EP0900641B1 - Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Polymerzusammensetzung - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Polymerzusammensetzung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0900641B1
EP0900641B1 EP98202855A EP98202855A EP0900641B1 EP 0900641 B1 EP0900641 B1 EP 0900641B1 EP 98202855 A EP98202855 A EP 98202855A EP 98202855 A EP98202855 A EP 98202855A EP 0900641 B1 EP0900641 B1 EP 0900641B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ptfe
polymer composition
polymer
process according
mixing apparatus
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98202855A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0900641A1 (de
Inventor
Johannes Maria Frusch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Koninklijke DSM NV
DSM IP Assets BV
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DSM NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0900641A1 publication Critical patent/EP0900641A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0900641B1 publication Critical patent/EP0900641B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/285—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder
    • B29C48/29—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder in liquid form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
    • B01F35/71—Feed mechanisms
    • B01F35/714—Feed mechanisms for feeding predetermined amounts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F2101/00—Mixing characterised by the nature of the mixed materials or by the application field
    • B01F2101/2805—Mixing plastics, polymer material ingredients, monomers or oligomers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/285—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder
    • B29C48/288—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder in solid form, e.g. powder or granules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/285—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder
    • B29C48/288—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder in solid form, e.g. powder or granules
    • B29C48/2886—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder in solid form, e.g. powder or granules of fibrous, filamentary or filling materials, e.g. thin fibrous reinforcements or fillers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2027/00—Use of polyvinylhalogenides or derivatives thereof as moulding material
    • B29K2027/12—Use of polyvinylhalogenides or derivatives thereof as moulding material containing fluorine
    • B29K2027/18—PTFE, i.e. polytetrafluorethene, e.g. ePTFE, i.e. expanded polytetrafluorethene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/0005—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing compounding ingredients
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
    • B29K2105/16—Fillers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the preparation of a polymer composition comprising a matrix polymer and polytetrafluoroethylene particles dispersed herein.
  • the invention relates to the preparation of a polymer composition containing a polycarbonate matrix polymer and polytetrafluoroethylene particles dispersed herein.
  • Polytetrafluoroethylene is used on a large scale for making polymers, in particular polycarbonate, flame-retardant.
  • the PTFE particles present in a polymer composition make the polymer composition drip less during exposure to high (burning) temperatures.
  • PTFE's anti-dripping effect originates in the typical morphology of the highly crystalline PTFE polymer. Above 19°C, PTFE undergoes a change in crystalline structure, the PTFE molecules easily forming fibrils.
  • PTFE fibrils are formed during the processing of a polymer composition containing PTFE particles - for example by injection-moulding granulate.
  • PTFE fibrils are oriented in the flow direction by the - usually high - shear rates occurring during the processing, after which they are 'frozen' in this oriented state in the polymer composition cooled to room temperature.
  • the 'frozen' PTFE fibrils ensure that, when exposed to a flame, the polymer composition will move away from this flame, which may explain PTFE's good anti-dripping effect.
  • PTFE's crystalline structure however also has a major drawback.
  • the particles of the PTFE powder easily form fibrils and coagulate under the influence of pressure and/or slight shear. This may also be the case in the preparation of the granulate.
  • Use of such coagulated PTFE powder in a polymer composition showed that the anti-dripping effect of the PTFE particles is reduced or even disappears altogether. This is of course undesirable.
  • a powdered premix of PTFE particles and powder particles of the polymer is made to prevent the risk of the PTFE particles forming fibrils and coagulating already during storage or during the preparation of the granulate.
  • the PTFE particles will coagulate less readily in this powdered premix because they are surrounded by powder particles of the polymer.
  • a polymer composition is subsequently obtained by mixing the powdered premix with the other components of the polymer composition in a suitable mixing apparatus, for example by means of compounding to form a granulate with the aid of an extruder.
  • a process for the preparation of a polymer composition containing a polycarbonate matrix polymer, a poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) copolymer and polytetrafluoroethylene particles dispersed herein in which use is made of a powdered premix is for example described in EP-A-345522.
  • the premix is prepared by mixing a PTFE emulsion with a SAN emulsion in water and subsequently coagulating this emulsion mixture, for example by means of spray-drying, freeze-drying, or by adding inorganic or organic salts, acids, bases or organic solvents soluble in water. After removal of the water through centrifugation and drying, the powdered premix is ultimately obtained.
  • the premix is herein obtained by mixing a PTFE emulsion in water with a solution of polycarbonate and a suitable organic solvent, for example methylene chloride. Next, the organic solvent is removed from this mixture by means of steam-precipitation, which ultimately results in a powdered premix of polycarbonate and PTFE.
  • a suitable organic solvent for example methylene chloride.
  • Mixing apparatuses suitable for the process according to the invention are in principle all the mixing apparatuses for thermoplastic polymers known to a person skilled in the art. It is for example possible to use static and dynamic mixers. It is also possible to use so-called Buss cokneaders. Preferably a single- or double-screw extruder is used. It has been found that the use of such an extruder leads to a better dispersion of the PTFE particles in the matrix polymer. Moreover, the residence time needed is shorter than in other suitable mixing apparatuses.
  • the matrix polymer is fed, usually in the form of a granulate, to the extruder's throat (the hopper), which is at one end (upstream relative to the screw) of the extruder. At the throat, the pressure in the extruder will be about zero. At the other end of the extruder (downstream relative to the screw) there are usually degassing points for allowing low-molecular substances present in the matrix polymer to escape.
  • the fluid PTFE mixture is preferably supplied via the throat, i.e. where the pressure is virtually zero.
  • peristaltic pumps suitable for the process according to the invention are commonly known and are for example described in the American patent US 3,887,306.
  • Such peristaltic pumps usually consist of a supporting band lying concentrically around a central axis, a pump tube lying against the supporting band which is fixed at at least one side, and compression organs that can rotate around the central axis, which are set radially inwards at a distance from the supporting band such that they can locally constrict the pump tube.
  • Peristaltic pumps are usually used in the building industry to pump liquids with a very high viscosity, for example cement and mortar.
  • the peristaltic pumps that are suitable for the process according to the invention usually have a capacity of 0.005 to 50 l/hour. Such pumps are commercially available, for example from Watson-Marlow in Great Britain.
  • the fluid PTFE mixture is dosed to the mixing apparatus by means of a peristaltic pump, the parameter ⁇ being lower than 10 sec -1 . More preferably the parameter ⁇ is lower than 5 sec -1 . Most preferably this is lower than 2 sec -1 .
  • the parameter ⁇ is proportional to the shear rate experienced by the PTFE mixture during the pumping.
  • the PTFE mixture is hence according to the invention subjected to the lowest possible shear rate during its dosage. As a result, the risk of fibrillation and coagulation of the PTFE particles in the mixture decreases. It has been found possible to keep the shear rate low enough to achieve this aim only by using a peristaltic pump.
  • 'PTFE' is in the context of this invention understood to be all fluorinated polyolefins. They are preferably used in polymer compositions as flame retardants and anti-dripping agents and can for example be chosen from the group comprising poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl fluoride), poly (trifluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-cohexafluoropropylene) and the like. Preferably poly(tetrafluoroethylene) is used.
  • Suitable PTFE is obtainable as a powder, for example from DuPont as TeflonTM 636-N, or as a dispersion in water (latex), for example from the same company as TeflonTM 30N.
  • the average PTFE particle size is usually between 0.01 and 1000 micron, preferably between 0.03 and 20 micron, most preferably between 0.05 and 0.5 micron.
  • the PTFE particles containing suspension can be prepared by mixing PTFE powder into a suitable liquid, for example by means of a static mixer.
  • a suitable aqueous dispersion (latex) of the particles is chosen for the fluid mixture of PTFE particles.
  • Suitable PTFE latexes usually contain between 40 and 80 wt.% PTFE particles, preferably between 50 and 70 wt.%.
  • a particularly suitable PTFE latex is TeflonTM 30N, obtainable from DuPont.
  • the amount of PTFE particles that is added to the polymer composition in the process according to the invention is preferably between 0.005 and 5 wt.%, more preferably between 0.03 and 0.50 wt.%, relative to the weight of the polyester matrix polymer.
  • the process according to the invention can in principle be used for all types of matrix polymer.
  • the process is for example extremely suitable for matrix polymers that are usually made flame-retardant by adding, in addition to other suitable flame retardants, PTFE as an anti-dripping agent.
  • PTFE flame retardants
  • the process according to the invention is used for the preparation of polymer compositions containing polyesters and/or polyarylene ethers.
  • the group of compounds referred to as 'polyarylene ethers' in the context of the present invention contains all the polymers that are prepared in a known way through oxidative coupling of phenol compounds, as for example described in US 3,306,879. It is also possible to use mixtures of a polyarylene ether and a styrene copolymer that improves the impact resistance, for example a mixture of a polyphenylene ether with rubber-containing polystyrene (PPO/HIPS).
  • the group of compounds referred to as 'polyester' in the context of the present invention comprises all the polyesters of diols and/or diphenols and an organic acid.
  • Suitable polyesters in the composition according to the invention are for example polyesters composed of at least one aromatic and/or aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with 8-14 carbon atoms and at least one diol.
  • the polyester in the polymer composition according to the invention is a polyalkylene terephthalate, in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).
  • the polyester in the composition according to the invention is chosen from the group of polyesters of diols or diphenols and carbonic acid usually referred to as 'polycarbonates'. It is also possible to use mixtures of polycarbonates with for example PET or PBT.
  • a particularly suitable polymer composition contains, in addition to PTFE and polycarbonate, also a styrene copolymer that improves the impact resistance. Examples of such styrene polymers are graft polymers of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) on a diene rubber, for example butadiene rubber (ABS) and/or ethylene-propylene rubber (AES).
  • styrene copolymer is a graft polymer of (meth)acrylate on a butadiene rubber, for example MBS. It is also possible to add additional (co)polymers to the resin composition, for example poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) and/or polymethyl methacrylate.
  • Suitable polycarbonates that can be used in the composition according to the invention are aromatic polycarbonates and block copolymers containing aromatic and aliphatic polycarbonate blocks. Linear and branched polycarbonates can also be used. Such polycarbonates and the preparation thereof are for example described in Kunststoff Handbuch, Hanser Verlag, Kunststoff, Germany, 1992, pp. 118-148.
  • Polycarbonates can for example be prepared through conversion of a bivalent phenol with phosgene according to an interfacial polymerisation process, and from bisphenol and carbonate esters according to the melt-reesterification process.
  • the polycarbonates may be branched as a result of the absorption of small amounts, preferably between 0.05 and 2.0 mol.% relative to the diphenols used, of trifunctional or polyfunctional compounds.
  • thermoplastic polycarbonates have a weight average molecular weight of between 5,000 and 150,000, preferably of between 10,000 and 100,000, determined by measuring the relative viscosity of a 0.5 wt.% solution of the polyester in dichloromethane at 25°C.
  • additives usually used for the aforementioned matrix polymers are for example thermal stabilisers, such as organic phosphites and phenolic antioxidants, UV stabilisers, and also means for preventing hydrolysis, flame retardants, anti-dripping agents and inert fillers. It is also possible to add colourants and pigments to the composition.
  • composition according to the invention can be prepared and processed in a manner known to a person skilled in the art. It is for example possible to use static kneaders to prepare the composition. It is also possible to use a continuous kneader, for example single-screw extruders and corotating double-screw kneaders, for example supplied by Werner & PfleidererTM in Germany. The composition can also be excellently prepared with the aid of a BussTM cokneader.
  • composition is also processed into objects in a manner known to a person skilled in the art, for example by means of injection-moulding or compression-moulding. It is also possible to use processing techniques like extrusion, blow moulding or vacuum forming.
  • a polymer composition with the following composition is:
  • the PTFE emulsion (B) was fed to the extruder's hopper (throat) by means of a peristaltic pump of type 101U/2R from Watson-Marlow.
  • the pump tube had a diameter of 2 mm.
  • the set flow rate was 1.44 g/minute (drop by drop).
  • the powder mixture of components (A) and (C) was fed to the hopper in a manner known to a person skilled in the art. This powder mixture was dosed to the hopper very easily and regularly because the powder mixture is virtually dry and flows easily.
  • test bars were injection-moulded with the aid of a BoyTM 50 M from the polymer composition obtained in the form of granulate.
  • the melt temperature was 300°C, the temperature of the mould had been set to 90°C.
  • test bars were subjected to a burning test (UL94 test protocol according to Underwriters Laboratories).
  • UL94 classification obtained and the time to drip are indicated in Table 1.
  • the 'time to drip' is defined as the amount of time that passes until the test bar starts to drip after constant contact with the flame.
  • the flame is here defined as prescribed in the UL94 standard (UL94V test).
  • a polymer composition with the same composition as in Example I was prepared by mixing the components in a ZSKTM 25 extruder at a temperature of 280°C and a speed of rotation of 200.
  • the PTFE (B) was added to the polymer composition in the known manner, namely by first preparing a premix before the extrusion.
  • the premix was prepared by mixing components (A), (B) and (C) at room temperature with the aid of a 'DiosnaTM V25 Universal Mischer' high-speed mixing apparatus. Next, the somewhat sticky powder mixture obtained was fed to the hopper of a ZSKTM-25 extruder and mixed at a temperature of 280°C and a speed of rotation of 200.
  • Test bars were subsequently injection-moulded from the polymer composition obtained in the form of granulate using a BoyTM 50M.
  • the melt temperature was 300°C, the temperature of the mould had been set to 90°C.
  • test bars were subjected to a burning test (UL94 test protocol according to Underwriters Laboratories).
  • UL94 classification obtained and the time to drip are indicated in Table 1.
  • a polymer composition with the same composition as in Example I was obtained by mixing components (A) and (C) at room temperature with the aid of a 'DiosnaTM V25 Universal Mischer' high-speed mixing apparatus and subsequently mixing the powder mixture obtained together with component (B) in a ZSKTM-25 extruder at a temperature of 280°C and a speed of rotation of 200.
  • the PTFE emulsion (B) was fed to the extruder's hopper (throat) by means of a BARMAG gear pump, type SV77C (capacity of 0.3 cm 3 /revolution) at a flow rate of 1.44 g/minute.
  • the powder mixture of components (A) and (C) was fed to the hopper in a manner known to a person skilled in the art.
  • test results show that the process according to the invention leads to polymer compositions with the same, or even improved, flame-retardant properties in comparison with a polymer composition prepared using the process according to the state of the art.
  • the process according to the invention moreover has the major advantage that the problems that occur in dosing the known premix to the mixing apparatus no longer occur.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Polymerzusammensetzung, welche ein Matrixpolymer und darin dispergierte Polytetrafluorethylen(PTFE)-Partikel enthält, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Suspension von PTFE-Partikeln mit dem Matrixpolymer in geschmolzenem Zustand in einer geeigneten Mischvorrichtung gemischt wird, wobei die PTFE-Suspension mittels einer peristaltischen Pumpe zu der Mischvorrichtung dosiert wird.
  2. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mischvorrichtung ausgewählt worden ist aus der Gruppe, umfassend einen Einschneckenextruder, einen Doppelschneckenextruder und einen Buss-Cokneter.
  3. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Matrixpolymer ein Polyester oder ein Polyarylenoxid ist.
  4. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Polyester-Matrixpolymer ein Polycarbonat ist.
  5. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1-4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die PTFE-Suspension mittels einer peristaltischen Pumpe zu der Mischvorrichtung dosiert wird, wobei der Parameter γ niedriger als 5 Sek.-1 ist, γ durch γ = Q/π.D3 bestimmt wird, worin Q die eingestellte Fließgeschwindigkeit (in m3/Sek.) der peristaltischen Pumpe darstellt und D den Röhrendurchmesser (in m) der Pumpe darstellt.
EP98202855A 1997-09-02 1998-08-27 Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Polymerzusammensetzung Expired - Lifetime EP0900641B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1006913 1997-09-02
NL1006913A NL1006913C2 (nl) 1997-09-02 1997-09-02 Werkwijze voor de bereiding van een polymeersamenstelling.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0900641A1 EP0900641A1 (de) 1999-03-10
EP0900641B1 true EP0900641B1 (de) 2001-07-18

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EP98202855A Expired - Lifetime EP0900641B1 (de) 1997-09-02 1998-08-27 Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Polymerzusammensetzung

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DE (1) DE69801139T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2160391T3 (de)
NL (1) NL1006913C2 (de)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060116467A1 (en) * 2004-11-30 2006-06-01 Bayer Materialscience Llc Flame retardant polycarbonate composition
US20070123634A1 (en) * 2004-11-30 2007-05-31 Bayer Materialscience Llc Process for making a flame retardant polycarbonate composition
DE102009017277A1 (de) 2009-04-11 2010-10-28 Byk-Chemie Gmbh Nagellack enthaltend polyamidhaltige Blockpolymere, Verwendung von polyamidhaltigen Blockpolymeren sowie Pigmentpräparation und ihre Verwendung

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US4976904A (en) * 1989-04-20 1990-12-11 Energy Research Corporation Method and apparatus for continuous formation of fibrillated polymer binder electrode component
EP0718346A1 (de) * 1994-12-21 1996-06-26 General Electric Company Verteilung von festen Additiven

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ES2160391T3 (es) 2001-11-01
EP0900641A1 (de) 1999-03-10
DE69801139D1 (de) 2001-08-23
NL1006913C2 (nl) 1999-03-04
DE69801139T2 (de) 2002-03-14

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