Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
  • C06B23/009—Wetting agents, hydrophobing agents, dehydrating agents, antistatic additives, viscosity improvers, antiagglomerating agents, grinding agents and other additives for working up
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
  • C06B23/005—Desensitisers, phlegmatisers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B25/00—Compositions containing a nitrated organic compound
  • C06B25/34—Compositions containing a nitrated organic compound the compound being a nitrated acyclic, alicyclic or heterocyclic amine

Definitions

• the mechanisms of reaction for the initiation of the surrounding rounds are due to the blast and fragments impinging on the aforesaid adjacent round.
• the probability of sympathetic detonation can be reduced in several ways. This can be done by reconfiguring the ammunition compartments within the vehicle. It can also be accomplished by packaging the ammunition with anti—fratricide materials.
• each of the aforesaid solutions will reduce the amount of space available for the storage of ammunition.
• the most acceptable solution to the problem is to reduce the sensitivity of the energetic material to sympathetic detonation. Incorporating less sensitive energetic material will reduce the vulnerability of initiation from the cited threats without reducing the number of rounds stored in the vehicle.
• the mechanism generally accepted within the explosives community for detonating or deflagrating explosives is the creation of very localized regions of high temperature, i.e., hot spots.
• the application of impact or shock on the explosive can generate hot spots in the following ways: (1) by adiabaticly compressing air (or explosive vapor) bubbles trapped in or purposely introduced into the explosive, (2) by intercrystalline friction, (3) by friction of the impacting surfaces, (4) by plastic deformation of a sharply—pointed impacting surface, and (5) by viscous heating of the impacted material as it flows past the periphery of the impacting surfaces.
• explosives like RDX and HMX rapidly evolve into simpler products like H 2 0, CO, N 2 , H 2 , CH 2 0, HCN, and C 2 H 2 as well as free radicals and unstable intermediates.
• This mixture of products is unstable and subject to detonation when exposed to a low intensity shock induced spark of static electricity.
• the creation and build—up of static electricity may be an additional source of energy which contributes to the detonation of the explosive and its decomposition products.
• the present invention is directed to RDX and HMX explosive compositions in which the compositions are surface coated with shock sensitivity reducing agents to reduce the shock sensitivity of the composition.
• Agents which were found to be useful in this inven ⁇ tion were from four primary classes of compounds.
• the classes are: 1) Quaternary Ammonium Salts; 2) Anionic Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds; 3) Fatty Acid Esters; and 4) Amine Derivatives;
• Quaternary ammonium salts are cationic nitrogen containing compounds with four various aliphatic or aromatic groups as discussed above for the amine derivatives.
• the selected anion is generally a halogen, acetate, phosphate, nitrate, or methosulfate radical.
• Inclusive in this category are quaternary imidazolinium salts where two of the aliphatic group bonds are contained within the imidazole ring.
• "Anionic aliphatic and aromatic compounds” are compounds normally containing a water insoluble aliphatic group with an attached hydrophilic group. They are often used as surfactants. The hydrophilic portion of these anionic compounds is a phosphate. sulfate, sulfonate, or carboxylate; sulfates and sulfonates predominate.
• Fatty acid esters is a term used broadly that covers a wide variety of nonionic materials including fatty esters, fatty alcohols and their derivatives.
• fatty has come to mean those compounds which correspond to materials obtainable from fats and oils, even if obtained by synthetic processes. They can generally be subclassified as: (1) fatty esters (e.g., sorbitan esters (e.g., mono— and di ⁇ glycerides)), (2) fatty alcohols, and (3) polyhydric ester—alcohols. The exact classification of these compounds can become quite confused due to the presence of multiple functional groups. For example, ethers containing at least one free —OH group fall within the definition of alcohols, (e.g., glycerol—1,3—distearyl ether) .
• Synthetic compounds such as polyethylene glycol esters can also be included in this category.
• “Amine derivatives” describes a wide variety of aliphatic nitrogen bases and their salts. Amines and their derivatives may be considered as derivatives of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogens have been replaced by aliphatic groups. Preferred amine salts are formed by reaction with a carboxylic acid to form the corresponding salt.
• the amine and the carboxylic aliphatic groups can be unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, and aralkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl where the substituents are groups consisting of halogen, carboxyl, or hydroxyl.
• agents identified were classified in accordance with the four primary classifications listed above. Classification of some of the agents were assumed based upon MSDS information since the exact chemical structure was proprietary. Agents were obtained representing all four categories. Compounds from all three subclassification referenced above for the fatty acid esters are also represented. The list of possible compounds that can be employed within these categories is almost infinite due to the aliphatic group size, structure (branched or straight) , additional functional groups, quantity, combination, and arrangement. Since the evaluation could become endless, agents were chosen to represent the widest variety practical within each chosen category.
• Figure 1 is a pictorial view of the ER -Bruceton Impact Machine.
• Figure 2 is a view of the striker-anvil arrangement of the ERL-Bruceton Impact Machine.
• Figure 3 is a view of Figure 2 taken along line 3—3.
• the invention is a high energy explosive composition characterized by reduced susceptibility to impact and sympathetic detonation due to shock forces, the composition comprising RDX or HMX and a shock sensitivity reducing agent coated on the composition, the shock sensitivity reducing agent being present in an amount effective to impart an increase in ERL-Bruceton Impact Value to the composition which is statistically significant.
• the shock sensitivity reducing agent may be a quaternary ammonium compound; an anionic aliphatic or aromatic compound; a fatty acid ester; or a long chain amine.
• Preferred quaternary ammonium compounds have the formula
• R x is hydrogen, alkyl having 8-22 carbon atoms, aryl having 6-30 carbon atoms, alkaryl having 7-30 carbon atoms, aralkyl having 7—30 carbon atoms, or H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n wherein n is 1 to 50,
• n is 1 to 50, alkaryl having 8-20 carbon atoms, or hydroxyethyl.
• R 2 is the same as R ⁇
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl having 1-22 carbon atoms, aryl having 6-30 carbon atoms, H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n - wherein n is 1 to 150, or hydroxy ⁇ ethyl
• R 4 is hydrogen or alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms
• X- is halogen, carboxylate having 2—22 carbon atoms, nitrate, sulfate, methosulfate or phosphate.
• quaternary ammonium chloride agents are bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethyl quaternary ammonium chloride; trimethyl tallow alkyl quaternary ammonium chloride; (CH 3 ) 3 N + R Cl-, wherein R is a mixture of long chain aliphatic and unsaturated aliphatic alkyl groups containing 14 to 18 carbon atoms; hydrogenated tallow alkyl (2—ethylhexyl) dimethyl quaternary ammonium methosulfate, N,N,N-tris(2-hydroxyethyl) tallow alkyl ammonium acetate;
• R is a mixture of aliphatic and unsaturated aliphatic alkyl groups containing 14 to 18 carbon atoms
• a preferred anionic aliphatic shock sensitivity reducing agent is sodium alkane sulfonate where the alkane group has 6—18 carbon atoms.
• a preferred anionic compound is a soap or detergent based on the lithium, potassium or sodium salts of carboxylic acids containing about 8—26 carbon atoms or similar salts based on alkylbenzene sulfonates.
• the salt may be a triethanolamine salt of a carboxylic acid having about 8 to about 26 carbon atoms or triethanolamine salts based on alkylbenzene sulfonates wherein the alkyl groups contains 8—18 carbon atoms.
• Preferred long chain amines are bis(2—hydroxyethyl) tallow alkyl amine, (HOCH 2 CH 2 ) NR wherein R is C 12 —C 18 .
• R 1 is C 12 —C 18 ;
• R is C 12 to C 18 and n is 1—150
• R 1 is C 12 to C 18 and n is 1 to about 150.
• the long chain amine may be ethoxylated cocoalkyl amine where cocoalkyl is C 8 —C 18 saturated or unsaturated group.
• Preferred fatty acid esters are glycerol esters having the formula
• R is about C 8 to C 18 .
• shock sensitivity reducing agents useful in this invention are water soluble or water dispersible quaternary ammonium salts which include: Arquad 2HT-75 from Akzo Chemicals Inc. (bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethyl quaternary ammonium chloride) ;
• Arquad T50 from Akzo Chemical Inc. (trimethyl tallow alkyl quaternary ammonium chloride) (CH 3 ) 3 N + R Cl " where R is a mixture of long chain aliphatic and unsaturated aliphatic groups containing 14 to 18 carbon atoms;
• Arquad HTL8-MS from Akzo Chemicals Inc. hydrogenated tallow alkyl (2—ethylhexyl) dimethyl quaternary ammonium methosulfate) ; Ethoquad T/13-50 from Akzo Chemicals Inc. (N-N-N- Tris (2-hydroxyethyl) tallow alkyl ammonium acetate) ,
• R is a mixture of aliphatic and unsaturated aliphatic alkyl groups containing 14 to 18 carbon atoms
• Arquad 2C—75 from Akzo Chemicals Inc. Dimethyl di(cocoalkyl) quaternary ammonium chloride
• R 2 N + (CH 3 ) 2 Cl- wherein R C 6 —C 18 alkyl and unsaturated alkyl groups;
• Ethoquad C/12—75 from Akzo Chemicals Inc. methyl bis(2—hydroxyethyl) cocoalkyl quaternary ammonium chloride
• Markstat AL-12 from Witco Chemical Corp. (trialkyl polyalkoxyalkylene quaternary ammonium chloride) ; and Staticide 30006 from ACL Inc. (a quaternary ammonium compound) (Structure proprietary.)
• Other useful quaternary ammonium salts are derived from diamines, triamines or polyamines. For example quaternary ammonium salts derived from ethylenediamine; diethylenetriamine; hexamethylene— diamine; 1—4 cyclohexane—bis—methylamine (can use cis, trans or cis/trans mixture) ; phenylenediamine.
• Typical salts would be hexamethyl ethylene diammonium chloride; hexamethylene phenylene diammonium sulfate; and dimethyl tetrahydroxyethyl 1—4 cyclohexylenedimethylene diammonium chloride.
• Water soluble anionic aliphatic compounds and aromatic compounds which are useful include: Dehydat
• salts include: sodium octanoate, sodium decanoate, sodium laurate, sodium myristate, sodium palmitate, sodium stearate, sodium oleate, sodium linoleate.
• sodium, lithium or potassium salts of mixed acids such as those obtained from tallow and coconut oil.
• a typical one would be a sodium salt of mixed acids containing 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms.
• Some typical useful alkylbenzene sulfonates include: dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzene— sulfonic acid sodium salt, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid triethylamine salt, nonylbenzenesulfonic acid, nonyl- benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, and mixed C 10 to C 13 alkylbenzenesulfonic acid salts.
• Useful sodium alkane ⁇ sulfonates include sodium dodecanesulfonate, sodium stearylsulfonate, and sodium myristylsulfonate.
• Useful alkylnaphthalenesulfonate salts include sodium isopropylnaphthalenesulfonate, sodium nonylnaphthalene— sulfonate.
• a useful ⁇ —olefin sulfonate is mixed 1—octene, 1—decenesulfonic acid sodium salt.
• a useful dialkyl sulfosuccinate is di 2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinic acid sodium salt.
• a useful amidosulfonate is sodium N- oleoyl-N-methyl taurate.
• a useful sulfoethyl ester of fatty acid is sodium sulfoethyl oleate.
• a useful alcohol sulfate is sodium lauryl sulfate.
• Ethoxylated alcohol sulfates such as sodium poly— ethoxyethylene sulfate; ethoxylated alkyl phenol sulfates; phosphate esters — usually used as a mixture of mono, di, and triester are useful in this invention.
• Useful fatty acid esters are glycerol esters such as glycerol monostearate, glycerol distearate, and glycerol dilaurate which are usually a mixture of mono and diesters.
• the machine comprises a metal base plate 1 mounted on a suitable support. Extending upwardly from the base plate are four supports 3 (two of the supports are not shown) . Mounted on the supports is a round flat metal plate 5. Mounted on the round flat metal plate are three T—beams 7, 9 and 11 spaced about one hundred and twenty degrees (120°) apart with the leg of each T—beam 13, 15 and 17 respectively, being oriented inwardly toward the center of the apparatus so that effectively a guided enclosed pathway is formed. Positioned within the guided pathway is an electromagnet 19 which may be moved vertically up or down within the guided pathway. The magnet is moved via a conventional cable and windloss assembly (not shown) .
• T—beam 7 Inscribed on T—beam 7 is a scale for measuring the distance that the bottom of the electromagnet is from a striker mechanism incorporated in the machine.
• the scale is a log scale showing 0.1 log cm height increments, e.g., the log of a 10 cm drop is taken as 1.0.
• the log scale is the log of the height in centimeters. Selection of the height used for the first drop is a matter of judgment.
• the striker mechanism shown in detail in Figure 2 comprises a generally cylindrical metal rod 21 which is about 3.5 inches long and about 1.25 inches in diameter. The top end of the striker 21 is rounded to a 2.5 inch radius. Located immediately below the striker is a cylindrical anvil 27 which is 1.5 inches long, 1.25 inches in diameter and is flat on each end. The arrangement is shown in Figure 2. Positioned within the guided pathway below the electromagnet is a two and one half (2.5) kilogram drop weight 23. The drop weight is generally cylindrical with the bottom being in the shape of an inverted truncated cone. An anvil 25 is mounted in center lower surface of said drop weight as shown in Figure 2.
• FIG. 3 Shown in Figure 3 is a view of the top of the anvil 27 having a square of flint paper 29 placed thereon and a pellet specimen 31 placed on the flint paper.
• a sound meter Peak-reading voltmeter with a microphone, General Radio Model 1982-9720 Sound Analysis System
• the sound meter is adjusted as follows:
• Figure 1 Adjust the sensitivity of the sound meter so the sound created by the weight falling from a height of 220 cm max. upon the striker (which rests upon an inert pellet of tripentaerythritol) will cause the indicator needle to rise to approximately one—fourth of the total scale reading. Mark or record the reading on the scale of the sound voltmeter. When conducting the sensitivity test, only readings above this mark are to be classed as explosions. The following method (Mil Standard 650 -
• Method 505.3 is used to determine the height in centimeters where 50 percent of the explosions occur when a 2.5 Kg. weight is dropped upon a series of 35 mg. explosive specimens which are placed on flint paper between an anvil—plunger arrangement.
• the specimen shall consist of 35 + 2 mg. of explosive. Twenty-five (25) specimens are required for the test.
• a hydraulic press equipped with a 3/16 inch diameter die is required for pelletizing the explosive specimens. Normally, a pressure of 30,000 psi is used for pelletizing, however, specific explosive specifications have preference. Apparatus needed is:
• Peak reading voltmeter with microphone, General Radio Model 1982 — 9720 Sound Analysis System or equiva1ent.
• composition B which is 60% RDX, 39% TNT and 1% wax.
• the standard must be prepared and tested in the same manner as the test specimen.
• step 5 sufficiently in order to adjust the sensitivity of the sound meter so the sound created by weight falling upon the striker will cause the indicator needle to deflect approximately one- fourth of the total scale reading. Record the sound meter reading.
• Drops shall be made from 0:1 log cm height increments, e.g., the log of a 10 cm drop is taken as 1.0. Selection of the height used for the first drop is a matter of judgement. If a fire is obtained, the following test shall be performed with a 0.1 log cm lower drop.
• test run begins when an explosion is followed by a non—explosion or vice versa. Testing then continues by increasing and decreasing drop heights to obtain explosion or non—explosion conditions until 20 drops are completed.
• a new test specimen shall be used for each drop. After each drop, the striker and anvil faces shall be scraped clean. If necessary, the faces of the anvil and striker shall be cleaned with a solvent such as acetone. The striker and anvil shall be replaced when the working surfaces have become rough or deformed. This can be determined by taking a carbon paper impression of the surfaces. Following completion of the tests on explosive samples and recording the test results, repeat the tests on the comparison samples and record the results. The comparison samples shall be prepared, tested and evaluated in exactly the same manner as the candidate explosive sample.
• the log of a given drop height is entered in the first column. These are arranged in ascending order, starting with the lowest for which a test is recorded.
• i is a consecutive number corresponding to the number of equal increments above the base, or zero line.
• n i is a tabulation of the number of non—explosions (or explosions) which occurred at i 0 , i lf i 2 , etc.
• the last column is a computation of i multiplied by n i .
• the mean thus computed represents the height at which there is a 50 percent probability of explosion.
• the number determined by the equation is in log units. Calculate the antilog and record this number as the 50 percent point in centimeters.
• the data report shall include in addition to the mean (in centimeters) of the candidate explosive obtained with the 2.5 Kg drop weight the mean of the comparison explosives; methods of specimen preparation; and room temperature at time of test.
• compositions comprising RDX and HMX and a series of shock sensitivity reducing agents were prepared according to the procedure set forth.
• concentrations, the shock sensitivity reducing agents and the ERL-Bruceton Impact Value required for detonation at different concentrations of the agents in the composition are shown in the Tables. Also there is indicated in each of the Tables the calculated concentration required for the composition to reach the statistically significant increase in the ERL-Bruceton Impact Value.
• the statistically significant impact values set forth in the tables were determined as set forth.
• a normal untreated RDX or HMX composition has known average and standard deviation values when tested on a standard ERL-Bruceton Impact Machine.
• the impact value of a given sample would not be expected to be more than 3 standard deviation units larger than the average (the probability of being less than 3 units above average from normal distribution tables is 0.9987).
• an agent is added to a sample and the impact value of this sample is more than 3 standard deviation units above the average, it can be assumed that the additive has caused this result and the result is said to be statistically significant.
• PBXN-3 is a plastic bonded explosive which has as the explosive component HMX.
• the PBXN—3 is prepared as follows:
• a weighed quantity of Class 5 HMX is placed in the still with a measured amount of water.
• the slurry is heated to 70°C, and the prepared lacquer (nylon—(elvamide 8061) dissolved in n—Butyl alcohol) is added to the slurry.
• the slurry is heated to 80°C and simmered until granulation begins.
• the solvent is then distilled by heating to 99 +0 C.
• the product is cooled to 50°C, dropped to a Buchner funnel, dewatered, and dried in a steam oven.
• the distillate which will be water
• the distillate will separate from the solvent in the receiving container. Visual inspection of such separation indicates that all solvent has been distilled.
• the solvent can be separated from the water using a separatory funnel, and recycled in the next lacquer batch.
• PBX N—5 is a plastic bonded explosive which has as the explosive component HMX.
• the PBX N-5 is prepared as follows:
• HMX/water slurry is agitated at 450 RPM and heated to 60 + 2°C.
• Gelatin and defoamer are added to the slurry and aged for three minutes.
• Lacquer is added to the slurry and simmered for five minutes at 60 ⁇ 2 ⁇ C.
• Quench water is added to the 60 + 2°C slurry and aged for ten minutes at 60 ⁇ 2°C.
• the slurry is heated to 98-100°C to distill the solvent (MEK) .
• the slurry is cooled to less than 55°C, dropped from the still and filtered.
• the PBX N—5 is dried in a steam oven at 95-100°C.
• PBX LX 14—0 is a plastic bonded explosive which has as the explosive component HMX.
• the PBX-LX14—O is prepared as follows:
• HMX Class 1, Class 2, and LX—04 Grade
• the lacquer thermoplastic polyurethane ( (Estane) dissolved in MEK) is added to the slurry and aged for two minutes. Quench water is added to the LX—14—O slurry after two minutes. Immediately start distillation and reduce RPM when the temperature reaches 90°C. Distill the solvent (MEK) to a top temperature of 98—100°C. Cool the distilled batch to 60°C and drop into a Buchner funnel. The product is dewatered then dried overnight in a steam oven.
• PBX C—4 is a plastic bonded explosive which has as the explosive component RDX (Class 1 and Class 5) .
• the PBX C-4 is prepared as follows:
• Water and RDX (Class 1 RDX and Class 5 RDX) are slurried in a 10—liter still and heated to 78°C. Lacquer, containing polyisobutylene, n—octane, dioctyl adipate, and motor oil, is slowly poured into the RDX/water slurry agitating at 450 RPM. The RDX/water/lacquer slurry is aged for 5 minutes. After 5 minute age time, the solvent (n-octane) is distilled until a final temperature of 98—100°C is reached. The product (Composition C—4) is cooled to 40—45°C and dropped into a filter. The filtered material is placed into a steam oven overnight for drying.
• Lacquer Amount MSDS No.
• PBX CH-6 is a plastic bonded explosive which has as the explosive component RDX (Class l) .
• the PBX CH-6 is prepared as follows:
• a weighed quantity of Class 1 RDX and gelatin is placed in the still with a measured amount of water.
• the slurry is heated to 75°C and a weighed quantity of sodium stearate is added. After 15 minutes agitation, the calcium chloride solution is added. After 5 minutes agitation, the graphite slurry is added. After 15 minutes agitation, the prepared lacquer (Vistanex in n—octane) is added. The slurry is aged for a specified time and the n—octane distilled.
• the still contents are cooled and dropped to a Buchner funnel. The product is dewatered and then dried in a steam oven.
• the distillate which will be water
• the distillate will separate from the solvent in the receiving container. Visual inspection of such separation indicates that all solvent has been distilled.
• the solvent can be separated from the water using a separatory funnel, and recycled in the next lacquer batch.
• Composition B is a mixture of TNT, RDX and wax. Composition B is prepared as follows:
• a weighed quantity of TNT is placed in the incorporation kettle. After the TNT has melted, a weighed quantity of RDX is added. The mixture is agitated and heated. After the water has risen to the top, agitation is stopped and the water is decanted. Any remaining water is removed by vaporization while the material is being heated and agitated. When the maximum desired temperature is reached, a specified amount of wax is added. The mixture is agitated until the RDX/TNT/wax forms a homogeneous product. The mixture is poured into a stainless steel pan and allowed to cool.
• Formulation CXM-7 is a mixture of RDX and dioctyl adipate.
• Formulation CXM-7 is prepared as follows: Weighed quantities of Class 1 and Class 5 RDX for CXM—7 are charged to a laboratory still containing a measured quantity of water. After the agitator is started and set at a moderate rate, the RDX/water slurry is heated to 40°C. Dioctyl adipate (DOA) is then added to the slurry and the still contents are aged to ensure the RDX is coated with DOA. The slurry is then dropped to a filter for dewatering and the product is dried overnight in a laboratory steam oven at 50°C for 16—18 hours or until the moisture content is 0.05% or less for CXM-7.
• DOA Dioctyl adipate
• PBX A—5 is a plastic bonded explosive which has as the explosive component RDX (Class 1) .
• the PBX A-5 is prepared as follows:
• a weighed quantity of Nominal Class 1 RDX is placed in a 10 liter still with a measured amount of water.
• a measured amount of stearic acid is added to the slurry.
• the appropriate amount of cyclohexanone is then added to the slurry.
• the slurry is then heated to 99 +0 C and held there for 10 minutes to distill the cyclohexanone.
• the product is cooled to 50°C and dropped to a Buchner funnel.
• the product is dewatered and then dried in a steam oven.
• External coating of the explosive compositions with water soluble agents was done by placing a weighed agent and approximately 24.62 gms of composition granules in a 100 ml beaker. [Some of the agents were received with an isopropyl alcohol content of 25%. The isopropyl alcohol softened the N—3 and caused the granules to stick together. The agents containing the alcohol were "dried” in a steam heated oven to remove the alcohol.] About 5 ml of water was added. The sample was placed in a steam heated oven at 200 ⁇ F which is well above the melting point of the agents used. The samples were stirred every 5 minutes and placed back in the oven. This procedure continued until all the water evaporated. The impact was determined.
• the external coating of the explosive composition with a water insoluble agent is performed by placing 24.62 gms of composition granules in a 100 ml beaker. The agent was weighed directly into the beaker. About 5 ml of water was added. The beaker was placed in a steam heated oven at 200°F for 15 minutes which allowed the agent to melt. The beaker was removed and stirred for 5 minutes, then placed back in the oven. This procedure was repeated until all the water had evaporated.
• Composition C—4 was blended with a water soluble agent by physically kneeding the agent into the C—4. It is interesting to note that C—4 containing 1.0% of the agent is about half as sensitive as C—4 with no agent. In other words, about twice the amount of energy is required to initiate the C—4.
• the Tables show the test results using shock sensitivity reducing agents, identified in the Table, mixed with RDX or HMX compositions in various concentrations.
• the agents tested are representive of agents which are useful in this invention.
• Kemamine AS-650 1.00 45.50

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• 1997
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