EP0826933B9 - Method for connecting radiators - Google Patents
Method for connecting radiators Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0826933B9 EP0826933B9 EP97108731A EP97108731A EP0826933B9 EP 0826933 B9 EP0826933 B9 EP 0826933B9 EP 97108731 A EP97108731 A EP 97108731A EP 97108731 A EP97108731 A EP 97108731A EP 0826933 B9 EP0826933 B9 EP 0826933B9
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pipe
- connection
- pipes
- leg
- return
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D19/00—Details
- F24D19/0002—Means for connecting central heating radiators to circulation pipes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D19/00—Details
- F24D19/0002—Means for connecting central heating radiators to circulation pipes
- F24D19/0056—Supplies from the central heating system
- F24D19/0058—Supplies from the central heating system coming out the floor
- F24D19/0063—Supplies from the central heating system coming out the floor under the radiator
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for connecting radiators of a hot water heating system to the hot water pipe with a flow pipe and a return pipe, said pipes are laid in the building wall or screed of the soil and project with their terminal areas of the wall or screed, and wherein the connecting pipes to the radiator cut according to the structural conditions to length, optionally bent and then connected liquid-tight with both the connections of the radiator and with the flow pipe and the return pipe.
- connection of radiators via pipes which are connected to the supply and disposal of the radiator with heat energy as flow and return lines with them. It serve to deflect the pipes from the laying plane
- guide sheets which comprise the pipeline at least partially and establish an aligned connection of the pipe line to the terminal areas of the radiator.
- Such guides cause a deflection of the running over the floor or the building wall heating water pipes in the valve plane of the radiator.
- the known pipe guide arc can be designed to be rotatable about the connection axis of the valve in order to absorb different directions of the supply and return lines. A fixed center distance of the supply and return lines corresponding to the connection distances of the radiator can be effected with these guide sheets.
- Such a radiator-connection device is in the DE 91 15 326.3 U1 described.
- the there claimed pipe guide arc is designed in two parts and consists of a base plate attachable to the floor and an attachable to the base plate arcuate pipe shoe.
- the base plate is formed on its upper side with a vertical pin, and the pipe shoe has on its underside a suitable for this pin round recess.
- the Roh effetsschuh is thus movable on the base plate in any pivoting positions about the pin.
- the radiator connection work must be carried out exclusively by the conventional method.
- This method consists in that first the helmet body is mounted on the wall. After this assembly work, the Schliftzbreite and height is marked according to the valve spacing of the radiator on the wall and the slot for the pipe guide is stiffened. Thereafter, the connecting pipes are guided in this slot above corresponding arcs to the radiator connection and connected to it.
- it is essential to the precision of the sheets and the dimensionally accurate cutting of the tubes. In all cases where the pipe bends - z. B. made of metal - not factory-made, but there is no guarantee for compliance with the Wegewinkel and the stitch dimensions. Likewise, it can easily lead to Biegetationem, which can then lead to pipe damage.
- the Helz moments analyses connection lines are usually fixed with fast-binding materials in the created wall slot.
- the leads are then connected to the connections of the radiator and then a pressure test, in which the radiator - to obtain a closed circuit - must be pressed with.
- the radiators In order to be able to carry out successor work such as plastering the walls and paintwork professionally, the radiators must be dismantled again. For this purpose, it is necessary to emptying the entire heating system that has been previously depressed again. After disassembly of the helmet body or the radiator radiator connection pipes are exposed in the described subsequent work defenselessly strong mechanical loads. Here, the connecting pipes can be bent, twisted and damaged. The radiators can usually connect after completion of the plastering and painting work again with the leads, if they were cleaned and addressed accordingly in the connection area.
- the AT 000 598 U1 describes a mounting plate with a U-shaped double-tube arch, the ends of which are connected to upper U-legs liquid-tight with each other and are separated before mounting the heart corpuscles.
- the pipelines including the radiator connection kits can be laid and permanently mounted for the required pressure test, without the radiator would have to be connected with.
- the radiator Rangamitur can be placed in the wall slot provided, fest festl and closed the wall slot. In this case, the necessary plastering and painting work can be completed in this area.
- the Estrichatbeiten can be completely completed, since the parallel pipe sections are liquid-tight at the lower U-legs of the double pipe bend connected to the flow pipe and the return pipe.
- the radiator can be mounted at any desired time.
- the outstanding from the wall connecting portion of the upper U-leg is so far separated that is still possible with the still protruding from the wall pipe ends of the liquid-tight connection of the now mounted radiator to the corresponding radiator connection points
- the pipe ends projecting from the wall exactly keep the valve spacing of the connection areas of the radiator. The radiator can then be operated without carrying out the pressure test again.
- the double-pipe bend according to the invention reports any bending work on the construction site. As a result, for example, a negative effect on the flow cross section of the pipes is avoided by bad, kinking bend or similar bending errors.
- the inventive method guarantees the exact compliance with the valve spacing of the radiator connection openings, creates uniform connection heights and makes any post-processing of the leads superfluous.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Steam Or Hot-Water Central Heating Systems (AREA)
- Road Paving Machines (AREA)
- Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
- Electric Connection Of Electric Components To Printed Circuits (AREA)
- Wire Bonding (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Anschließen von Heizkörpern einer Warmwasser-Heizanlage an die Warmwasserleitung mit einem Vorlaufrohr und einem Rücklaufrohr, wobei diese Rohre in der Gebäudewand oder im Estrich des Bodens verlegt sind und mit ihren Anschlußbereichen aus der Wand oder dem Estrich hervorstehen, und wobei die Anschlußrohre zum Heizkörper entsprechend den baulichen Gegebenheiten auf Länge geschnitten, gegebenenfalls gebogen und danach sowohl mit den Anschlüssen des Heizkörpers als auch mit dem Vorlaufrohr und dem Rücklaufrohr flüssigkeitsdicht verbunden werden.The invention relates to a method for connecting radiators of a hot water heating system to the hot water pipe with a flow pipe and a return pipe, said pipes are laid in the building wall or screed of the soil and project with their terminal areas of the wall or screed, and wherein the connecting pipes to the radiator cut according to the structural conditions to length, optionally bent and then connected liquid-tight with both the connections of the radiator and with the flow pipe and the return pipe.
Der Anschluß von Heizkörpern erfolgt über Rohrleitungen, die zur Ver- und Entsorgung des Heizkörpers mit Wärmeenergie als Vorlauf- und Rücklaufleitungen mit diesen verbunden sind. Dabei dienen zum Umlenken der Rohrleitungen aus der Verlegeebene In die Anschlußebene Führungsbögen, welche die Rohrleitung wenigstens teilweise umfassen und eine fluchtende Verbindung der Rohrfeitung zu den Anschlußbereichen des Heizkörpers herstellen. Derartige Führungsbögen bewirken eine Umlenkung der über den Fußboden oder die Gebäudewand verlaufenden Heizwasserrohre in die Ventilebene des Heizkörpers. Die bekannten Rohrführungsbogen können drehbar um die Anschlußachse des Ventils ausgebildet sein, um unterschiedliche Richtungen der anzukoppeinden Vor- und Rücklaufleitungen aufzufangen. Auch ein fester Achsabstand der Vor- und Rücklaufleitungen entsprechend den Anschlußabständen des Heizkörpers kann mit diesen Führungsbögen bewirkt werden.The connection of radiators via pipes, which are connected to the supply and disposal of the radiator with heat energy as flow and return lines with them. It serve to deflect the pipes from the laying plane In the connecting plane guide sheets which comprise the pipeline at least partially and establish an aligned connection of the pipe line to the terminal areas of the radiator. Such guides cause a deflection of the running over the floor or the building wall heating water pipes in the valve plane of the radiator. The known pipe guide arc can be designed to be rotatable about the connection axis of the valve in order to absorb different directions of the supply and return lines. A fixed center distance of the supply and return lines corresponding to the connection distances of the radiator can be effected with these guide sheets.
Eine derartige Heizkörper-Anschlußvorrichtung ist In der
Obwohl mit dieser Vorrichtung unterschiedliche Richtungen der anzukoppelnden Vor- und Rücklaufleitungen berücksichligt werden können, sind die Heizkörper-Anschlußarbeiten ausschließlich nach der herkömmlichen Methode durchzuführen. Diese Methode besteht darin, daß zunächst der Helzkörper an der Wand montiert wird. Nach dieser Montagearbeit wird die Schliftzbreite und -höhe entsprechend des Ventilabstandes des Heizkörpers an der Wand angezeichnet und der Schlitz für die Rohrführung ausgestemmt. Danach werden die Anschlußrohre In diesem Schlitz Ober entsprechende Bögen zum Heizkörperanschluß geführt und mit ihm verbunden. Hierbei kommt es wesentlich auf die Präzision der Bögen und des maßgenaue Ablängen der Rohre an. In allen Fällen, in denen die Rohrbögen - z. B. aus Metall - nicht fabrikmäßig hergestellt werden, besteht jedoch keine Gewähr für die Einhaltung der Wegewinkel und der Stichmaße. Ebenso kann es leicht zu Biegefehlem kommen, die dann zu Rohrbeschädigungen führen können.Although different directions of the supply and return lines to be coupled can be taken into account with this device, the radiator connection work must be carried out exclusively by the conventional method. This method consists in that first the helmet body is mounted on the wall. After this assembly work, the Schliftzbreite and height is marked according to the valve spacing of the radiator on the wall and the slot for the pipe guide is stiffened. Thereafter, the connecting pipes are guided in this slot above corresponding arcs to the radiator connection and connected to it. Here, it is essential to the precision of the sheets and the dimensionally accurate cutting of the tubes. In all cases where the pipe bends - z. B. made of metal - not factory-made, but there is no guarantee for compliance with the Wegewinkel and the stitch dimensions. Likewise, it can easily lead to Biegefehlem, which can then lead to pipe damage.
Die Helzkörper-Anschlußleitungen werden in der Regel mit schnellbindenden Baustoffen in den geschaffenen Wandschlitz befestigt. Die Anschlußleitungen werden danach mit den Anschlüssen des Heizkörpers verbunden und dann erfolgt eine Druckprobe, bei der der Heizkörper - um einen geschlossenen Kreislauf zu erhallen - mit abgedrückt werden muß.The Helzkörper connection lines are usually fixed with fast-binding materials in the created wall slot. The leads are then connected to the connections of the radiator and then a pressure test, in which the radiator - to obtain a closed circuit - must be pressed with.
Um Nachfolgesrbeiten wie Verputzten der Wände und Malerarbeiten fachgerecht durchführen zu können, müssen die Heizkörper wieder demontiert werden. Hierzu ist es nötig, das gesamte Heizungssystem, daß vorher abgedrückt worden ist, wieder zu entleeren. Nach der Demontage des Helzkörpers oder der Heizkörper sind die Heizkörper-Anschlußrohre bei den geschilderten nachfolgenden Arbeiten schutzlos erhebilchen mechanischen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Hierbei können die Anschlußrohre verbogen, verdreht und verschrnutzt werden. Die Heizkörper lassen sich in der Regel nach Beendigung der Verputz- und Malerarbeiten erst wieder mit den Anschlußleitungen verbinden, wenn diese im Anschlußbereich entsprechend gesäubert und gerichtet wurden.In order to be able to carry out successor work such as plastering the walls and paintwork professionally, the radiators must be dismantled again. For this purpose, it is necessary to emptying the entire heating system that has been previously depressed again. After disassembly of the helmet body or the radiator radiator connection pipes are exposed in the described subsequent work defenselessly strong mechanical loads. Here, the connecting pipes can be bent, twisted and damaged. The radiators can usually connect after completion of the plastering and painting work again with the leads, if they were cleaned and addressed accordingly in the connection area.
Die
Hier setzt die Erfindung ein, die es sich zur Aufgabe gestellt hat, ein Verfahren zum Anschließen von Heizkörpern an Vor- und Rücklaufrohre anzugeben, welches die Nachteile des Standes der Technik vermeldet und insbesondere alle Biegearbeiten der Anschlußrohre, die in der Regel aus Metall sind, auf der Bausteile verhindert.This is where the invention, which has set itself the task of providing a method for connecting radiators to supply and return pipes, which reports the disadvantages of the prior art and in particular all bending work of the connecting pipes, which are usually made of metal, on the building parts prevented.
Erfindungsgemäß wird dazu ein Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1 vorgeschlagen.According to the invention, a method according to claim 1 is proposed for this purpose.
Nachdem der erfindungsgemäße U-förmige Doppelrohrbogen mit den Vorlauf- und Rücklaufleitun gen über den unteren U-Schenkel flüssigkeitsdicht verbunden sind, ist durch die Gestaltung des Doppelrohrbogens in Form eines 180°-Bogens ein geschlossenei Kreislauf hergestellt der eine Druckprobe ohne Heizkörperanbindung möglich macht.After the U-shaped double-pipe bend according to the invention with the flow and Rücklaufleitun conditions are liquid-tightly connected via the lower U-legs, is made by the design of the double-pipe bend in the form of a 180 ° arc a closed circuit of a pressure test without radiator connection makes possible.
Damit können für die erforderliche Druckprobe die Rohrleitungen einschließlich der Heizkörper-Anschlußgamituren verlegt und fest montiert werden, ohne daß die Heizkörper mit angeschlossen werden müßten. Die Heizkörper-Anschlußgamitur kann in den dafür vorgesehenen Wandschlitz eingebracht, dort festgelegl und der Wandschlitz geschlossen werden. Dabei können auch in diesem Bereich die erforderlichen Verputz- und Malerarbeiten abschließend durchgeführt werden.Thus, the pipelines including the radiator connection kits can be laid and permanently mounted for the required pressure test, without the radiator would have to be connected with. The radiator Anschlussgamitur can be placed in the wall slot provided, fest festl and closed the wall slot. In this case, the necessary plastering and painting work can be completed in this area.
Auch die Estrichatbeiten können vollständig abgeschlossen werden, da die parallel verlaufenden Rohrbereiche am unteren U-Schenkel des Doppelrohrbogens flüssigkeitsdicht mit dem Vorlaufrohr und dem Rücklaufrohr verbunden sind.The Estrichatbeiten can be completely completed, since the parallel pipe sections are liquid-tight at the lower U-legs of the double pipe bend connected to the flow pipe and the return pipe.
Nach Abschluß dieser gesamten Verlegearbeitan tritt lediglich der Verbindungsbereich der parallel verlaufenden Rohrteile am oberen U-Schenkei des Doppetrohrbogens aus der Wand zutage. Da dieser Verbindungsbereich flüssigkeitsdicht ist und da auch die Rohrbereiche am unteren U-Schenkei des Doppelrohrbogens mit dem Vorfaufrohr und dem Rücklaufrohr flüssigkeitsdicht verbunden sind, kann die Druckprobe jetzt ohne Heizkörperanschluß erfolgen. Mit diesem Vorteil wird die Montage, Demontage und anschließende Lagerung der Heizkörper vermieden. Die Heizkörper müssen damit nicht mehr für die Druckprobe befüllt und anschließend wieder entleert werden. Die Druckprobe kann damit ohne Verfälschung durch undichte Anschlußverschraubungen usw. durchgeführt werden.After completion of this entire Verlegearbeitan occurs only the connecting portion of the parallel tube parts at the upper U-Schenkei Doppetrohrbogens from the wall come to light. Since this connection region is liquid-tight and since the tube regions are connected in a liquid-tight manner to the lower U-branch of the double-tube bend with the preflow tube and the return tube, the pressure test can now take place without a radiator connection. With this advantage, the assembly, disassembly and subsequent storage of the radiator is avoided. The radiators no longer need to be filled for the pressure test and then emptied again. The pressure test can thus be carried out without falsification by leaking connection fittings, etc.
Nach dem positiven Abschluß der Druckprobe kann der Heizkörper an einem beliebig festzulegenden Zeitpunkt montiert werden. Hierzu wird der aus der Wand hervorragende Verbindungsbereich des oberen U-Schenkels so weit abgetrennt, daß mit den noch aus der Wand herausragenden Rohrenden der flüssigkeitsdichte Anschluß des nunmehr montierten Heizkörpers an den entsprechenden Heizkörper-Anschlußstellen möglich ist Hierbei ist es von Vorteil, daß durch die maschinelle Fertigung des Doppelrohrbogens die aus der Wand herausragenden Rohrenden exakt den Ventilabstand der Anschlußbereiche des Heizkörpers einhalten. Der Heizkörper kann danach ohne nochmalige Durchführung der Druckprobe betrieben werden.After the pressure test has been completed successfully, the radiator can be mounted at any desired time. For this purpose, the outstanding from the wall connecting portion of the upper U-leg is so far separated that is still possible with the still protruding from the wall pipe ends of the liquid-tight connection of the now mounted radiator to the corresponding radiator connection points Here it is advantageous that through the mechanical production of the double pipe bend, the pipe ends projecting from the wall exactly keep the valve spacing of the connection areas of the radiator. The radiator can then be operated without carrying out the pressure test again.
Der erfindungsgemäße Doppelrohrbogen vermeldet durch seine maschinelle Herstellung jede Biegearbeit auf der Baustelle. Dadurch wird beispielsweise eine negative Beeinflussung des Durchflußquerschnittes der Rohre durch schlechte, abknickende Biegung oder ähnliche Biegefehler vermieden. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren garantiert die exakte Einhaltung des Ventilabstands der Heizkörper-Anschlußöffnungen, schafft einheitliche Anschlußhöhen und macht jegliche Nachbearbeitung der Anschlußleitungen überflüssig.Due to its mechanical production, the double-pipe bend according to the invention reports any bending work on the construction site. As a result, for example, a negative effect on the flow cross section of the pipes is avoided by bad, kinking bend or similar bending errors. The inventive method guarantees the exact compliance with the valve spacing of the radiator connection openings, creates uniform connection heights and makes any post-processing of the leads superfluous.
Claims (1)
- A process for connecting radiators to a hot-water heating system with a flow pipe and a return pipe, said pipes being laid in the wall or the screed floor with connection regions protruding from the wall or floor and the connection pipes to the radiators being cut to length according to the structural conditions, optionally bent, and subsequently joined liquid-tight with the radiator connections and the flow pipe and the return pipe, prior to the beginning of measures for joining, an integrally constructed pipe element in the form of a U-shaped double elbow is produced, the parallel pipe elements in the upper U-leg of which are joined liquid-tight with each other by means of a joining region, whereas the parallel pipe regions in the lower U-leg contain the connections for the flow pipe and the return pipe, so that at least the pipe elements of the upper U-leg are held at specific distance from each other by means of the joining region, whereas the pipe elements of the upper U-leg and the pipe elements of the lower U-leg are joined liquid-tight with each other by means of the U-shaped double elbow and the liquid-tight joining is done via welding or soldering of individual pipe lengths and elbows and whereas the connection for the flow pipe in connected to the flow pipe and the connection of the return pipe is connected to the return pipe and a pressure test is then conducted and that the joining region of the upper U-leg is separated after insertion of the U-shaped double elbow into the final assembly position to effect the joining of the flow and the return pipes with the radiator connections.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19635374A DE19635374B4 (en) | 1996-08-31 | 1996-08-31 | Method for connecting radiators |
DE19635374 | 1996-08-31 |
Publications (5)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0826933A2 EP0826933A2 (en) | 1998-03-04 |
EP0826933A3 EP0826933A3 (en) | 1999-03-31 |
EP0826933B1 EP0826933B1 (en) | 2001-08-16 |
EP0826933B2 EP0826933B2 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
EP0826933B9 true EP0826933B9 (en) | 2007-08-29 |
Family
ID=7804280
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97108731A Expired - Lifetime EP0826933B9 (en) | 1996-08-31 | 1997-05-31 | Method for connecting radiators |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0826933B9 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE204376T1 (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ286179B6 (en) |
DE (1) | DE19635374B4 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2160872T5 (en) |
PL (1) | PL183862B1 (en) |
TR (1) | TR199700864A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19718936A1 (en) * | 1997-05-05 | 1998-11-12 | Ewald Guenthner | Connector |
AT409660B (en) * | 1998-09-24 | 2002-10-25 | U S H Fittings Und Kunststofft | PRE-PREPARED BRANCHING ELEMENT FOR TWO-PIPE HEATING SYSTEMS |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1962662U (en) * | 1967-04-21 | 1967-06-22 | Benteler Werke Ag | FIXING JIG FOR ASSEMBLY OF RADIATOR CONNECTIONS. |
FR1536826A (en) * | 1967-09-15 | 1968-08-16 | Fixing device for radiators | |
AT384882B (en) † | 1985-08-19 | 1988-01-25 | Tour & Andersson Gmbh | RADIATOR CONNECTION |
DE9115326U1 (en) * | 1991-12-11 | 1992-03-12 | Seppelfricke Systemtechnik GmbH & Co oHG, 4650 Gelsenkirchen | Pipe guide bend for floor-laid heating water pipes |
AT598U1 (en) † | 1993-04-01 | 1996-01-25 | Mochart Alois | MOUNTING PLATE |
DE9416167U1 (en) * | 1994-10-07 | 1995-04-27 | Mochart, Alois, Köflach | Mounting plate |
-
1996
- 1996-08-31 DE DE19635374A patent/DE19635374B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-05-31 AT AT97108731T patent/ATE204376T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-05-31 EP EP97108731A patent/EP0826933B9/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-31 ES ES97108731T patent/ES2160872T5/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-08-27 TR TR97/00864A patent/TR199700864A2/en unknown
- 1997-08-27 PL PL97321821A patent/PL183862B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-08-29 CZ CZ19972726A patent/CZ286179B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2160872T5 (en) | 2007-01-16 |
PL321821A1 (en) | 1998-03-02 |
PL183862B1 (en) | 2002-07-31 |
ES2160872T3 (en) | 2001-11-16 |
DE19635374B4 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
CZ286179B6 (en) | 2000-02-16 |
EP0826933A2 (en) | 1998-03-04 |
EP0826933B2 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
EP0826933B1 (en) | 2001-08-16 |
ATE204376T1 (en) | 2001-09-15 |
EP0826933A3 (en) | 1999-03-31 |
TR199700864A3 (en) | 1998-03-21 |
TR199700864A2 (en) | 1998-03-21 |
CZ272697A3 (en) | 1998-04-15 |
DE19635374A1 (en) | 1998-03-05 |
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