latter phenomenon is the treatment of ichthyotic skin, as well as the treatment of psoriatic skin.
• Another main object of the present invention is to solve the new technical problem consisting in providing a solution making it possible to promote, accelerate and improve the differentiation of skin cells, in particular keratinocytes, in culture.
• Another main object of the present invention is also to provide cosmetic or pharmaceutical, in particular dermatological, compositions having anti-free radical activity.
• Another main object of the invention is also to solve the new technical problem consisting in the supply of cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions, in particular dermatological compositions, making it possible to stimulate the synthesis of GAGs. Therefore, the invention also relates to the use of extracts of Rhoeo discolor to prepare cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions, in particular dermatological compositions, making it possible to stimulate the synthesis of GAGs. These compositions make it possible to improve the firmness and suppleness of the skin, to fight against the formation of wrinkles or to attenuate their depth or to obtain a smoothing of the surface of the skin thanks, in particular, to a tightening effect. physiological or to improve the hydration of the skin. The present invention also aims to solve the new technical problem consisting in the supply of a solution making it possible to treat cells, in particular fibroblasts, in culture, in order to obtain stimulation of the synthesis of GAGs.
• the invention relates to the use of an extract of the Rhoeo discolor plant as an active ingredient in a cosmetic composition.
• the extract of the plant Rhoeo discolor is used as a cosmetic agent intended to hydrate or improve the hydration of the skin, to fight against the effects of aging of the skin, to prevent or treat wrinkles, improve the firmness and suppleness of the skin.
• the inventors of the present invention have been able to link these different activities to the activity of the extracts of the plant Rhoeo discolor on the differentiation of keratinocytes, the trapping of free radicals as well as on the synthesis of GAGs.
• the cosmetic compositions of the invention make it possible to improve the differentiation of keratinocytes, which contributes to strengthening the cutaneous barrier at the level of the stratum corneum, thus making it possible to reduce the loss of water in the skin, to maintain its hydration , improve its appearance and radiance, strengthen the skin barrier against the penetration of irritants or toxic external agents, protect the skin and, more generally, the body.
• compositions according to the invention are manifested by the effectiveness of these compositions in the fight against aging of the skin.
• the effect of the cosmetic compositions of the invention for stimulating the synthesis of GAGs results in the effect of these compositions for improving the hydration of the dermis and the epidermis, combating the formation of wrinkles or attenuating their depth, and improve the firmness and suppleness of the skin.
• This last effect makes it possible to obtain a smoothing of the surface of the skin thanks to a physiological tensor effect.
• the invention also relates to the uses of extracts of the Rhoeo discolor plant for preparing compositions for pharmaceutical use, especially dermatological.
• the invention relates to the use of an extract from the Rhoeo discolor plant, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition, in particular a dermatological composition, intended:
• the pharmaceutical compositions, in particular dermatological compositions of the invention prove to be particularly advantageous because, by their effects on the differentiation of keratinocytes, the pharmaceutical compositions, in particular dermatological compositions of the invention, make it possible to improve the effect barrier of the skin and consequently of limiting water losses but also this activity makes it possible to combat the phenomena of irregular or exaggerated scaling.
• the invention therefore makes it possible to provide compositions which make it possible to restore the normal physiological state of the skin.
• compositions in particular those of the invention on free radicals, makes it possible to provide a solution to all the phenomena of aging of the skin, in particular to oxidative phenomena.
• compositions, in particular dermatological logic, of the invention on the synthesis of GAGs proves to be particularly advantageous in all skin treatments where it is sought in particular to obtain a smoothing of the surface of the skin, in particular thanks to a tightening effect or to improve the hydration of the skin.
• cosmetic and pharmaceutical, in particular dermatological, extracts from the whole plant may be used.
• the extract of the Rhoeo discolor plant is an extract obtained by extraction using a solvent or a mixture of solvents whose polarity parameter p 'is between 4 and 8.
• polarity parameter p ' is between 4 and 8.
• the extract will advantageously be obtained by maceration of the plant or part of a plant in a solvent or a mixture of solvents as defined above, followed by filtration and, if necessary, by evaporation of said solvent or mixture of solvents .
• - C 1 to C 4 alcohols in particular ethanol, ethanol, isopropanol or hydroalcoholic mixtures of these alcohols, - esters, in particular ethyl acetate or isopropyl acetate,
• compositions can be produced.
• the preferred forms are the topical forms suitable for application to the skin tissue, including the skin and mucous membranes.
• Suitable topical formulations include, without limitation, emulsions, creams, milks, balms, gels, lotions, ova as well as treating makeup compositions, these different types of formulations being well known to those skilled in the art. art.
• the cosmetic or pharmaceutical, in particular dermatological, compositions of the invention advantageously contain concentrations of extracts of the Rhoeo discolor plant of between 0.001 and 5% by weight, preferably between 0.01 and 2% expressed as dry extract relative to the weight of said composition.
• the two aspects of the cosmetic or pharmaceutical invention the compositions also contain at least one product chosen from the family consisting of:
• alpha hydroxy acids such as lactic acid, malic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, salicylic acid, and natural extracts containing them ,
• - hydrating agents such as glycerol, glycerol lactate, urea, trehalose, dextran,
• vitamins A, B, C, D, E and F in particular their esters or their phosphates
• ceramides in particular ceramides of plant or synthetic origin, - effectors of the natural synthesis of ceramides,
• micro-algae such as Euglcna or Chlorclla
• - anti-free radical agents such as curcuminoids, vitamin E and vitamin C derivatives, nordihydrogariaretic acid.
• the present invention also relates to a cell or tissue culture medium, in particular for the culture of skin cells, in particular of keratinocytes, making it possible to promote, accelerate and improve their differentiation, characterized in that it comprises an effective amount of an extract from the plant Rhoeo discolor, to obtain such differentiation.
• This culture medium advantageously comprises from 0.0001 to 1% by weight of Rhoeo discolor extract relative to the total weight of said culture medium.
• the invention also relates to a method for the mass culture of skin cells, in particular keratinocytes and / or fibroblasts, for the production of artificial skin or for the preparation of reconstituted skin models, characterized in that it uses a culture medium as defined above.
• the invention also relates to a method which makes it possible to promote, accelerate or improve the differentiation of skin cells, in particular keratinocytes and / or to stimulate the synthesis of GAGs, in particular from keratinocytes and / or fibroblasts, in particular within the framework of a mass culture of skin cells and thus allows the production of artificial skin or the preparation of reconstituted skin models, comprising a dermis and an epidermis, this process being characterized in that it uses a culture medium as defined above.
• the ground material of the plant, prior to its maceration in methanol, is treated with hexane, according to a method well known to those skilled in the art, to degrease it.
• a second methanolic extraction test according to the method described in the first paragraph above, is carried out with another batch of the whole ground plant.
• a dry extract called MD 82/95 is obtained.
• An extract is prepared by a hydroglycolic mixture of 1, 3-butylene glycol and water in the ratio 1/1 using a weight ratio of 1/20 of the plant relative to the solvent. This extract is prepared by heating hot for 20 min at 80 ° C. of the mixture. A yellow extract is recovered. This extract has the advantage of being easily incorporated into cosmetic formulations.
• this culture medium can be constituted by an M 199 medium supplemented with 2 mM of L-glutaminc, 10% of fetal calf serum, cholera toxin, hydrocortisonc, as well as the epidermal growth factor EGF .
• the culture medium is renewed by an identical medium in 6 of the 12 wells which constitute untreated control wells, and, in the 6 remaining wells constituting the treated wells, the medium is renewed with an identical medium, but in which 2.5 ⁇ g / ml of Rhoeo discolor extract as obtained in Example 1 has been dissolved, and on which sterilizing filtration has been carried out beforehand on a filter at 0.22 ⁇ m.
• Sections of each of the resin blocks thus obtained are produced in the form of ultrafine sections, for example using a device known under the name of microtome.
• the sections of the six control cultures, on the one hand, and the sections of the six cultures treated with the extract of Rhoeo discolor, on the other hand, are then observed under a transmission electron microscope.
• the upper layers show good comerification of keratinocytes, while it is known that the final stage of differentiation is never completely reached in the case of submerged cultures.
• a microemulsion is prepared by dissolving linoleic acid in a zwitterionic detergent, CHAPS (Sigma), and gradually adding a 0.06 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.
• CHAPS zwitterionic detergent
• the micro-emulsion of linoleic acid prepared as described above
• PDGF Platinum Derived
• BB Sigma, ref. 43066
• BB Sigma, ref. 4306
• FHN Normal human fibroblast cultures are initiated in three weeks from explants of healthy skin obtained in plastic surgery.
• the cells are cultured in the presence of El 99 medium, supplemented with 2mM L-glutaminc (noted El 99c) and containing 10% v / v of fetal calf serum (S VF, Gibco).
• El 99c 2mM L-glutaminc
• S VF fetal calf serum
• the culture dishes are placed in an incubator at 37 ° C under an atmosphere enriched in CO2 (5%).
• Sub-cultures (passages) are carried out by trypsinization and the FHN are used after one to six passages, denoted P I to P6.
• the product coded MD82 / 95 is a methanolic extract of Rhoeo discolor obtained according to Example 2.
• a stock solution was prepared in DMSO, from the dry extract, at the concentration of 25 mg / ml. The product being partially soluble at this concentration, a dry product was produced on the preparation after filtration through 0.22 ⁇ m filters, ie 17.4 mg / ml. Two dilutions of this stock solution were prepared at 6.9 mg / ml and 1.74 mg / ml.
• FHN 10,000 FHN are seeded in a microplate (96 Falcon wells in 100 ⁇ l of El 99c medium + 10% S VF). A microplate is provided for each assay (GAG, protein and viability). They are incubated 24 h at 37 ° C, 5% CO2.
• DMSO or the same amount of DMSO in the case of "control" cultures and 4 ⁇ Ci of 3H-glucosamine (ref. TRK 398 Amersham). It is incubated for 48 h at 37 ° C. Then, remove the supernatants, combine them in pairs and transfer them to Eppcndorf screw tubes. 200 ⁇ l of a 0.2 mg / ml pronase solution (Sigma P5147) in a PBS buffer solution containing 0.02% sodium azide are added to each of the tubes. It is left to act overnight at 37 ° C. The pronase is then inactivated by immersing the tubes 5 min in boiling water.
• the radiolabelled GAGs are coprecipitated with an aqueous solution of a mixture of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate 1/1/1, 8 mg / ml per 40 ⁇ l of a 100% solution.
• mg / ml of CPC (Sigma C 9002). Stir and incubate for 30 min at room temperature. The precipitate is centrifuged, the supernatant is aspirated and the pellet is recovered with 400 ⁇ l of a 10 mg / ml CPC solution. Agitation is carried out for 5 min and the residue is taken up in 500 ⁇ l of methanol. The mixture is stirred and transferred to scintillation vials, then 10 ml of scintillation liquid are added and the radioactivity is counted.
• cytotoxicity of the product to be tested is evaluated by an XTT test (tetrazolium salt) as described by Roehm N.W. et al. in Journal of Immunological Methods 1991, 142, 257-265. This test measures cell viability.
• the activity A of the product is expressed in% according to the following formula:
• the amounts of GAG synthesized are expressed in cpm relative to the amount of cellular proteins expressed in ⁇ g.
• Tables 2 and 3 give the results obtained with the extract of Example 2 on the one hand and with PDGF as a positive control on the other hand,
• the MD82 / 95 significantly stimulates, in the two experiments carried out, the synthesis of GAGs from 1.7 ⁇ g / ml (+ 23% and + 16%), the maximum effect being obtained at 17.3 ⁇ g / ml (+ 53% and + 42%), this concentration also exhibiting no cytotoxicity.
• the methanolic extract of Rhoeo discolor tested is an activator of the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by normal human dermal fibroblasts, in particular in the concentration range of 1.7 to 17.4 ⁇ g / ml with a maximum stimulating effect. observed at the concentration of
• Vitamin A palmitate 0.05 g
• Plant ceramides 0.2 g Perfumed excipient qs 100 g
• This cream hydrates the skin, refines the grain and brightens the complexion from the 3rd imc day of applications.
• Centella asiatica extract 0.5 g
• Vitamin E acetate 0.1 g Turmeric longa extract 0.2 g
• This foundation helps fight the signs of aging while strengthening the radiance of the skin.

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  • 1997-08-27 FR FR9710693A patent/FR2767690B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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