EP0957209A2 - Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit für einen Schwenktrieb - Google Patents
Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit für einen Schwenktrieb Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0957209A2 EP0957209A2 EP99107892A EP99107892A EP0957209A2 EP 0957209 A2 EP0957209 A2 EP 0957209A2 EP 99107892 A EP99107892 A EP 99107892A EP 99107892 A EP99107892 A EP 99107892A EP 0957209 A2 EP0957209 A2 EP 0957209A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- piston
- cylinder
- cylinder unit
- hydraulic piston
- unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009417 prefabrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
- B66C3/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith and intended primarily for transmitting lifting forces to loose materials; Grabs
- B66C3/14—Grabs opened or closed by driving motors thereon
- B66C3/16—Grabs opened or closed by driving motors thereon by fluid motors
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/28—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets
- E02F3/36—Component parts
- E02F3/3604—Devices to connect tools to arms, booms or the like
- E02F3/3677—Devices to connect tools to arms, booms or the like allowing movement, e.g. rotation or translation, of the tool around or along another axis as the movement implied by the boom or arms, e.g. for tilting buckets
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hydraulic piston-cylinder unit for one Swivel drive, in particular for swiveling work tools, with at least one piston which is slidably received in a cylinder and the fastening means, by means of which the piston with a coupling rod is connectable in such a way that the working tool by a movement of the piston is pivotable.
- Hydraulic piston-cylinder units are used to drive work tools, especially when swiveling high, low and trench clearing buckets wide use.
- DE-U-94 07 859 is a hydraulically operated trench clearing bucket known, the one at the front end of an excavator arm arranged support piece is pivotally mounted. The pivoting movement of the Spoon is effected by a piston-cylinder unit, which is in an upper Edge region of the spoon located carrier is arranged. The support piece is with a coupling rod connected to which the piston-cylinder unit engages.
- the Carrier is preferably tubular and takes the cylinder of the piston-cylinder unit on.
- From DE-U-296 21 253 is also a swivel adapter for Swiveling a tool, e.g. a trench scoop, known, at which the piston-cylinder unit is provided in a clutch device, the is pivotable relative to the support piece of the construction machine.
- the piston-cylinder unit is preferably in a tubular Carrier.
- the coupling rod is pivotable in its end areas with the support part of the construction machine and connected to the piston-cylinder unit.
- the connection with the Piston-cylinder unit is usually carried out by means of a arranged on the piston Attachment that from the receiving the piston-cylinder unit Carrier protrudes.
- This task is based on a generic piston-cylinder unit solved in that the cylinder has fastening means by means of which the cylinder with the work tool or with a supporting part of the swivel drive is connectable.
- This has the advantage that the attachment of the extension for example by screwing or welding before assembly the piston-cylinder unit is possible.
- the cylinders of the piston-cylinder unit are not pushed into a carrier is, but itself acts as the carrier of the piston-cylinder unit.
- the cylinder has fastening means by means of which this is attached to the work tool or to the supporting part of the swivel drive can be. This eliminates the need to insert the cylinder into a carrier and the prefabrication of the piston with extensions possible accordingly.
- the piston rod according to the invention can be produced as a monopart with a welded attachment.
- shorter overall lengths than in the case of known swivel drives can be achieved, because of the narrower design of the welded extension correspondingly narrower cylinders can be used.
- Another major advantage is the quick assembly and disassembly or the easy replacement of the Piston-cylinder unit.
- the cylinder of the hydraulic piston-cylinder unit as a double plunger cylinder is executed.
- a piston rod is used, which in their End regions movably received in one of the end regions of the cylinder is.
- the pressure gauges on both ends of the piston Chambers of the double plunger cylinder can have different diameters exhibit. This has the advantage that according to the different Different forces can be introduced depending on the direction of movement of the piston and thus different speeds of the piston can be realized. A such an arrangement is particularly advantageous when the inventive Piston-cylinder unit is used with a gripper, because when opening or Closing the gripper often requires different speeds are.
- the fastening means the piston is designed as an extension that comes from the cylinder protrudes and on which the coupling rod can be arranged pivotably.
- the movement of the piston in the cylinder leads to a corresponding movement of the connecting piece connected to the piston, whereby by means of the Appropriate coupling rod articulated when the piston moves Swiveling the piston-cylinder unit or a tool attached to it is effected.
- the cylinder can have one or more slot-shaped recesses, through which the extension piece extends, the extension piece being a cover element has through which the recess can be covered in all positions of the piston is.
- the cover element can be screwed to the end piece or also be welded and primarily serves to contaminate the piston-cylinder unit to avoid. It also prevents the accidental Intervene in the slot-shaped recess of the cylinder.
- the extension piece is screwed or welded to the piston.
- An advantage of the welded Execution is that a narrow extension piece can be used is, which accordingly requires a narrow cylinder.
- Another The advantage of welding is that it reduces costs. In both cases (screwed or welded) is the attachment of the extension on the piston before the installation of the piston-cylinder unit possible. In particular, this also results in Advantage that the piston-cylinder unit according to the invention can be assembled quickly and can be dismantled and, if the requirements change, is also problem-free is interchangeable with a piston-cylinder unit of another design.
- the piston the hydraulic piston-cylinder unit has a transverse bore. In this Fall the coupling rods of a swivel drive according to the arrangement the bore is laterally connected to the piston of the piston-cylinder unit.
- the fastening element of the cylinder includes tabs in which a bore for Assembly of the cylinder is provided.
- the tabs can radially from Cylinder extend or at any other position, for example be arranged in the lower region of the cylinder.
- the tabs are preferred welded to the outer cylinder jacket.
- the holes in the tabs serve the piston-cylinder unit with a tool, for example a spoon, or to connect with the support part of the swivel drive.
- Piston-cylinder unit consisting of two end pieces and at least one middle part exists, which is detachably connected to the end pieces.
- the middle part is preferably flanged to the end pieces.
- the middle part can be the slot-shaped recess for carrying out the extension piece of the piston.
- the middle part has a tab, by means of which the piston-cylinder unit in the support part the swivel drive can be pivoted.
- Fig. 1 shows a partially sectioned front view and a side view a first embodiment of the piston-cylinder unit 10 according to the invention, in which a piston 20 is slidably received in the double plunger cylinder 30 is.
- the double plunger cylinder 30 has a slot-shaped on its top Recess 33 through which the extension piece 22 extends.
- the extension 22 is screwed to the piston 20. It has a hole Inclusion of a pivotally fixed coupling rod.
- the extension 22 is also with the cover element designed as a sheet metal strip 24 connected. This will prevent unintentional intervention in the slit-shaped Recess 33 and contamination of the piston-cylinder unit 10 effectively prevented in all positions of the piston 20.
- Fig. 1 right shows a side view that on the outside of the double plunger cylinder 30 tabs 32 are arranged, by means of which the piston-cylinder unit 10 or the double plunger cylinder 30 can be attached.
- the tabs 32 vertically arranged bores 34 are provided. The tabs 32 are welded to the double plunger cylinder 30.
- FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment in a front view and in a side view the piston rod 20, the two opposite and radially from the piston rod 20 has extension pieces 22 'and 22' '.
- Such a piston rod 20 is for example for special use synchronously moving tools provided.
- Fig. 3 shows a further embodiment of a piston-cylinder unit 10, in which the piston rod 20 is slidably received in the double plunger cylinder 30 is. 3, on the right, there are two on the piston 20 horizontally extending extensions 22 'and 22' 'are provided. Through this The bore 23 extends in the lower region of the double plunger cylinder 30 the tabs 32 are provided for fastening the piston-cylinder unit 10, each of which has a vertical bore 34.
- FIG. 4 is an embodiment in a front view and a side view the piston-cylinder unit 10 according to the invention shown, in which the end pieces 36, 36 'of the double plunger cylinder 30 through a flanged middle part 38 communicate with each other.
- the piston 20 has that Extension 22 on what the middle part on its top a corresponding Recess 33 includes.
- FIG. 5 also shows an embodiment in which the end pieces 36, 36 'of the double plunger cylinder are connected to one another by the central part 38.
- the flanged middle part 38 has the tabs 50, each of which has a bore have and which for the pivotable fixing of the piston-cylinder unit or a tool arranged on it serve on a support part.
- the piston rod 20 has an extension 22 which is extends through a slot-shaped recess 33 of the central part 38.
- FIG. 6 shows a trench clearing bucket 70 in a side and a front view.
- the trench clearing bucket 70 can be pivoted on one by means of the tabs 80
- Carrier part 90 connected, for example, an excavator arm.
- Piston-cylinder unit 10 which with the trench clearing bucket 70 by means of the tabs 32 is screwed.
- the extension piece projects on the upper side of the piston-cylinder unit 10 22 out. This is arranged by means of the right and left of it Coupling rods 40 connected to the support member 90.
- a movement of the not shown Piston by applying pressure in the corresponding chamber of the double plunger cylinder 30 causes a displacement of the extension 22, which due to the arrangement of the coupling rod 40 to pivot the Grabenhoffmlöffels 70 leads to the support member 90.
- FIG. 7 shows an arrangement of a trench clearing bucket 70 according to FIG. 6, wherein as Piston-cylinder unit 10 the embodiment of FIG. 3 was used.
- the coupling rods 40 are fixed to the extension pieces extend laterally from the piston.
- the coupling rods 40 are by means of a extending through the bore 23 bolt pivotable with the piston of the Piston-cylinder unit 10 connected.
- the Piston-cylinder unit 10 on the top of the trench clearing bucket 70 with this screwed by means of the tabs 32.
- FIG. 8 shows a further embodiment of the present invention, in which a Piston-cylinder unit 10 is used, in which the piston 20 according to FIG. 2nd is executed. Thereafter extend opposite on two sides of the piston radial the extensions 22 ', 22' '. To these are by means of the appropriate Bores coupling rods 40 for the synchronous drive of the gripping tongs 100 one Gripping device arranged.
- Fig. 9 is a gripping device with a piston-cylinder unit according to the invention 10 shown in a side view.
- the piston-cylinder unit 10 includes the piston 20 movably received in the double plunger cylinder 30 has the extension 22, which is pivotally connected to two coupling rods 40 is.
- the gripping shell 110 is also pivotable Gripping device arranged.
- the piston-cylinder unit 10 has in its end region shown above as Fastening the tab 32 in which the bore 34 for mounting the piston-cylinder unit 10 is provided on a support member.
- Fig. 9 further illustrates that the chamber of the double plunger cylinder arranged below 30 a smaller diameter and thus a smaller cross-sectional area has as the piston 20 in the end region of the double plunger cylinder shown above 30 delimiting chamber. According to the different Cross-sectional areas are different forces and speeds at the Up and down movement of the piston 20 and thus when opening and closing the Gripping tray 110 can be implemented.
- FIG. 10 shows an arrangement in which a plurality of piston-cylinder units according to the invention 10 are arranged parallel to each other.
- the piston-cylinder units 10 each have the double plunger cylinder 30 in which the piston 20 is movable to be led. From this extends the extension piece 22, which by means of the Coupling rods 40 is pivotally connected to the gripping shell 110.
- the clarity in the illustration according to FIG. 10 is only a piston 20 with an extension 22 and coupling rods 40 and only one gripping shell 110 are shown.
- the further (not shown) gripping shells each extend radially outside of the individual piston-cylinder units 10.
- the individual piston-cylinder units 10 are attached to one another by means of the fastening means 120 or connected to a frame.
- piston-cylinder units 10 In addition to the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 with four piston-cylinder units 10 it is also possible, depending on the need, more or fewer piston-cylinder units or gripping dishes.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Actuator (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
- Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Fig. 1:
- Eine teilweise geschnittene Vorderansicht und eine Seitenansicht einer Ausführungsform der Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit mit einem Ansatzstück,
- Fig. 2:
- eine Vorderansicht und eine Seitenansicht einer Ausführungsform der Kolbenstange mit zwei gegenüberliegend angeordneten, sich radial erstreckenden Ansatzstücken,
- Fig. 3:
- einen Längsschnitt und eine Seitenansicht einer Ausführungsform der Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit mit Querbohrung,
- Fig. 4:
- eine Vorderansicht und eine Seitenansicht einer Ausführungsform der Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit mit angeflanschtem Mittelteil,
- Fig. 5:
- eine Vorderansicht und eine Seitenansicht einer Ausführungsform der Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit mit angeflanschtem Mittelteil, wobei das Mittelteil eine Lasche zum Verschwenken der Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit aufweist,
- Fig. 6:
- eine Seitenansicht und eine Vorderansicht eines Grabenräumlöffels mit der erfindungsgemäßen Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit gemäß Fig. 1,
- Fig. 7:
- eine Seitenansicht und eine Vorderansicht eines Grabenräumlöffels mit der erfindungsgemäßen Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit gemäß Fig. 3,
- Fig. 8:
- eine teilweise geschnittene Vorderansicht eines Greifers mit einer Kolbenstange gemäß Fig. 2,
- Fig. 9:
- eine Seitenansicht der erfindungsgemäßen Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit mit Greifer und
- Fig. 10:
- eine Querschnittsansicht einer Greifvorrichtung mit mehreren Kolben-Zylinder-Einheiten.
Claims (12)
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) für einen Schwenktrieb, insbesondere zum Verschwenken von Arbeitswerkzeugen, mit wenigstens einem Kolben (20), der in einem Zylinder verschiebbar aufgenommen ist und der Befestigungsmittel aufweist, mittels derer der Kolben (20) mit einer Koppelstange (40) derart verbindbar ist, daß das Arbeitswerkzeug durch eine Bewegung des Kolbens (20) verschwenkbar ist.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß der Zylinder Befestigungsmittel aufweist, mittels derer der Zylinder mit dem Arbeitswerkzeug oder mit einem Tragteil des Schwenktriebes verbindbar ist. - Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Zylinder als Doppelplungerzylinder (30) ausgeführt ist.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die an den beiden Stirnseiten des Kolbens (20) vorgesehenen und mit Druck beaufschlagbaren Kammern des Doppelplungerzylinders (30) unterschiedliche Durchmesser aufweisen.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Befestigungsmittel des Kolbens (20) als Ansatzstück (22) ausgeführt ist, das aus dem Zylinder herausragt und an dem die Koppelstange (40) verschwenkbar angeordnet werden kann.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Zylinder eine oder mehrere schlitzförmige Ausnehmungen (33) aufweist, durch die sich das Ansatzstück (22) erstreckt, wobei das Ansatzstück (22) ein Abdeckelement (24) aufweist, durch das die schlitzförmige Ausnehmung (33) in allen Positionen des Kolbens (20) abdeckbar ist.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach Anspruch 4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Ansatzstück (22) mit dem Kolben (20) verschraubt oder verschweißt ist.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 4 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten des Kolbens (20) zwei sich radial von diesem erstreckende Ansatzstücke (22', 22'') vorgesehen sind.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Kolben (20) eine Querbohrung (23) aufweist.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Befestigungsmittel des Zylinders Laschen (32) umfaßt, in denen eine Bohrung (34) zur Montage des Zylinders vorgesehen ist.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Zylinder aus zwei Endstücken (36, 36') und wenigstens einem Mittelteil (38) besteht, das lösbar mit den Endstücken (36, 36') verbunden ist.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Mittelteil (38) die schlitzförmige Ausnehmung (33) zur Durchführung des Ansatzstückes (22) des Kolbens (20) aufweist.
- Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit (10) nach Anspruch 10 oder 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Mittelteil (38) eine Lasche (50) aufweist, mittels derer ein Schwenkteil (90) in dem Tragteil des Schwenktriebes schwenkbar lagerbar ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE29808647U | 1998-05-12 | ||
| DE29808647 | 1998-05-12 | ||
| DE29813241U | 1998-07-24 | ||
| DE29813241U DE29813241U1 (de) | 1998-05-12 | 1998-07-24 | Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit für einen Schwenktrieb |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0957209A2 true EP0957209A2 (de) | 1999-11-17 |
| EP0957209A3 EP0957209A3 (de) | 2001-03-14 |
| EP0957209B1 EP0957209B1 (de) | 2007-02-14 |
Family
ID=26061518
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99107892A Expired - Lifetime EP0957209B1 (de) | 1998-05-12 | 1999-04-21 | Hydraulische Kolben-Zylinder-Einheit für einen Schwenktrieb |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6260470B1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0957209B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE353999T1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE59914187D1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2489788A3 (de) * | 2011-02-21 | 2015-08-19 | Rolf Mieger | Greifwerkzeug mit hydraulischen Kolben-Zylinder-Einheiten |
| CN105887952A (zh) * | 2016-01-29 | 2016-08-24 | 黄社兰 | 装载机前车架搭子 |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10309304B4 (de) * | 2003-03-04 | 2005-03-31 | Festo Ag & Co. | Pneumatisch betätigbarer Schlitzzylinder |
| FR2929968B1 (fr) * | 2008-04-14 | 2011-09-30 | Const Du Beaujolais Atel | Dispositif d'inclinaison d'un outil et notamment d'un godet d'un engin de travaux publics |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1604548A (en) * | 1923-12-15 | 1926-10-26 | Nat Pneumatic Co | Door engine |
| FR1468472A (fr) * | 1965-02-18 | 1967-02-03 | Orenstein & Koppel Ag | Dispositif de mise à niveau pour godets excavateurs |
| US3503144A (en) * | 1967-03-16 | 1970-03-31 | Omsteel Ind Inc | Convertible loading and plowing device |
| DE3004974A1 (de) * | 1980-02-11 | 1981-08-20 | BSG Handels-Gesellschaft mbH für Baumaschinen-Verschleißteile, 8051 Allershausen | Grabgefaess |
| FR2487880A1 (fr) * | 1981-01-21 | 1982-02-05 | Poclain Sa | Benne preneuse, notamment a coquilles |
| DE3103987C2 (de) * | 1981-02-05 | 1982-10-21 | Liebherr-Hydraulikbagger Gmbh, 7951 Kirchdorf | Schwenkbarer Grabenräumlöffel |
| DE3245673C1 (de) * | 1982-12-09 | 1984-01-19 | Liebherr-Hydraulikbagger Gmbh, 7951 Kirchdorf | Schwenkbarer Grabenräumlöffel |
| US5247743A (en) * | 1992-07-02 | 1993-09-28 | Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. | Method and apparatus for digging trenches |
| DE9407859U1 (de) * | 1994-05-11 | 1994-09-01 | Mieger, Rolf, 88457 Kirchdorf | Hydraulisch schwenkbarer Grabenräumlöffel |
| DE29621253U1 (de) * | 1996-12-06 | 1997-05-22 | Mieger, Rolf, Ing. (grad.), 88457 Kirchdorf | Schwenkadapter |
-
1999
- 1999-04-21 EP EP99107892A patent/EP0957209B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-04-21 DE DE59914187T patent/DE59914187D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-04-21 AT AT99107892T patent/ATE353999T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-04-29 US US09/301,719 patent/US6260470B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2489788A3 (de) * | 2011-02-21 | 2015-08-19 | Rolf Mieger | Greifwerkzeug mit hydraulischen Kolben-Zylinder-Einheiten |
| CN105887952A (zh) * | 2016-01-29 | 2016-08-24 | 黄社兰 | 装载机前车架搭子 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE59914187D1 (de) | 2007-03-29 |
| EP0957209A3 (de) | 2001-03-14 |
| EP0957209B1 (de) | 2007-02-14 |
| ATE353999T1 (de) | 2007-03-15 |
| US6260470B1 (en) | 2001-07-17 |
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