Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
  • C06B23/009—Wetting agents, hydrophobing agents, dehydrating agents, antistatic additives, viscosity improvers, antiagglomerating agents, grinding agents and other additives for working up
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
  • C06B23/005—Desensitisers, phlegmatisers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B25/00—Compositions containing a nitrated organic compound
  • C06B25/34—Compositions containing a nitrated organic compound the compound being a nitrated acyclic, alicyclic or heterocyclic amine

Definitions

• insensitive munitions must be developed to improve the combat survivability of an armament vehicle. It has been found that munitions utilized in some weapon systems are vulnerable to sympathetic detonation. For instance, the cannon caliber ammunition stored aboard these vehicles is vulnerable to initiation via shape charge jet and then propagation of the reaction due to sympathetic detonation.
• This sympathetic detonation and propagation scenario can be summarized as follows: If a round is hit by a shape charge jet, it is initiated. As a result, the fragments that are generated by the blast then strike the other rounds that are adjacent to it. The latter rounds then initiate, contributing to the overall reaction and damage sustained by the vehicle, crew, and other munitions. The mechanisms of reaction for the initiation of the surrounding rounds are due to the blast and fragments impinging on the aforesaid adjacent round.
• the probability of sympathetic detonation can be reduced in several ways. This can be done by reconfiguring the ammunition compartments within the vehicle. It can also be accomplished by packaging the ammunition with anti—fratricide materials. However, each of the aforesaid solutions will reduce the amount of space available for the storage of ammunition.
• the most acceptable solution to the problem is to reduce the sensitivity of the energetic material to sympathetic detonation. Incorporating less sensitive energetic material will reduce the vulnerability of initiation from the cited threats without reducing the number of rounds stored in the vehicle. It has been found that by reducing the vulnerability to sympathetic detonation of the energetic materials used in these munitions, the probability of catastrophic reaction can be minimized.
• the mechanism generally accepted within the explosives community for detonating or deflagrating explosives is the creation of very localized regions of high temperature, i.e., hot spots.
• the application of impact or shock on the explosive can generate hot spots in the following ways: (1) by adiabaticly compressing air (or explosive vapor) bubbles trapped in or purposely introduced into the explosive, (2) by intercrystalline friction, (3) by friction of the impacting surfaces, (4) by plastic deformation of a sharply—pointed impacting surface, and (5) by viscous heating of the impacted material as it flows past the periphery of the impacting surfaces.
• HMX HMX
• H 2 0, CO, N 2 , H 2 , CH 2 0, HCN, and C 2 H 2 as well as free radicals and unstable intermediates.
• This mixture of products is unstable and subject to detonation when exposed to a low intensity shock induced spark of static electricity.
• the creation and build-up of static electricity may be an additional source of energy which contributes to the detonation of the explosive and its decomposition products.
• the present invention is directed to HMX formula ⁇ tions in which the HMX is coated with shock sensitivity reducing agents to reduce the shock sensitivity of HMX.
• Agents which were found to be useful in this inven ⁇ tion were from four primary classes of compounds.
• the classes are: 1) Quaternary Ammonium Salts; 2) Anionic Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds; 3) Fatty Acid Esters; and 4) Amine Derivatives;
• Quaternary ammonium salts are cationic nitrogen containing compounds with four various aliphatic or aromatic groups as discussed above for the amine derivatives.
• the selected anion is generally a halogen, acetate, phosphate, nitrate, or methosulfate radical.
• Inclusive in this category are quaternary imidazolinium salts where two of the aliphatic group bonds are contained within the imidazole ring.
• “Anionic aliphatic and aromatic compounds” are compounds normally containing a water insoluble aliphatic group with an attached hydrophilic group. They are often used as surfactants. The hydrophilic portion of these anionic compounds is a phosphate, sulfate, sulfonate, or carboxylate; sulfates and sulfonates predominate.
• “Fatty acid esters” is a term used broadly that covers a wide variety of nonionic materials including fatty esters, fatty alcohols and their derivatives. Although once limited to compounds obtained from natural fats and oils, the term “fatty” has come to mean those compounds which correspond to materials obtainable from fats and oils, even if obtained by synthetic processes.
• fatty esters e.g., sorbitan esters (e.g., mono— and di— glycerides)
• fatty alcohols e.g., sorbitan esters (e.g., mono— and di— glycerides)
• polyhydric ester—alcohols e.g., glycerol—1,3—distearyl ether
• ethers containing at least one free —OH group fall within the definition of alcohols, (e.g., glycerol—1,3—distearyl ether) .
• Synthetic compounds such as polyethylene glycol esters can also be included in this category.
• Amines and their derivatives may be considered as derivatives of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogens have been replaced by aliphatic groups.
• Preferred amine salts are formed by reaction with a carboxylic acid to form the corresponding salt.
• the amine and the carboxylic aliphatic groups can be unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, and aralkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl where the substituents are groups consisting of halogen, carboxyl, or hydroxyl. Agents evaluated are presented in Table l of the example.
• FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of the HDC Impact Machine. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• the invention is a high energy explosive formulation characterized by reduced susceptibility to impact and sympathetic detonation due to shock forces, the formulation comprising HMX and a shock sensitivity reducing agent, the shock sensitivity reducing agent being present in an amount effective to impart an increase in HDC Impact Value to the formulation which is statistically significant.
• a HDC Impact Value of 36.06 centimeters has been found to be statistically significant for HMX.
• the shock sensitivity reducing agent may be a quaternary ammonium compound; an anionic aliphatic or aromatic compound; a fatty acid ester; or a long chain amine.
• Preferred quaternary ammonium compounds have the formula
• R ⁇ is hydrogen, alkyl having 8—22 carbon atoms, aryl having 6—30 carbon atoms, alkaryl having 7—30 carbon atoms, aralkyl having 7—30 carbon atoms, or H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n wherein n is 1 to 50,
• n is 1 to 50, alkaryl having 8—20 carbon atoms, or hydroxyethyl.
• R 2 is the same as R lf
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl having 1—22 carbon atoms, aryl having 6—30 carbon atoms, H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n — wherein n is 1 to 150, or hydroxy— ethyl
• R 4 is hydrogen or alkyl having 1—4 carbon atoms
• X ⁇ is halogen, carboxylate having 2-22 carbon atoms, nitrate, sulfate, methosulfate or phosphate.
• quaternary ammonium chloride formulations are bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethyl quaternary ammonium chloride; trimethyl tallow alkyl quaternary ammonium chloride; (CH 3 ) 3 N + R Cl ⁇ , wherein R is a mixture of long chain aliphatic and unsaturated aliphatic alkyl groups containing 14 to 18 carbon atoms; hydrogenated tallow alkyl (2—ethylhexyl) dimethyl quaternary ammonium methosulfate, N,N,N—tris(2—hydroxy— ethyl) tallow alkyl ammonium acetate;
• R is a mixture of aliphatic and unsaturated aliphatic alkyl groups containing 14 to 18 carbon atoms
• R 2 N + (CH 3 ) 2 Cl ⁇ wherein R is C 6 - C 18 alkyl and unsaturated alkyl groups; methyl bis(2—hydroxyethyl) cocoalkyl quaternary ammonium chloride; trialkyl polyalkoxyalkylene quaternary ammonium chloride; and R 3 N + CH 2 CH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OH CI-, wherein R is methyl and n is 1-250.
• a preferred anionic aliphatic shock sensitivity reducing compound is sodium alkane sulfonate where the alkane group has 6—18 carbon atoms.
• a preferred anionic compound is a soap or detergent based on the lithium, potassium or sodium salts of carboxylic acids containing about 8—26 carbon atoms or similar salts based on alkylbenzene sulfonates.
• the salt may be a triethanolamine salt of a carboxylic acid having about 8 to about 26 carbon atoms or triethanolamine salts based on alkylbenzene sulfonates wherein the alkyl groups contains 8—18 carbon atoms.
• Preferred long chain amines are bis(2—hydroxyethyl) tallow alkyl amine, (HOCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 NR wherein R is C 12 —C 18 .
• R 1 is C 12 —C 18 ;
• R is C 12 to C 18 and n is 1—150
• R 1 is C 12 to C 18 and n is 1 to about 150.
• the long chain amine may be ethoxylated cocoalkyl amine where cocoalkyl is C 8 —C 18 saturated or unsaturated group.
• Preferred fatty acid esters are glycerol esters having the formula
• shock sensitivity reducing compounds useful in this invention are water soluble or water dispersible quaternary ammonium salts which include: Arquad 2HT—75 from Akzo Chemicals Inc. (bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethyl quaternary ammonium chloride) ;
• Arquad T50 from Akzo Chemical Inc. (trimethyl tallow alkyl quaternary ammonium chloride) (CH 3 ) 3 N + R Cl ⁇ where R is a mixture of long chain aliphatic and unsaturated aliphatic groups containing 14 to 18 carbon atoms;
• Arquad HTL8 MS from Akzo Chemicals Inc. (hydrogenated tallow alkyl (2-ethylhexyl) dimethyl quaternary ammonium methosulfate) ;
• Ethoquad T/13—50 from Akzo Chemicals Inc. (N—N—N— tris (2—hydroxyethyl) tallow alkyl ammonium acetate) ,
• Ethoquad C/12—75 from Akzo Chemicals Inc. (methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) cocoalkyl quaternary ammonium chloride) ; Markstat AL-12 from Witco Chemical Corp. (trialkyl polyalkoxyalkylene quaternary ammonium chloride) ; and
• Staticide 30006 from ACL Inc. (a quaternary ammonium compound) (Structure proprietary.)
• quaternary ammonium salts are derived from diamines, triamines or polyamines.
• quaternary ammonium salts derived from ethylenediamine; diethylenetriamine; hexamethylene— diamine; 1—4 cyclohexane—bis—methylamine (can use cis, trans or cis/trans mixture) ; phenylenediamine.
• Typical salts would be hexamethyl ethylene diammonium chloride; hexamethylene phenylene diammonium sulfate; and dimethyl tetrahydroxyethyl 1—4 cyclohexylenedimethylene diammonium chloride.
• Water soluble anionic aliphatic compounds and aromatic compounds which are useful include: Dehydat 93P from Henkel Corp. which is a sodium alkane sulfonate (alkane not specified but probably C 8 —C 18 ) .
• sodium octanoate sodium decanoate, sodium laurate, sodium myristate, sodium palmitate, sodium stearate, sodium oleate, sodium linoleate.
• sodium, lithium or potassium salts of mixed acids such as those obtained from tallow and coconut oil. A typical one would be a sodium salt of mixed acids containing 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms.
• Some typical useful alkylbenzene sulfonates include: dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzene- sulfonic acid sodium salt, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid triethylamine salt, nonylbenzenesulfonic acid, nonyl- benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, and mixed C 10 to C 13 alkylbenzenesulfonic acid salts.
• Useful sodium alkane— sulfonates include sodium dodecanesulfonate, sodium stearylsulfonate, and sodium myristylsulfonate.
• Useful alkylnaphthalenesulfonate salts include sodium isopropylnaphthalenesulfonate, sodium nonylnaphthalene- sulfonate.
• a useful ⁇ —olefin sulfonate is mixed 1—octene, 1-decenesulfonic acid sodium salt.
• a useful dialkyl sulfosuccinate is di 2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinic acid sodium salt.
• a useful amidosulfonate is sodium N— oleoyl-N-methyl taurate.
• a useful sulfoethyl ester of fatty acid is sodium sulfoethyl oleate.
• a useful alcohol sulfate is sodium lauryl sulfate.
• Ethoxylated alcohol sulfates such as sodium poly— ethoxyethylene sulfate; ethoxylated alkyl phenol sulfates; phosphate esters — usually used as a mixture of mono, di, and triester are useful in this invention.
• Useful fatty acid esters are glycerol esters such as glycerol monostearate, glycerol distearate, and glycerol dilaurate which are usually a mixture of mono and diesters.
• Shock sensitivity reducing agents useful in this invention exhibit anti—static properties.
• the impact sensitivity of HMX explosives is determined on a drop weight test machine comprising a mechanism for dropping a 5 kilogram weight from a chosen height on a selected sample of explosive.
• the sample weight is normally 0.025 or .035 grams.
• the sensitivity value is expressed as the height in cm from which the weight is dropped for the probability of an explosion to be 50 percent.
• the HDC impact machine is shown in Figure 1.
• the machine comprises metal basa plate 1 which is generally square, about 16 inches per side, and is about one and one—half inches thick.
• On the base plate there are located three tapped holes to receive guide rods 7, 9 & 11.
• Two of the holes are located about four (4) inches from the front edge 3 of the base plate and three (3) inches on either side of a center line extending from the front edge 3 to the back on opposite edge 5 of the generally square base plate.
• the third hole is located on said center line about ten and one—half inches from the front edge 3.
• In the three holes are mounted two guide rods 7 and 9 and a graduated guide rod 11.
• the graduated guide rod 11 has centimeter graduations formed thereon and are used to indicate the height of a five kilogram weight used with the apparatus (discussed later herein) .
• a guide rod 7 is mounted in a hole spaced about 4 inches from the front edge 3 of the mounting block 1.
• a guide rod 9 is mounted in the third hole formed in the base plate as described above.
• a fourth hole is formed in the base plate 1 to receive a lift rod 13. The hole is located eight and one—half inches from the front edge of said base plate.
• the lift rod 13 is threaded its full length and is mounted for rotation in a bearing (not shown) located in said fourth hole.
• a fifth hole is formed in the base plate centered and is three inches from the back edge of the base plate 1. In this hole is mounted a support rod 15.
• a top plate 17 having the dimension of ten by thirteen inches is provided with holes positioned in the same configuration as the holes in the base plate for receiving the upper ends of the guide rods 7, 9 and 11, the lift rod 13 and the support rod 15 to space and hold all five rods parallel to each other.
• a magnet retainer plate 19 is provided and has holes matching the pattern of those in the top plate 17 and the base plate 1, with the exception of the support rod receiving hole. The magnet retainer plate 19 is positioned between the base plate 1 and the top plate 17.
• Guide rod 7 and graduated guide rod 11 pass through the holes located on the front portion of the magnet retainer plate 19 and guide rod 9 passes through the hole located at the back of the magnet retainer plate.
• the lift rod 13 is threaded through a lift rod nut 21 which is attached to the magnet retainer plate over the corresponding hole in the plate.
• the lift rod is mounted in bushings for rotational movement to move the magnet retainer plate up and down between the base plate 1 and the top plate 17.
• the lift rod has a 45° miter gear 23 attached to its lower end adjacent the base plate l to cooperate with a second miter gear mounted on a ball crank shaft and handle 27 which will, when turned, rotate the lift rod 13 for moving the magnet retainer plate up and down as required.
• an electromagnet 29 Mounted on the magnet retainer plate 19 is an electromagnet 29 whereby the height of the magnet may be adjusted by the operator by turning the ball crank handle to move the magnet retainer plate 19 up or down as necessary.
• a five kilogram weight 31 is provided and is adapted to be held by the electromagnet.
• the weight is provided with opposed flanges 37 which cooperate with guide rod 7 and graduated guide rod 11 whereby when the weight 31 is released from the electromagnet 29 the weight will freely fall to contact a plunger assembly 33 which strikes an anvil 34.
• Mounted on the base plate 1 is an anvil and plunger holder 35.
• the holder is attached to the base plate in a position to hold the anvil and plunger directly below the five kilogram weight so that the falling weight will strike the plunger which in turn will strike a sample located on the anvil.
• a second anvil surface (not shown) is mounted in the bottom center of the five kilogram weight.
• the anvils are made from tool steel heat treated to 56 to 60 points Rockwell Hardness.
• the plunger 33 is made from tool steel heat treated to 56 to 60 points Rockwell Hardness.
• the plunger may be two inches in length overall, 0.50 inches in diameter and is tapered at near one end from 0.50 to 0.303 inches which extends for about 3/16 of an inch to form the striker portion of the plunger. Both ends of the plunger are ground to be perpendicular to the center line of the plunger.
• the anvils are cylinders which are one and one half inches tall and one and one quarter inches in diameter.
• the plunger is slidingly mounted in a bushing mounted in the plunger holder 35 which is centered directly over the second or bottom anvil 34.
• the lift rod 13 is rotated to raise the electro magnet to preselected heights.
• the five kilogram weight will freely fall the preselected distance to strike the upper end of the plunger which in turn will strike a sample placed in a sample cup which is located directly below the small end of the plunger.
• the sample cup is made from brass and is 0.008 inches thick, 0.303 inches in diameter and 0.20 inches in height.
• Interferences in the test may be: 1) a machine loosely assembled or not in proper alignment may produce incorrect values; 2) a rough surface or cracks on the anvil or plunger may produce low sensitivity values; 3) insufficient or unevenly distributed sample may produce incorrect values; 4) a sample containing glass, metal, or other gritty matter foreign to the product may produce low sensitivity values; and 5) wet samples or samples containing oil, grease, and or soft plastics may produce high sensitivity values.
• Equipment needed is: 1) a sample splitter or glazed paper; 2) caps, percussion, 0.303 in diameter, 0.200 in height, and 0.008 inches thick; 3) spoon, loading, 0.025 and 0.035 gm; 4) spatula, wood; 5) tong, laboratory; 6) brush, approximately 2 inches wide; 7) oven, steam heated; and 8) a HDC Impact machine.
• the machine shall be tested with a sample having a known sensitivity range. The results are plotted on a control chart and corrections taken if the first point fails to plot within control limits or if 5 successive points all plot on one side of the center line.
• Adjust the height of the electromagnet by turning the ball crank handle until the base of the lower magnet arm coincides with the 35 cm mark on the guide rod 11.
• Lower the safety shield (not shown in drawing) and lift the weight vertically until it is held in place by the electromagnet.
• the weight normally rests upon a safety shield while the machine is being charged) .
• face the opposite direction from the impact machine turn the electromagnet switch to the "OFF" position, allowing the weight to fall and strike the top of the plunger. Lift the weight.
• An explosion may also be recognized by a sharp report or by smoke in the area of the plunger. Clean all unexploded material and parts of the percussion cap from the anvil, plunger, and base plate with a brush or cloth.
• Steps 5 thru 12 raising the electromagnet 5 cm after each non—explosion and lowering the electromagnet 5 cm after each explosion.
• the first non—explosion after an explosion is considered as the starting point of the 20 tests. Record this height in cm. Raise the electromagnet 5 cm and repeat Steps 5 thru 12. Raise or lower the electromagnet as required and repeat the steps until 20 tests have been completed. Record each test result. Assume each test exploding at a recorded height would have exploded at greater heights. Assume each non—explosion at a recorded height would fail to explode at heights less than the recorded height. Perform calculations for impact value.
• compositions comprising HMX and a series of shock sensitivity reducing agents were prepared according to the procedure set forth.
• concentrations, the shock sensitivity reducing agents and the HDC Impact Value required for detonation at different concentrations of the agents in the HMX are shown in Table 1. Also there is indicated in the Table the calculated concentration required for the formulation to reach the statistically significant increase in the HDC Impact Value.
• Class 1 HMX was used in all the referenced samples. Class 1 has a median particle size diameter range of 45 — 300 / t for HMX. The influence of particle size was determined by externally coating Class 5 HMX with several agents used with Class 1 HMX. Class 5 HMX has a median particle size range of 25 - 45 ⁇ . Particle size does not have a major influence on impact response at a given agent concentration.
• HMX recrystallized with this agent (2% of the product) had an impact of 60.7 cm which compares favorably to the 66.3 cm impact found with 2% of the agent externally coated as described above. It should be noted that the filtered HMX from the recrystallization probably contained less than 2% because of the loss of the agent in the water filtrate. However, externally coated HMX with only 0.1% agent had an impact of 65.0 cm. A limited number of recrystallizations of HMX with water insoluble agents were done.
• the insoluble agent chosen for evaluation was distilled monoglyceride (PA 208 - Eastman Chemical Company) .
• the recrystallized HMX containing 3% agent (3% of the product) had an HDC Impact Value of 44.3 cm.
• Surface coating of 3% of the agent on HMX had an impact of 35.0 cm.
• the recrystallized HMX containing 3% of the agent had an impact of 44.3 cm as compared to 51.3 cm when surface coated.
• the close agreement between the impact results obtained from recrystallizing or coating with the agent in this case is due to the fact that little or no loss occurred during filtration as occurs with the water soluble agent.
• a normal untreated HMX product has known average and standard deviation values when tested on a standard Holston impact machine.
• the impact value of a given sample would not be expected to be more than 3 standard deviation units larger than the average (the probability of being less than 3 units above average from normal distribution tables is 0.9987).
• an agent is added to a sample and the impact value of this sample is more than 3 standard deviation units above the average, it can be assumed that the additive has caused this result and the result is said to be statistically significant.
• HMX bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl)dimethyl quaternary ammonium chloride
• Arquad 2HT—5 bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl)dimethyl quaternary ammonium chloride
• This procedure illustrates the preparation of a final mixture containing 99% HMX and 1% Arquad 2HT—75. Other concentrations are prepared by varying the proportions of the ingredients in the mixture.
• compositions comprising HMX and a shock sensitivity reducing agent (Arquad 2HT-75) are prepared following the procedure set forth below:
• Table 1 also shows the test results using other shock sensitivity reducing compounds, identified in the Table, mixed with HMX in various concentrations. The agents tested are representive of the large number of compounds which are useful in this invention. Table 1
• Polyether (Trade 0.00 31.4 0 . 507% Secret) 0.10 35.8
• Dicarboxylic Acid Ester 0.00 31.4 0 . 105% of Saturated Aliphatic 0.10 35.8 Alcohols - Loxiol G60 1.00 41.3 Henkel Corporation 2.00 44.2

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• 1997
  • 1997-05-02 EP EP97923658A patent/EP0896574A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1997-05-02 WO PCT/US1997/008342 patent/WO1997042140A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-05-02 CA CA002253480A patent/CA2253480A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-05-02 IL IL12666597A patent/IL126665A0/xx unknown
  • 1997-05-02 JP JP09540270A patent/JP2000510089A/ja active Pending
  • 1997-05-02 AU AU29414/97A patent/AU712912B2/en not_active Ceased
• 1998
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