EP0935034B1 - Method of manufacturing of an anchoring, anchoring piece and tensioning element for this purpose - Google Patents
Method of manufacturing of an anchoring, anchoring piece and tensioning element for this purpose Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0935034B1 EP0935034B1 EP98810096A EP98810096A EP0935034B1 EP 0935034 B1 EP0935034 B1 EP 0935034B1 EP 98810096 A EP98810096 A EP 98810096A EP 98810096 A EP98810096 A EP 98810096A EP 0935034 B1 EP0935034 B1 EP 0935034B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cavity
- cross
- area
- section
- anchorage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
- E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
- E04C5/127—The tensile members being made of fiber reinforced plastics
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
- E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
- E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
- E04C5/125—Anchoring devices the tensile members are profiled to ensure the anchorage, e.g. when provided with screw-thread, bulges, corrugations
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
- E04G21/12—Mounting of reinforcing inserts; Prestressing
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/58—Prestressed concrete piles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of anchors in civil engineering, including blind anchors that are accessible only on one side.
- an anchor head of a tension element prestressed or not it is not possible to access the anchor from the rear. This case is encountered particularly in the case of a buried anchor, access to the anchor being only possible from the ground surface, or in the case where a sealing or corrosion protection must be specially treated so that the rear side anchor must be closed.
- This constraint prevents the use of a traditional anchor plate where the attachment of the tension element to the plate, for example by means of anchoring cones, requires the development of new types of anchoring.
- Patent EP-0,351,582 shows an anchorage accessible from only one side; the disadvantage of the device described here being that each tension element, respectively the tube in which they are introduced, is maintained solely by longitudinal adhesion, which greatly limits the tensile force that can withstand such an anchoring and leads to a length anchoring very important to obtain a sufficient adhesion surface.
- US Pat. No. 4,043,133 provides for a cladding tube for tension elements maintained solely by longitudinal adhesion in the surrounding ground. The tension members protrude from the lower end of the tube and are all attached to an anchor plate, without the manner in which the latter plate is introduced into the cavity and the manner in which the tensioning elements are attached to said plate. are described. In the case where this embodiment is feasible, the transmission of the anchoring force of the end of the tension elements in the surrounding ground through the injected cladding tube is achieved solely by longitudinal adhesion, without benefiting from the corner effect as described in the invention below.
- Document DE-A-44 37 104 in the name of the applicant, relates to an anchoring device which, prefabricated in the factory or on the site of use (column 3, lines 17 to 21), is intended to be trapped in a massive anchor to allow the realization of an anchorage in such a massive.
- the push rods used in the case of the device of DE-A-44 37 104 can not be used for the construction of an anchor according to the invention.
- the second end of these rods is constituted by radial deployment and the curvature of the metal wires, it does not make it possible to guarantee the achievement of the result sought by the invention, namely the sliding of a second end onto another second end already installed in a cavity in the anchor.
- a first object of the invention is to propose a method for producing an anchorage accessible from a single side, not meeting the mentioned drawbacks of known anchors, that is to say making it possible to carry out an anchoring in which the elements tension are maintained so that the tensile force on each of them at the anchor is taken up by adhesion, this adhesion being substantially favored by the confinement induced by the general shape of the anchor, and by longitudinal mechanical locking of the ends of the tensioning elements, due to the particular shape of said ends and their arrangement in a cavity of substantially tapered shape.
- a second object of the invention is to propose a device that makes it possible to perform such an anchoring.
- an anchoring cavity of determined shape For the implementation of the method of the invention, it is first necessary to obtain an anchoring cavity of determined shape.
- the shape of this anchoring cavity is essentially oblong, tapered, with a first end open on the accessible side of the anchor and a second closed end on the non-accessible side of the anchor.
- the cross section of the first end of the anchor must be smaller than another cross section of the cavity, this section corresponds to that of the second end or to an intermediate section of the cavity.
- a first means consists in using an anchoring piece, comprising a prefabricated internal cavity having the desired shape of the anchoring cavity.
- a preferred embodiment of such an anchoring piece is shown in FIG. 1.
- the anchoring piece 1 consists essentially of a wall 10, preferably thin, limiting an internal cavity 11.
- a first end of the anchor 1, the upper end of the part in the figure comprises an opening 12, and means 13 for securing a tubular protective sheath of the tension elements whose utility will be described later.
- the other end of the anchoring piece 1 is closed by a bottom wall 14.
- the external shape of the anchoring piece 1, or of the internal cavity 11 is essentially tapered, for example in a truncated cone or pyramid , with the weakest straight section close to the opening 12 and the strongest straight section close to the bottom wall 14.
- An inlet 15 is arranged near the bottom wall 14, a tube of injection 16 being fixed or attachable to said inlet port.
- a discharge port 17 is provided near the opening 12, a discharge tube 18 being fixed or attachable to said discharge port.
- the tapered outer surface, respectively truncated cone or pyramid, of the anchor 1 comprises one or more anchoring rings 19 disposed on the periphery of said surface, the purpose of which is to improve the transmission and the distribution of the anchoring force in the surrounding structure.
- the form embodiment shown in the figure comprises two such rings 19.
- the anchor 1 may be of synthetic material, metal or concrete, its dimensions depending essentially on the importance of the anchor considered.
- FIG. 2A shows the first step of the method of manufacturing an anchor according to the invention using such an anchor. While the surrounding concrete structure is not yet made, an anchor 1 is placed at the exact place where the anchoring must be made, the opening 12 being directed towards the future tension elements.
- the anchor piece 1 is held in place by a temporary scaffold or preferably by irons 20 of the reinforcement of the concrete. Preferably, but without this being essential to the invention is arranged around the anchoring piece 1 or more circular irons 21 forming one or frets, to improve the cohesion of concrete in this place.
- FIG. 2B it can be seen that the concrete structure 2 to support the anchorage has been concretely concreted around the anchoring piece 1.
- the anchoring piece 1 is thus entirely surrounded and maintained in the concrete structure 2, with the exception of its first end provided with the opening 12 which is flush with the upper surface of the concrete structure 2 or which, as shown here, protrudes slightly above said upper surface of the concrete structure 2, and that ends of the injection tubes 16 and evacuation 18 which remain accessible outside the concrete structure 2.
- a cavity 11, of definite shape has been obtained inside a concrete structure 2.
- this cavity 11 has been obtained using a part anchor 1 provided with a prefabricated cavity.
- the same cavity 11 in a concrete structure 2 can also be obtained in other ways, for example by making it on site.
- the formwork is dismounted by acting from the opening 12 and is extracted from the cavity 11 by the same opening.
- the cavity 11 can be obtained by drilling a cavity 11 of the desired shape in an existing structure 2.
- the latter method of drilling is rather reserved for cases of an anchorage directly in the ground or for the installation of a new anchorage on an existing structure 2.
- the cavity 11, obtained in any of the ways described has two important dimensions, a passage area of the opening 12 called S12 and a maximum cross-sectional area called S11 (see Figure 1).
- the structural element to be prestressed 3 is laid or concreted, in known manner, over the concrete structure 2, said structural element 3 preferably comprising a conduit or a cladding tube 30, one end of which faces the opening 12 to be fixed on the fastening means 13 adjacent to said opening.
- the cross-section of the cladding tube 30 or duct provided in the structural element 3 for the tensioning elements corresponds essentially to the section of the opening 12 of the cavity 11.
- the cladding tube 30 or the corresponding duct arranged in the structural element 3 comprises at least one injection orifice 31, connected to an injection tube 32, at least one of said orifices 31 being preferably disposed near the end of the tube 30 close to the opening 12 , as well as at least one discharge orifice connected to a discharge tube, at least one of said discharge orifices being disposed near the other end (not visible in the figure) of the tube 30, respectively of the structural element 3.
- the fourth step, shown in Figure 2D is to introduce the voltage elements.
- FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D show, by way of nonlimiting examples, four embodiments of such a tension element 4.
- the tension element 4 essentially consists of a pull rod 40 and an end portion 41.
- the end portion 41 on the pull rod 40 is designed such that said end portion 41 has a larger cross-sectional area S41 than the cross sectional area S40 of the pull rod 40, this for the reasons that will be explained below.
- the other end of the pull rod 40 has no end portion of this type and is formed for a normal anchor, known in the art.
- the pull rod 40 may be of any known type, consisting of either a unitary strand or a plurality of strands helically assembled to form a pulling cable.
- the unitary strand or strands assembled to form the pull rod 40 may be steel, preferably a high tensile steel or synthetic material, for example based on carbon fiber or Kevlar.
- the end portion 41 may consist of an end piece 41, made of metal or of synthetic material, which is firmly fixed to the end of the pull rod 40.
- the choice of the material of the end piece 41 thus that its mode of attachment to the pull rod 40 depends essentially on the material as well as the way in which the pull rod 40 is constituted.
- the end piece 41 essentially comprises a central body 42, bounded by an upper portion 43 and a lower portion 44.
- the central body may have a straight cylindrical shape, with a circular cross-section as in FIG. 3A or polygonal, or else a tapered shape in a truncated cone or pyramid, with a circular or polygonal straight section, as in FIG. Figure 3B.
- the portion of smaller section is that adjacent to the upper portion 43.
- the two portions 43 and 44 are curved or formed of inclined planes, so as to facilitate the sliding of an end portion being installed on another end portion already installed, as will be seen below.
- the end portion 41 may be formed by deformation or machining directly on the end of the pull rod 40.
- FIGS. 3C and 3D show examples of end portions of this type.
- the traction rod 40 consists of a unitary strand and the end portion 41 is obtained by deformation, for example by forging, stamping or stamping, of the end of the pull rod 40.
- FIG. 3D shows an example of an end portion 41 obtained on a traction rod 40 consisting of assembled strands.
- the end of each strand has been moved away from its normal position, a ring or ligation may be provided just before this separation to prevent undocking of the rest of the towing cable.
- the spaced apart ends of the strands may be held in position by a complementary holding piece 45, for example a circular disk welded or fixed in any way under the spaced strands or may be left free.
- the part for holding the spaced strands may consist of an element having the shape of two conical portions contiguous by their base, a first conical portion being introduced between the strands to remove them, while the second conical portion has the same use as the lower portion 44 described above.
- the end portion 41 it may also have a circular or polygonal shape and include the upper and lower portions 43 and 44 as previously described.
- end pieces 41 or deformed end portion portions 41 are not limiting both in their form and their means of obtaining; any means for increasing the cross sectional area of the end portion of the pull rod 40 can be envisaged.
- end piece 41 it being understood that it may also be an end portion as described above.
- FIG. 2E shows the utility of the curved or inclined shape that can be provided on the upper portion 43 and the lower portion 44 of the end piece 41.
- FIG. 2F shows that after a certain number of tension elements have been installed, a new end piece to be installed may not find its place at the bottom of the cavity 11; in this case, it is sufficient for the tension element in question to fulfill its role entirely later, that the end piece is pushed as low as possible into the cavity until it abuts against a or several pieces already installed or against the side wall of the cavity.
- a liquid sealing material 50 is introduced through the injection tube 16; this material enters the cavity 11 through the injection orifice 15 and fills the empty spaces between the end pieces 41 and the ends of the traction rods 40 in the cavity 11, until at least partially filling the cavity 11 .
- the discharge orifice 17 and the discharge tube 18 serves to evacuate the air contained in the cavity 11 during its filling and to control the filling level of the cavity 11.
- the cavity 11 is filled until the liquid mass introduced reaches the level of the discharge orifice 17.
- the material contained in the cavity 11 then hardens to form a rigid block of high mechanical strength 5 in which the end pieces 41 and the ends of the pull rods 40 are recessed.
- the tensioning elements 4 are each subjected to traction until reaching the prescribed prestressing tension value.
- This traction is effected in a conventional manner, by acting on the other end of each tension element 4, respectively of each pull rod 40, the tensioning elements being pretensioned simultaneously or sequentially.
- the tapered, frustoconical or pyramidal shape of the cavity 11, respectively of the cured mass in which the end pieces 41 and the ends of the rods 40 of the tensioning elements 4 are embedded allows a effective corner anchoring in the concrete structure 2.
- this wedge shape prevents any axial displacement of the cured mass 5 and causes transmission of the anchoring forces in the surrounding structure 2 by axial compression and not by simple adhesion. The length of this anchorage is therefore favorably reduced.
- (N x S41) * generally represents the area generated by the bundle of the N-pieces of assembled ends, each having a cross-sectional area S41.
- the individual sections S41 and the passage section S12 must be dimensioned for a blocking end pieces 41 when the tensile force is exerted simultaneously on all the tensioning elements 4.
- step of pretensioning of the tensioning elements 4 can be carried out differently than described, in particular in the case of a simple unassembled guying.
- the empty space inside the cladding tube 30, respectively inside the duct arranged in the structural element 3 can be filled with a another sealing material 60 through the injection tube (s) 32 and the injection port (s) 31 in order to preserve the tightness of the claimed system and to prevent corrosion of the pretensioners.
- This last step is also optional, dependent if such protection is required or necessary.
- each tension element 4 being taken up mainly by its part or its end portion 41 and carried on the high-strength hardened sealing block. mechanical 5.
- An effective transmission of this effort is possible through the firm attachment of the end piece 41 on the pull rod 40; this fixing can be performed in the factory, its mechanical strength is very high.
- This force is then transferred by the oblique walls of the cavity 11 to the surrounding structure 2.
- frets 21 may be provided to further improve the cohesion of the surrounding structure 2 around the cavity 11.
- This type of anchorage is particularly well suited for prestressing anchoring of a prestressed structural element 3. It can also lend itself to anchoring of non-prestressed tension elements, such as for example stay cables of a mast or of a pylon, the stays can then not be protected by a protective tube 30. Similarly it is not essential that the cavity 11 is arranged in a surrounding concrete structure, a borehole or in rock allowing to obtain a required cavity can also be expected. The description was made for a cavity whose longitudinal axis is essentially vertical, with its opening 12 upwards. Other geometrical arrangements are also possible, the dimensions of the cavity 11 being adapted to obtain a sufficient filling of the cavity 11 by the sealing liquid 50.
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Description
La présente invention concerne le domaine des ancrages en génie civil, notamment les ancrages borgnes qui ne sont accessibles que d'un seul côté.The present invention relates to the field of anchors in civil engineering, including blind anchors that are accessible only on one side.
Pour certains ancrages, d'une tête d'ancrage d'un élément de tension précontraint ou non, il n'est pas possible d'accéder à l'ancrage par l'arrière. On rencontre ce cas notamment dans le cas d'un ancrage enterré, l'accès à l'ancrage étant seulement possible depuis la surface du sol, ou dans le cas où une étanchéité ou une protection anticorrosion doit être spécialement soignée faisant que le côté arrière de l'ancrage doit être fermé. Cette contrainte empêche l'utilisation d'une plaque d'ancrage traditionnelle où la fixation de l'élément de tension à la plaque, à l'aide par exemple de cônes d'ancrage, nécessite le développement de nouveaux types d'ancrage.For some anchors, an anchor head of a tension element prestressed or not, it is not possible to access the anchor from the rear. This case is encountered particularly in the case of a buried anchor, access to the anchor being only possible from the ground surface, or in the case where a sealing or corrosion protection must be specially treated so that the rear side anchor must be closed. This constraint prevents the use of a traditional anchor plate where the attachment of the tension element to the plate, for example by means of anchoring cones, requires the development of new types of anchoring.
Le brevet EP-0.351.582 montre un ancrage accessible depuis un seul côté; l'inconvénient du dispositif décrit ici étant que chaque élément de tension, respectivement le tube dans lequel ils sont introduits, est maintenu uniquement par adhérence longitudinale, ce qui limite fortement l'effort de traction que peut supporter un tel ancrage et conduit à une longueur d'ancrage très importante pour obtenir une surface d'adhérence suffisante. De même le brevet US-4.043.133 prévoit un tube de gainage des éléments de tension maintenu uniquement par adhérence longitudinale dans le sol environnant. Les éléments de tension dépassent de l'extrémité inférieure du tube et sont tous attachés à une plaque d'ancrage, sans que la manière dont cette dernière plaque est introduite dans la cavité ainsi que la manière dont les éléments de tension sont fixés à ladite plaque ne soient décrites. Dans le cas où cette forme d'exécution serait réalisable, la transmission de l'effort d'ancrage de l'extrémité des éléments de tension dans le sol environnant au travers du tube de gainage injecté est réalisée uniquement par adhérence longitudinale, sans bénéficier de l'effet de coin tel que décrit dans l'invention ci-après.Patent EP-0,351,582 shows an anchorage accessible from only one side; the disadvantage of the device described here being that each tension element, respectively the tube in which they are introduced, is maintained solely by longitudinal adhesion, which greatly limits the tensile force that can withstand such an anchoring and leads to a length anchoring very important to obtain a sufficient adhesion surface. Likewise, US Pat. No. 4,043,133 provides for a cladding tube for tension elements maintained solely by longitudinal adhesion in the surrounding ground. The tension members protrude from the lower end of the tube and are all attached to an anchor plate, without the manner in which the latter plate is introduced into the cavity and the manner in which the tensioning elements are attached to said plate. are described. In the case where this embodiment is feasible, the transmission of the anchoring force of the end of the tension elements in the surrounding ground through the injected cladding tube is achieved solely by longitudinal adhesion, without benefiting from the corner effect as described in the invention below.
Le document DE-A-44 37 104, au nom de la déposante, est relatif à un dispositif d'ancrage qui, préfabriqué en usine ou sur le chantier d'utilisation (colonne 3, lignes 17 à 21), est destiné à être emprisonné dans un massif d'ancrage pour permettre la réalisation d'un ancrage dans un tel massif.Document DE-A-44 37 104, in the name of the applicant, relates to an anchoring device which, prefabricated in the factory or on the site of use (
Le dispositif d'ancrage préfabriqué du document DE-A-44 37 104 met en oeuvre :
- un pièce axiale consistant en au moins une tige de traction formée par assemblage de fils métalliques et présentant deux extrémités dont,
- une première extrémité qui demeure accessible après la construction dudit ancrage,
- une seconde extrémité qui, constituée par le déploiement radial et courbure desdits fils, devient inaccessible après la construction de l'ancrage, c'est-à-dire après incorporation du dispositif préfabriqué d'ancrage dans un massif d'ancrage, et
- une gaine de protection de la pièce centrale contre la corrosion qui, s'étendant entre la première extrémité et la seconde extrémité de l'élément de tension, est destinée à être remplie d'un coulis de ciment après emprisonnement du dispositif préfabriqué d'ancrage dans un massif d'ancrage,
- une masse de matériau qui est formée,
- autour de la seconde extrémité de l'élément de tension,
- avant incorporation du dispositif d'ancrage dans un massif d'ancrage, et
- de manière à constituer une partie épaulée permettant l'ancrage de la pièce centrale dans un tel massif.
- an axial part consisting of at least one tensile rod formed by assembling metal wires and having two ends,
- a first end that remains accessible after the construction of said anchor,
- a second end which, constituted by the radial deployment and curvature of said wires, becomes inaccessible after the construction of the anchor, that is to say after incorporation of the prefabricated anchoring device into an anchor, and
- a protective sheath of the central piece against corrosion which, extending between the first end and the second end of the tension member, is intended to be filled with a cement slurry after imprisonment of the prefabricated anchoring device in a massive anchor,
- a mass of material that is formed,
- around the second end of the tension element,
- before incorporation of the anchoring device into an anchor, and
- so as to form a shoulder portion for anchoring the central piece in such a solid mass.
Ce dispositif d'ancrage est préparé avant d'être employé sur un site déterminé et la préparation consiste :
- à ce munir d'une tige de traction comportant une seconde extrémité radialement expansée ou à se munir d'un groupe de tiges de traction comportant chacune une telle seconde extrémité radialement expansée, puis
- à engager une gaine sur la tige ou sur le groupe de tiges, et
- à former la partie épaulée autour de la seconde extrémité ou autour des premières extrémités.
- to provide a pull rod having a second radially expanded end or to be provided with a group of pull rods each having such a radially expanded second end, and then
- to engage a sheath on the rod or on the group of rods, and
- forming the shoulder portion around the second end or around the first ends.
Les tiges de tractions utilisées dans le cas du dispositif du document DE-A-44 37 104 ne peuvent pas être utilisées pour la construction d'un ancrage selon l'invention.The push rods used in the case of the device of DE-A-44 37 104 can not be used for the construction of an anchor according to the invention.
En effet, la seconde extrémité de ces tiges étant constituée par déploiement radial et la courbure des fils métalliques, elle ne permet pas de garantir l'obtention du résultat visé par l'invention, à savoir le glissement d'une seconde extrémité sur une autre seconde extrémité déjà installée dans une cavité aménagée dans le massif d'ancrage.Indeed, since the second end of these rods is constituted by radial deployment and the curvature of the metal wires, it does not make it possible to guarantee the achievement of the result sought by the invention, namely the sliding of a second end onto another second end already installed in a cavity in the anchor.
Un premier but de l'invention est de proposer un procédé de réalisation d'un ancrage accessible depuis un seul côté, ne rencontrant pas les inconvénients mentionnés des ancrages connus, c'est-à-dire permettant de réaliser un ancrage dans lequel les éléments de tension sont maintenus de manière à ce que l'effort de traction sur chacun d'eux au niveau de l'ancrage soit repris par adhérence, cette adhérence étant sensiblement favorisée par le confinement induit par la forme générale de l'ancrage, et par blocage mécanique longitudinal des extrémités des éléments de tension, dû à la forme particulière desdites extrémités et leur arrangement dans une cavité de forme essentiellement effilée.A first object of the invention is to propose a method for producing an anchorage accessible from a single side, not meeting the mentioned drawbacks of known anchors, that is to say making it possible to carry out an anchoring in which the elements tension are maintained so that the tensile force on each of them at the anchor is taken up by adhesion, this adhesion being substantially favored by the confinement induced by the general shape of the anchor, and by longitudinal mechanical locking of the ends of the tensioning elements, due to the particular shape of said ends and their arrangement in a cavity of substantially tapered shape.
Un deuxième but de l'invention est de proposer un dispositif qui permet de réaliser un tel ancrage.A second object of the invention is to propose a device that makes it possible to perform such an anchoring.
Ces buts sont obtenus par un procédé de confection d'un ancrage tel que décrit à la revendication 1 et par un dispositif conforme à la revendication 9.These objects are obtained by a method of making an anchor as described in
L'invention est décrite plus en détail ci-dessous, cette description étant à considérer en regard du dessin annexé comportant les figures où:
- la figure 1 est une vue en coupe d'une forme d'exécution préférentielle d'une pièce d'ancrage selon l'invention,
- les figures 2A à 2L représentent chacune une étape particulière d'un procédé de réalisation d'un ancrage selon l'invention, et
- les figures 3A, 3B, 3C représentent trois formes d'exécution particulières d'un élément de tension selon l'invention, la figure 3D montrant un exemple obtenu sur une tige de traction constituée de brins assemblés.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a preferred embodiment of an anchoring piece according to the invention,
- FIGS. 2A to 2L each represent a particular step of a method of producing an anchor according to the invention, and
- FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C show three particular embodiments of a tension element according to the invention, FIG. 3D showing an example obtained on a traction rod consisting of assembled strands.
Pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé de l'invention, il s'agit tout d'abord d'obtenir une cavité d'ancrage de forme déterminée. La forme de cette cavité d'ancrage est essentiellement oblongue, effilée, avec une première extrémité ouverte, du côté accessible de l'ancrage et une deuxième extrémité fermée, du côté non accessible de l'ancrage. De plus, la section transversale de la première extrémité de l'ancrage doit être inférieure à une autre section transversale de la cavité, que cette section corresponde à celle de la deuxième extrémité ou à une section intermédiaire de la cavité.For the implementation of the method of the invention, it is first necessary to obtain an anchoring cavity of determined shape. The shape of this anchoring cavity is essentially oblong, tapered, with a first end open on the accessible side of the anchor and a second closed end on the non-accessible side of the anchor. In addition, the cross section of the first end of the anchor must be smaller than another cross section of the cavity, this section corresponds to that of the second end or to an intermediate section of the cavity.
Plusieurs moyens ou dispositifs permettent d'obtenir une telle cavité. Un premier moyen consiste à utiliser une pièce d'ancrage, comportant une cavité interne préfabriquée ayant la forme voulue de la cavité d'ancrage. Une forme d'exécution préférentielle d'une telle pièce d'ancrage est représentée à la figure 1. La pièce d'ancrage 1 est constituée essentiellement d'une paroi 10, de préférence mince, limitant une cavité interne 11. Une première extrémité de la pièce d'ancrage 1, soit l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce sur la figure comporte une ouverture 12, ainsi que des moyens de fixation 13 d'une gaine de protection tubulaire des éléments de tension dont l'utilité sera décrite plus loin. L'autre extrémité de la pièce d'ancrage 1 est fermée par une paroi de fond 14. La forme extérieure de la pièce d'ancrage 1, respectivement de la cavité interne 11 est essentiellement effilée, par exemple en tronc de cône ou de pyramide, avec la section droite la plus faible proche de l'ouverture 12 et la section droite la plus forte proche de la paroi de fond 14. Un orifice d'admission 15 est aménagé à proximité de la paroi de fond 14, un tube d'injection 16 étant fixé ou pouvant être fixé audit orifice d'admission. De manière semblable, un orifice d'évacuation 17 est aménagé à proximité de l'ouverture 12, un tube d'évacuation 18 étant fixé ou pouvant être fixé audit orifice d'évacuation. L'utilité de ces orifices et tubes sera décrite plus bas. De préférence la surface extérieure effilée, respectivement en tronc de cône ou de pyramide, de la pièce d'ancrage 1 comprend un ou plusieurs anneaux d'ancrage 19 disposés sur la périphérie de ladite surface, dont le but est d'améliorer la transmission et la répartition de l'effort d'ancrage dans la structure environnante. La forme d'exécution représentée sur la figure comprend deux tels anneaux 19. La pièce d'ancrage 1 peut être en matériau synthétique, en métal ou en béton, ses dimensions dépendant essentiellement de l'importance de l'ancrage considéré.Several means or devices make it possible to obtain such a cavity. A first means consists in using an anchoring piece, comprising a prefabricated internal cavity having the desired shape of the anchoring cavity. A preferred embodiment of such an anchoring piece is shown in FIG. 1. The
La figure 2A montre la première étape du procédé de fabrication d'un ancrage selon l'invention utilisant une telle pièce d'ancrage. Alors que la structure bétonnée environnante n'est pas encore faite, une pièce d'ancrage 1 est placée à l'endroit exact où l'ancrage doit être réalisé, l'ouverture 12 étant dirigée en direction des futurs éléments de tension. La pièce d'ancrage 1 est maintenue en place par un échafaudage provisoire ou de préférence par des fers 20 du ferraillage du béton. De préférence, mais sans que cela soit indispensable à l'invention on dispose autour de la pièce d'ancrage 1 un ou plusieurs fers circulaires 21 formant une ou des frettes, afin d'améliorer la cohésion du béton en cet endroit.Figure 2A shows the first step of the method of manufacturing an anchor according to the invention using such an anchor. While the surrounding concrete structure is not yet made, an
Sur la figure 2B, on voit que la structure bétonnée 2 devant supporter l'ancrage a été bétonnée de manière conventionnelle autour de la pièce d'ancrage 1. La pièce d'ancrage 1 est ainsi entièrement entourée et maintenue dans la structure bétonnée 2, à l'exception de sa première extrémité munie de l'ouverture 12 qui vient à fleur de la surface supérieure de la structure bétonnée 2 ou qui, comme représenté ici, fait légèrement saillie par-dessus ladite surface supérieure de la structure bétonnée 2, ainsi que des extrémités des tubes d'injection 16 et d'évacuation 18 qui restent accessibles hors de la structure bétonnée 2.In FIG. 2B, it can be seen that the
On constate donc, qu'à cette deuxième étape du procédé on a obtenu une cavité 11, de forme déterminée, à l'intérieur d'une structure bétonnée 2. Comme décrit jusqu'à présent cette cavité 11 a été obtenue en utilisant une pièce d'ancrage 1 munie d'une cavité préfabriquée. Une même cavité 11 dans une structure bétonnée 2 peut aussi être obtenue d'autres manières, par exemple en la confectionnant sur place. Par exemple, on peut prévoir un coffrage démontable, en bois ou en autre matériau, ayant une forme extérieure conforme à la forme désirée de la cavité 11, placé à l'endroit voulu et autour duquel la structure bétonnée 2 est ensuite coulée. Dès le durcissement du béton, le coffrage est démonté en agissant depuis l'ouverture 12 et est extrait de la cavité 11 par la même ouverture. Selon une manière assez semblable, on peut disposer d'une pièce souple et gonflable ayant, après gonflage, la forme désirée de la cavité 11 et qui est placée à l'endroit désiré. Après bétonnage de la structure bétonnée 2, la pièce gonflable est dégonflée, laissant une cavité 11 de forme voulue dans la structure bétonnée 2. Selon encore une autre manière, la cavité 11 peut être obtenue par forage d'une cavité 11 de la forme voulue dans une structure 2 existante. Cette dernière manière de faire par forage est plutôt réservée aux cas d'un ancrage directement en terre ou alors pour l'installation d'un nouvel ancrage sur une structure 2 existante. La cavité 11, obtenue de n'importe laquelle des manières décrites possède deux dimensions importantes, une surface de passage de l'ouverture 12 appelée S12 et une surface de section droite maximum appelée S11 (voir figure 1).It can therefore be seen that, at this second stage of the process, a
Lors de la troisième étape du procédé, visible à la figure 2C, l'élément de structure à précontraindre 3 est posé ou bétonné, de manière connue, par-dessus la structure bétonnée 2, ledit élément de structure 3 comportant de préférence un conduit ou un tube de gainage 30 dont une extrémité vient en regard de l'ouverture 12 pour être fixée sur les moyens de fixation 13 attenants à ladite ouverture. La section transversale du tube de gainage 30 ou du conduit aménagé dans l'élément de structure 3 pour les éléments de tension correspond essentiellement à la section de l'ouverture 12 de la cavité 11. Le tube de gainage 30 ou le conduit correspondant aménagé dans l'élément de structure 3 comprend au moins un orifice d'injection 31, relié à un tube d'injection 32, un au moins desdits orifices 31 étant disposé de préférence à proximité de l'extrémité du tube 30 proche de l'ouverture 12, de même qu'au moins un orifice d'évacuation relié à un tube d'évacuation, au moins un desdits orifices d'évacuation étant disposé à proximité de l'autre extrémité (non visible sur la figure) du tube 30, respectivement de l'élément de structure 3.During the third step of the process, visible in FIG. 2C, the structural element to be prestressed 3 is laid or concreted, in known manner, over the
La quatrième étape, montrée à la figure 2D consiste à introduire les éléments de tension.The fourth step, shown in Figure 2D is to introduce the voltage elements.
Pour ceci, on peut se reporter aux figures 3A, 3B, 3C et 3D qui montrent, à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, quatre formes d'exécution d'un tel élément de tension 4. L'élément de tension 4 est essentiellement constitué d'une tige de traction 40 et d'une portion d'extrémité 41. La portion d'extrémité 41 sur la tige de traction 40 est conçue de telle manière que ladite portion d'extrémité 41 possède une surface de section transversale S41 plus grande que la surface de section transversale S40 de la tige de traction 40, ceci pour les raisons qui seront expliquées plus bas. L'autre extrémité de la tige de traction 40 ne comporte pas de portion d'extrémité de ce type et est constituée pour un ancrage normal, connu de la technique.For this, reference may be made to FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D which show, by way of nonlimiting examples, four embodiments of such a
La tige de traction 40 peut être de n'importe quel type connu, étant constituée soit d'un brin unitaire, soit d'une pluralité de brins assemblés hélicoïdalement afin de constituer un câble de traction. Le brin unitaire ou les brins assemblés afin de former la tige de traction 40 peuvent être en acier, de préférence un acier à haute résistance à la traction ou en matériau synthétique, par exemple à base de fibres de carbone ou de Kevlar.The
La portion d'extrémité 41 peut être constituée d'une pièce d'extrémité 41, métallique ou en matériau synthétique qui est solidement fixée à l'extrémité de la tige de traction 40. Le choix du matériau de la pièce d'extrémité 41 ainsi que son mode de fixation à la tige de traction 40 dépendent essentiellement du matériau ainsi que de la manière dont est constituée la tige de traction 40. La pièce d'extrémité 41 comprend essentiellement un corps central 42, limité par une portion supérieure 43 et une portion inférieure 44. Le corps central peut avoir une forme cylindrique droite, avec une section droite circulaire comme sur la figure 3A ou polygonale ou alors une forme effilée en tronc de cône ou de pyramide, avec une section droite circulaire, ou polygonale comme sur la figure 3B. Dans le cas d'une forme effilée la partie de plus faible section est celle adjacente à la portion supérieure 43. Les deux portions 43 et 44 sont bombées ou formées de plans inclinés, de manière à faciliter le glissement d'une portion d'extrémité en cours d'installation sur une autre portion d'extrémité déjà installée, comme on le verra plus bas.The
Selon une autre forme d'exécution, la portion d'extrémité 41 peut être formée par déformation ou usinage directement sur l'extrémité de la tige de traction 40. Les figures 3C et 3D montrent des exemples de portions d'extrémités de ce type. Sur la figure 3C, la tige de traction 40 est constituée d'un brin unitaire et la portion d'extrémité 41 est obtenue par déformation, par exemple par forgeage, matriçage ou estampage, de l'extrémité de la tige de traction 40. La figure 3D montre un exemple de portion d'extrémité 41 obtenue sur une tige de traction 40 constituée de brins assemblés. Dans cet exemple, l'extrémité de chaque brin a été écartée de sa position normale, une bague ou une ligature pouvant être prévue juste avant cet écartement afin d'empêcher une détoronnage du reste du câble de traction. Les extrémités écartées des brins peuvent être maintenues en position par une pièce complémentaire de maintien 45, par exemple un disque circulaire soudé ou fixé de n'importe quelle manière sous les brins écartés ou alors peuvent être laissés libres. Selon une forme d'exécution non représentée, la pièce de maintien des brins écartés peut être constituée d'un élément ayant la forme de deux portions coniques accolées par leur base, une première portion conique étant introduite entre les brins pour les écarter, alors que la deuxième portion conique a le même usage que la portion inférieure 44 décrite plus haut. Ainsi, selon n'importe quelle forme d'exécution de la portion d'extrémité 41, celle-ci peut aussi avoir une forme circulaire ou polygonale et comprendre les portions supérieure et inférieure 43 et 44 comme décrit précédemment.According to another embodiment, the
Les exemples décrits de pièces d'extrémités 41 ou de portions d'extrémités déformées 41 ne sont pas limitatifs tant dans leur forme que leur moyen d'obtention; tout moyen permettant d'augmenter la surface de la section transversale de la portion d'extrémité de la tige de traction 40 peut être envisagé. Dans la suite de la description on parlera de pièce d'extrémité 41, étant bien entendu qu'il peut aussi s'agir d'une portion d'extrémité comme décrite plus haut.The described examples of
En revenant à la figure 2D, on voit qu'un premier élément de tension 4 a été poussé dans le tube de guidage 30 puis dans la cavité 11, jusqu'à ce que sa pièce d'extrémité 41 arrive au contact de la surface inférieure de ladite cavité. Un deuxième élément de tension 4 est en cours d'être installé de la même manière.Returning to FIG. 2D, it can be seen that a
La figure 2E montre l'utilité de la forme bombée ou inclinée qui peut être prévue sur les portions supérieure 43 et inférieure 44 de la pièce d'extrémité 41. Lorsqu'un élément de tension 4 est en cours d'installation, il est fort possible que sa pièce d'extrémité 41 vienne buter contre une autre pièce d'extrémité d'un élément de tension déjà installé. De par la forme bombée ou inclinée desdites portions, la deuxième pièce d'extrémité ne se coince pas contre la première mais en est écartée et glisse contre elle jusqu'à trouver sa position finale à côté de celle-ci.FIG. 2E shows the utility of the curved or inclined shape that can be provided on the
La figure 2F montre qu'après qu'un certain nombre d'éléments de tension aient été installés, une nouvelle pièce d'extrémité à installer peut ne pas trouver sa place au fond de la cavité 11; dans ce cas, il suffit, pour que l'élément de tension en question remplisse ultérieurement entièrement son rôle, que la pièce d'extrémité soit poussée le plus bas possible dans la cavité, jusqu'à ce qu'elle arrive en butée contre une ou plusieurs pièces déjà installée ou contre la paroi latérale de la cavité.FIG. 2F shows that after a certain number of tension elements have been installed, a new end piece to be installed may not find its place at the bottom of the
Pour la réalisation de l'ancrage du haubanage ou de l'élément précontraint, il est nécessaire d'introduire un certain nombre "N" d'éléments de tension 4 dans la cavité 11. Sachant que la section droite de chaque tige de traction 40 a une surface S40 et que la surface maximum de la section droite de la pièce d'extrémité 41 vaut S41 (voir figures 3A, 3B, 3C et 3D) on doit avoir les relations suivantes:
- pour permettre l'introduction du dernier élément de
tension 4, respectivement pour permettre le passage de la dernière pièce d'extrémité 41 dans le tube de guidage 30, respectivement dans l'ouverture 12, on a: - pour permettre une bonne disposition des pièces d'extrémité 41 sur le fond de la cavité 11, on a:
- to allow the introduction of the
last tension element 4, respectively to allow the passage of thelast end piece 41 in theguide tube 30, respectively in theopening 12, we have: - to allow a good disposition of the
end pieces 41 on the bottom of thecavity 11, we have:
Lorsque tous les éléments de tension 4 ont été poussés à travers le conduit ou le tube 30 de manière à ce que toutes leurs pièces d'extrémité 41 se soient logées dans la cavité 11 comme indiqué ci-dessus on peut passer à l'étape suivante du procédé comme on le voit à la figure 2G. Lors de cette étape, on introduit un matériau de scellement liquide 50 par le tube d'injection 16; ce matériau pénètre dans la cavité 11 par l'orifice d'injection 15 et remplit les espaces vides entre les pièces d'extrémité 41 et les extrémités des tiges de traction 40 dans la cavité 11, jusqu'à remplir au moins partiellement la cavité 11. Durant cette opération, l'orifice d'évacuation 17, respectivement le tube d'évacuation 18 sert à évacuer l'air contenu dans la cavité 11 durant son remplissage ainsi qu'à contrôler le niveau de remplissage de la cavité 11. De manière préférentielle, la cavité 11 est remplie jusqu'à ce que la masse liquide introduite atteigne le niveau de l'orifice d'évacuation 17. Le matériau contenu dans la cavité 11 se durcit ensuite afin de former un bloc rigide de haute résistance mécanique 5 dans lequel les pièces d'extrémité 41 ainsi que les extrémités des tiges de traction 40 sont encastrées.When all the elements of
A l'étape suivante, représentée à la figure 2H, les éléments de tension 4 sont chacun soumis à une traction jusqu'à atteindre la valeur de tension de précontrainte prescrite. Cette mise en traction s'effectue de manière conventionnelle, en agissant sur l'autre extrémité de chaque élément de tension 4, respectivement de chaque tige de traction 40, les éléments de tension étant mis en prétension simultanément ou séquentiellement. Comme on peut le voir sur la figure, la forme effilée, tronconique ou pyramidale de la cavité 11, respectivement de la masse durcie dans laquelle les pièces d'extrémités 41 et les extrémités des tiges 40 des éléments de tension 4 sont encastrées, permet un ancrage efficace en coin dans la structure bétonnée environnante 2. Contrairement aux dispositifs connus de l'art antérieur mentionnés précédemment, cette forme en coin empêche tout éventuel déplacement axial de la masse durcie 5 et provoque une transmission des efforts d'ancrage dans la structure environnante 2 par compression axiale et non pas par simple adhérence. La longueur de cet ancrage est donc favorablement réduite.In the next step, shown in FIG. 2H, the
Une sécurité d'ancrage supplémentaire est assurée par la disposition particulière des pièces d'extrémités 41 à l'intérieur de la cavité 11. En considérant que les pièces d'extrémité 41 sont disposées en faisceau dans la cavité 11, la surface de la section droite générée par l'enveloppe du faisceau des pièces d'extrémités 41 assemblées est supérieure à la surface de l'ouverture 12 de la cavité 11. Le faisceau de pièces d'extrémités 41 est donc bloqué dans la cavité 11.An additional anchoring security is ensured by the particular arrangement of the
En reprenant les expressions mentionnées précédemment, on a la relation suivante:
- pour permettre un blocage des éléments de
tension 4 dans la cavité 11 en empêchant la sortie des pièces d'extrémités bloquées entre ellespar l'ouverture 12, on doit avoir:
- to allow a locking of the
tensioning elements 4 in thecavity 11 by preventing the exit of the end pieces locked together by theopening 12, one must have:
Dans l'expression ci-dessus, (N x S41)* représente de manière générale la surface générée par l'enveloppe du faisceau des N pièces d'extrémités assemblées, ayant chacune une surface de section droite S41. Afin de tenir compte du fait qu'éventuellement une ou deux pièces d'extrémités 41 peuvent ne pas avoir trouvé leur place, comme indiqué en regard de la figure 2H, les sections individuelles S41 et la section de passage S12 doivent être dimensionnées pour un blocage des pièces d'extrémités 41 lorsque l'effort de traction s'exerce simultanément sur tous les éléments de tension 4.In the above expression, (N x S41) * generally represents the area generated by the bundle of the N-pieces of assembled ends, each having a cross-sectional area S41. In order to take into account that possibly one or two
Il est à remarquer que l'étape qui vient d'être décrite de prétension des éléments de tension 4 peut être réalisée différemment que décrite, notamment dans le cas d'un simple haubanage non prétendu.It should be noted that the above-described step of pretensioning of the
Lors d'une dernière étape du procédé, vue à la figure 2L, l'espace vide à l'intérieur du tube de gainage 30, respectivement à l'intérieur du conduit aménagé dans l'élément de structure 3 peut être rempli d'un autre matériau de scellement 60 par le ou les tubes d'injection 32 et le ou les orifices d'injection 31 afin de préserver l'étanchéité du système prétendu et d'empêcher la corrosion des éléments de prétension. Cette dernière étape est aussi facultative, dépendant si une telle protection 6 est requise ou nécessaire.In a final step of the process, seen in FIG. 2L, the empty space inside the
On constate donc que l'on obtient ainsi un ancrage très efficace, l'effort de traction longitudinal de chaque élément de tension 4 étant repris principalement par sa pièce ou sa portion d'extrémité 41 et reporté sur le bloc de scellement durci à haute résistance mécanique 5. Une transmission efficace de cet effort est possible grâce à la fixation ferme de la pièce d'extrémité 41 sur la tige de traction 40; cette fixation pouvant être réalisée en usine, sa résistance mécanique est très élevée. Cet effort est ensuite reporté par les parois obliques de la cavité 11 sur la structure environnante 2. En disposant un ou plusieurs anneaux d'ancrage 19 sur la pièce d'ancrage 1, il est encore possible d'améliorer l'effet d'ancrage mentionné dans la structure environnante 2. Comme mentionné, des frettes 21 peuvent être prévues afin d'améliorer encore la cohésion de la structure environnante 2 autour de la cavité 11. En plus de la résistance longitudinale mentionnée, chaque extrémité de tige de traction 40 étant maintenue dans le bloc de scellement 5, un maintien par compression radiale de chaque tige 40 est obtenu en supplément.It can therefore be seen that a very effective anchorage is thus obtained, the longitudinal tensile force of each
Ce type d'ancrage se prête particulièrement bien à un ancrage précontraint d'un élément de structure précontraint 3. Il peut aussi se prêter à un ancrage d'éléments de tension non précontraints, comme par exemple des haubans de retenu d'un mât ou d'un pylône, les haubans pouvant alors ne pas être protégés par un tube de protection 30. De même il n'est pas indispensable que la cavité 11 soit aménagée dans une structure environnante bétonnée, un forage en terre ou dans du rocher permettant d'obtenir une cavité requise peut aussi être prévu. La description a été faite pour une cavité dont l'axe longitudinal est essentiellement vertical, avec son ouverture 12 vers le haut. D'autres dispositions géométriques sont aussi possibles, les dimensions de la cavité 11 étant à adapter afin d'obtenir un remplissage suffisant de la cavité 11 par le liquide de scellement 50.This type of anchorage is particularly well suited for prestressing anchoring of a prestressed
Claims (18)
- Method of constructing an anchorage having more than one tension element (4), said anchorage being accessible from one side only, this method comprising in particular the following steps:- making a cavity (11) in a surrounding structure (2), said cavity having a substantially oblong shape and having two ends, the area of the cross section (S12) of the end disposed on the accessible side of the anchorage being less than the area of the cross section (S11) of another portion of the cavity, the cavity comprising an opening (12) on the accessible side of the anchorage,- successively inserting, through the opening (12) of one end, each of the tension elements (4), each of said tension elements being made up of a traction rod (40) having a first cross-sectional area (S40) and of an end portion (41) having a second cross-sectional area (S41) larger than said first cross-sectional area (S40), and- filling the cavity (11) with an embedding material (50),this process being characterised in that,- the insertion of each tension element (4) consists in pushing said tension element (4) into a guide tube (30), then into the cavity (11), until its end piece (41) comes in contact with the bottom surface of the cavity (11) which presents a surface (S11) corresponding to the largest cross-sectional area of the cavity (11),- the insertion of a tension element (4) is repeated until a number of tension elements (4) have been installed in the same way, and• a new end piece (41) to be installed is not able to find its place at the bottom of the cavity (11), and that• for the tension element in question to play its full part later on, the end piece (41) is pushed down as far as possible in the cavity (11) until it comes up against one or more pieces (41) already installed or against the sidewall of the cavity (11),- the construction of the anchorage thus involving the introduction of a certain number "N" of tension elements (4) into the cavity (11), this introduction being preceded by the choice of tension elements (4) and of a cavity (11) verifying the following relations:
- Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the cavity is made by installing a substantially oblong, tapering anchor member (1) having two ends, the area of the cross section of a first end being less than the area of the cross section of another portion of the anchor member, said anchor member being made up substantially of a wall (10) bounding a cavity (11) of a shape substantially similar to that of said member and provided with an opening (12) having a first cross-sectional area (S12) at said first end of the anchor member and comprising a bottom wall (14) at the second end, another cross section of said cavity having another area (S11) greater than the first area (S12), said anchor member (1) then being embedded or concreted in the surrounding structure (2), leaving said opening (12) free.
- Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the construction of the cavity (11) is achieved by putting in a template capable of being dismantled and having a substantially oblong and tapering outside shape, the surrounding structure (2) then being concreted about said template, the template then being dismantled by one of its ends, leaving a cavity (11) of substantially oblong and tapering shape in the concreted surrounding structure (2), as well as an opening (12) toward said cavity, the area of the cross section of a portion (S12) of a portion of said cavity close to the opening (12) being less than the area (S11) of the cross section of another portion of said cavity.
- Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the construction of the cavity (11) is achieved by putting in an inflatable flexible part which, once inflated, has a substantially oblong and tapering shape, the surrounding structure (2) then being concreted about said inflated part, the part then being deflated, leaving a cavity (11) of substantially oblong and tapering shape in the concreted surrounding structure (2), as well as an opening (12) toward said cavity, the area (S12) of the cross section of a portion of said cavity close to the opening (12) being less than the area (S11) of the cross section of another portion of said cavity.
- Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the construction of the cavity (11) is achieved by boring a cavity of substantially oblong and tapering shape in the surrounding structure (2), said cavity having an opening (12), the area (S12) of the cross section of a portion of said cavity close to the opening (12) being less than the area (S11) of the cross section of another portion of said cavity.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that it comprises, after the step of making the cavity (11), a step of putting in or concreting a structural element (3) to be prestressed, said structural element (3) comprising a longitudinal conduit (30) for the passage of the tension elements (4), one end of said longitudinal conduit (30) communicating (13) with the opening (12) provided in the cavity (11) of the anchorage.
- Method as claimed in one of the preceding claims, comprising, after the step of filling the cavity (11) with an embedding material (50), a step of tightening each of the tension elements (4).
- Method as claimed in claim 7, comprising, after the step of tightening the tension elements (4), a step of filling the longitudinal conduit (30) of the prestressed structural element (3) with a sealant (60).
- Device for constructing an anchorage having more than one tension element, said anchorage being accessible from one side only, this device implementing• a member of substantially oblong shape, tapering and having two ends, the area of the cross section of a first end being less than the area of the cross section of another portion of the member, said anchor member being made up substantially of a wall (10) bounding a cavity (11) of a shape substantially similar to that of said member and being provided with an opening (12) having a first cross-sectional area (S12) at said first end of the anchor member and comprising a bottom wall (14) at the second end, another cross section of said cavity having another area (S11) greater than the first area (S12),• a predetermined number (N) of tension elements (4), each having an end intended to be inserted into an anchor cavity (11) of an anchorage accessible from one side only, said tension element being made up of a traction rod (40) provided at its end intended to be inserted in said cavity with an end portion (41), the cross-sectional area (S41) of which is greater than the area (S40) of the cross section of said traction rod (40),this device being characterised in that- the portion of end (41) of each tension element (4) comprises a central body (42) bounded by an upper portion (43) and a lower portion (43) <sic. (44)>, these two portions being domed or formed of inclined planes in a manner to facilitate the sliding of an end portion during installation on another end portion already installed,- the tension elements (4) and the cavity (11) verifying the following relations:• the area of the cross section (S12) of the opening (12) of the cavity (11) of the anchor member (1) is greater than the area made up of the sum of the areas of the cross-sections (S40) of (N-1) traction rods (40) added to the maximum area (S41) of the cross section (S41) of an end portion or of an end piece (41) of the tension elements (4),• the area of the maximum cross-section (S11) of the cavity (11) is greater than the sum of the maximum areas (S41) of the cross-sections of the end portions or of the end pieces (41) inserted into said cavity,• the area of the cross-section (S12) of the opening (12) of the cavity (11) is less than the area of the cross-section formed by the assembly of the areas of the cross-sections (S41) of the end portions or of the end pieces (41) inserted into said cavity.
- Device for constructing an anchorage according to claim 9, characterised in that the anchor member has a substantially frustoconical shape.
- Device for constructing an anchorage according to claim 9, characterised in that the anchor member has a substantially frustopyramidal shape.
- Device for constructing an anchorage according to one of the claims 9 to 11, characterised in that the anchor member is equipped with an injection orifice (15) disposed close to its bottom wall (14), said injection orifice being connected or being able to be connected to an injection tube (16) of a liquid or semi-liquid substance (50).
- Device for constructing an anchorage according to claim 12, characterised in that the anchor member is equipped with an outlet (17) disposed close to its opening (12), said outlet being connected or able to be connected to an exhaust tube (18).
- Device for constructing an anchorage according to one of the claims 9 to 13, characterised in that the opening (12) is equipped with means of fastening (13) a guide tube (30) intended to contain tension elements (4) .
- Device for constructing an anchorage according to one of the claims 9 to 14, characterised in that the anchorage is equipped with at least one peripheral widening (19) on its outer lateral surface.
- Device for constructing an anchorage member according to one of the claims 9 to 15, characterised in that it is made at least partially of metal.
- Device for constructing an anchorage member according to one of the claims 9 to 15, characterised in that it is made at least partially of synthetic material.
- Device for constructing an anchorage member according to one of the claims 9 to 15, characterised in that the anchorage member is made at least partially of concrete.
Priority Applications (13)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98810096A EP0935034B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | Method of manufacturing of an anchoring, anchoring piece and tensioning element for this purpose |
ES98810096T ES2285752T3 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | EXECUTION PROCEDURE FOR ANCHORAGE, ANCHORAGE PART AND TENSION ELEMENT FOR THIS OBJECT. |
EP05102789.4A EP1559847B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | Tensioning element for the manufacturing of an anchoring |
DE69837524T DE69837524T2 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | Method for producing an anchoring, anchoring part and tensioning element for this purpose |
AU13184/99A AU748723B2 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1999-01-21 | Method, member and tendon for constructing an anchoring device |
US09/244,938 US6216403B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1999-02-04 | Method, member, and tendon for constructing an anchoring device |
NO19990557A NO323179B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1999-02-05 | Process for manufacturing an anchor, anchoring piece and anchoring clamping element |
JP03039499A JP3215381B2 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1999-02-08 | Method, member, and reinforcing bar for constructing fixing device |
KR10-1999-0004175A KR100385237B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1999-02-08 | Method, member, and tendon for constructing an anchoring device |
CNB991021568A CN1152995C (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1999-02-09 | Method, member, and tendon for constructing anchoring device |
HK00100815A HK1022007A1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 2000-02-11 | Method, member, and tendon for constructing an anchoring device. |
US09/799,283 US20010007185A1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 2001-03-05 | Method, member, and tendon for constructing an anchoring device |
US10/082,898 US20020078643A1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 2002-02-26 | Method, member, and tendon for constructing an anchoring device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98810096A EP0935034B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | Method of manufacturing of an anchoring, anchoring piece and tensioning element for this purpose |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05102789.4A Division EP1559847B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | Tensioning element for the manufacturing of an anchoring |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0935034A1 EP0935034A1 (en) | 1999-08-11 |
EP0935034B1 true EP0935034B1 (en) | 2007-04-11 |
Family
ID=8235928
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98810096A Expired - Lifetime EP0935034B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | Method of manufacturing of an anchoring, anchoring piece and tensioning element for this purpose |
EP05102789.4A Expired - Lifetime EP1559847B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | Tensioning element for the manufacturing of an anchoring |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05102789.4A Expired - Lifetime EP1559847B1 (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1998-02-09 | Tensioning element for the manufacturing of an anchoring |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US6216403B1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP0935034B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3215381B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100385237B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1152995C (en) |
AU (1) | AU748723B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69837524T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2285752T3 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1022007A1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO323179B1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3936738B1 (en) | 2020-07-15 | 2023-02-15 | Soletanche Freyssinet | Cable drain wire |
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- 1998-02-09 ES ES98810096T patent/ES2285752T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-02-09 DE DE69837524T patent/DE69837524T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-01-21 AU AU13184/99A patent/AU748723B2/en not_active Expired
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- 1999-02-05 NO NO19990557A patent/NO323179B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-08 KR KR10-1999-0004175A patent/KR100385237B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-08 JP JP03039499A patent/JP3215381B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-09 CN CNB991021568A patent/CN1152995C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-02-11 HK HK00100815A patent/HK1022007A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-03-05 US US09/799,283 patent/US20010007185A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2002
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3936738B1 (en) | 2020-07-15 | 2023-02-15 | Soletanche Freyssinet | Cable drain wire |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO990557D0 (en) | 1999-02-05 |
EP1559847B1 (en) | 2020-03-25 |
NO323179B1 (en) | 2007-01-15 |
JP3215381B2 (en) | 2001-10-02 |
JP2000064434A (en) | 2000-02-29 |
ES2285752T3 (en) | 2007-11-16 |
KR19990072472A (en) | 1999-09-27 |
US6216403B1 (en) | 2001-04-17 |
EP0935034A1 (en) | 1999-08-11 |
DE69837524D1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
AU748723B2 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
AU1318499A (en) | 1999-08-26 |
EP1559847A1 (en) | 2005-08-03 |
DE69837524T2 (en) | 2007-12-20 |
US20010007185A1 (en) | 2001-07-12 |
CN1225969A (en) | 1999-08-18 |
KR100385237B1 (en) | 2003-05-23 |
NO990557L (en) | 1999-08-10 |
US20020078643A1 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
HK1022007A1 (en) | 2000-07-21 |
CN1152995C (en) | 2004-06-09 |
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