EP0825298B1 - Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Beaufschlagung der Oberseite und der Unterseite einer Papierträgerbahn - Google Patents
Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Beaufschlagung der Oberseite und der Unterseite einer Papierträgerbahn Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0825298B1 EP0825298B1 EP97113481A EP97113481A EP0825298B1 EP 0825298 B1 EP0825298 B1 EP 0825298B1 EP 97113481 A EP97113481 A EP 97113481A EP 97113481 A EP97113481 A EP 97113481A EP 0825298 B1 EP0825298 B1 EP 0825298B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- coating material
- roller
- rubber
- web
- rubber roller
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims description 72
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 70
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 47
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title description 4
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 69
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 60
- 238000007774 anilox coating Methods 0.000 description 38
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 25
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
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- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 4
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- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N maleamic acid Chemical compound NC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229920000926 Galactomannan Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003522 acrylic cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006223 adhesive resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011086 glassine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006173 natural rubber latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011088 parchment paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C9/00—Apparatus or plant for applying liquid or other fluent material to surfaces by means not covered by any preceding group, or in which the means of applying the liquid or other fluent material is not important
- B05C9/04—Apparatus or plant for applying liquid or other fluent material to surfaces by means not covered by any preceding group, or in which the means of applying the liquid or other fluent material is not important for applying liquid or other fluent material to opposite sides of the work
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C1/00—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is applied to the surface of the work by contact with a member carrying the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. a porous member loaded with a liquid to be applied as a coating
- B05C1/04—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is applied to the surface of the work by contact with a member carrying the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. a porous member loaded with a liquid to be applied as a coating for applying liquid or other fluent material to work of indefinite length
- B05C1/08—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is applied to the surface of the work by contact with a member carrying the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. a porous member loaded with a liquid to be applied as a coating for applying liquid or other fluent material to work of indefinite length using a roller or other rotating member which contacts the work along a generating line
- B05C1/0826—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is applied to the surface of the work by contact with a member carrying the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. a porous member loaded with a liquid to be applied as a coating for applying liquid or other fluent material to work of indefinite length using a roller or other rotating member which contacts the work along a generating line the work being a web or sheets
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
- D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
- D21H23/22—Addition to the formed paper
- D21H23/52—Addition to the formed paper by contacting paper with a device carrying the material
- D21H23/56—Rolls
- D21H23/58—Details thereof, e.g. surface characteristics, peripheral speed
- D21H23/60—Details thereof, e.g. surface characteristics, peripheral speed the material on the applicator roll being subjected to a particular treatment before applying to the paper
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
- D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
- D21H23/22—Addition to the formed paper
- D21H23/52—Addition to the formed paper by contacting paper with a device carrying the material
- D21H23/56—Rolls
- D21H23/58—Details thereof, e.g. surface characteristics, peripheral speed
- D21H23/62—Reverse roll coating, i.e. applicator roll surface moving in direction opposite to that of the paper
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
- D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
- D21H23/22—Addition to the formed paper
- D21H23/70—Multistep processes; Apparatus for adding one or several substances in portions or in various ways to the paper, not covered by another single group of this main group
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
- D21H19/12—Coatings without pigments applied as a solution using water as the only solvent, e.g. in the presence of acid or alkaline compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
- D21H19/14—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12
- D21H19/20—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12 comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
- D21H19/14—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12
- D21H19/20—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12 comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D21H19/22—Polyalkenes, e.g. polystyrene
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
- D21H19/14—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12
- D21H19/24—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12 comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D21H19/32—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12 comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon in the main chain of the macromolecule
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/80—Paper comprising more than one coating
- D21H19/84—Paper comprising more than one coating on both sides of the substrate
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
- D21H27/06—Vegetable or imitation parchment; Glassine paper
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the simultaneous application of the top and the Underside of a paper carrier web, each with a liquid coating material.
- Paper is often used as a backing material for adhesive tapes. Find such tapes Use u. a. as masking tapes for painting and varnishing, tapes for the Processing of electronic components or as packaging adhesive tapes.
- the paper carriers are subjected to a special pretreatment.
- the Paper is first given an impregnation.
- the impregnation gives this Paper added strength and insensitivity to moisture.
- it is impregnating agents are aqueous dispersions, but also solvent-based ones Systems are possible.
- polymers for impregnation are: Styrene-butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers, acrylates, polychloroprene and polymers of the groups mentioned which have been modified with carboxyl groups or other comonomers. Mixtures of the polymers are also possible, as are mixtures with other substances, for example resins, plasticizers and other auxiliaries.
- the paper backing is coated with a layer of lacquer on the back, a so-called release varnish, as well as a primer on the adhesive side equipped.
- the release varnish initially has the function of adhering the adhesive to the Limit the back of the paper to a size that is easy to cut to length Band guaranteed from the role.
- the Releaselack also meet application-specific requirements, for example sufficient paint and paint adhesion on the back of the tape for painter masking tapes or a quiet rolling noise in packaging tapes.
- Aqueous dispersions or mixtures of aqueous dispersions are very often used as Release paints are used, but they are also solvent-based or so-called 100% systems possible.
- release systems are often used as mixtures of different polymers or also low-molecular, separating agents, such as waxes, fats or the like. formulated. Therefore, only a few options are shown here.
- Systems based on PVC, acrylates, acrylate copolymers or vinyl acetate copolymers are frequently used.
- the systems often consist of mixtures in which one part acts as a binder, while the release effect comes from another component.
- An example here is the mixture of an SBR latex (binder) with a copolymer of styrene and maleic acid amide, as described in German Offenlegungsschrift DE-A-28 45 541. If necessary, a third component based on acrylate can also be used.
- the job of the primer is to anchor the adhesive on the paper backing support. Detachment often occurs without the use of a suitable primer the adhesive when peeling off the surface, which is also the case with masking tapes for painting and varnishing is not acceptable.
- Aqueous dispersions or mixtures of aqueous dispersions are very often used as Primer used, but solvent-based systems are also possible.
- the release varnishes and primers are applied over rollers, doctor blades etc.
- the application is carried out by means of a doctor blade, in that the paper carrier web is carried out at a presettable distance under the doctor blade, the component to be coated being placed on the paper carrier web in front of the doctor blade.
- the doctor blade ensures an even application of the component.
- the component to be coated can be applied via a roller, if appropriate in combination with a doctor blade.
- the component can also be drawn into the paper carrier web by means of negative pressure by using a suction roller over which the paper carrier web is guided.
- the order quantities are to be chosen accordingly high, so that strong knocking off is compensated in the paper. But this also increases the risk of Mass breakdown.
- EP 0 480 897 A1 discloses a method for metering a coating agent onto a moving substrate, in which several pairs of rollers are used, including a pair of rubber rollers, between the gap of which the web is conveyed, and a pair of transfer rollers, the transfer rollers in each case are arranged in opposite directions to the rubber rollers and not in opposite directions. Furthermore, it is not disclosed to design the transfer rollers as anilox rollers.
- a method which shows the device in which one Paper web on one side with a breakable, liquid-containing cell or Capsule layer is coated.
- the device consists of several Coating stations, which in turn are composed of several rollers. Sofem in meet the rollers, they always run in opposite directions.
- US 5,516,365 A shows a method for impregnating and / or coating a Paper web in which the roller used to transfer the liquid to be coated in a bath containing the liquid.
- the paper web is used to transfer the Liquid passed into a nip formed by a drum and the roller becomes. Roller and drum rotate in the same direction.
- EP 0 365 640 A2 discloses a process to the public in which a liquid containing microcapsules is also transferred on one side to a paper, in the gap between a hard application roll and a deformable one Metering rollers that rotate in opposite directions.
- the object of the invention was to provide a method which has the disadvantages of State of the art not or at least not to the extent and that in particular preventing the coating material from striking through.
- Claim 2 describes a second embodiment of the method, which differs from that distinguishes the former only in that a rubber roller is omitted, i.e. the Application takes place directly with an anilox roller running in the same direction.
- Claim 2 describes a second embodiment of the method, which differs from that distinguishes the former only in that a rubber roller is omitted, i.e. the Application takes place directly with an anilox roller running in the same direction.
- the method for simultaneously applying the top and bottom of a paper carrier web each with a low-viscosity coating material consists of the features listed below.
- the paper carrier web is guided through the gap between two counter-rotating rubber rollers, which is -200 ⁇ m to -10 ⁇ m, in particular -50 ⁇ m to -10 ⁇ m.
- the first coating material is applied to the top of the paper carrier web by means of the first rubber roller.
- the first coating material is transferred beforehand to the first rubber roller from a first anilox roller which runs in the same direction as the first rubber roller and which in turn is supplied with the first coating material by means of a sprue device.
- the second coating material is applied in parallel to the underside of the paper carrier web by means of a second rubber roller, the second coating material being transferred to the second rubber roller by a second anilox roller which runs in the same direction as the second rubber roller.
- the second anilox roller is also supplied with the second coating material by means of a further pouring device.
- the first anilox roller and the second anilox roller are operated in particular at a relative speed of 50% to 150%, preferably 90% to 135%, in the same direction as the first and second rubber rollers.
- the paper carrier web is guided through the gap between a rubber roller and a second anilox roller that is parallel to the rubber roller, the gap between rubber roller and anilox roller being -200 ⁇ m to - 10 ⁇ m, in particular -50 ⁇ m to -10 ⁇ m, is.
- the top of the paper carrier web is loaded with the first coating material via the rubber roller.
- the first coating material is transferred to the rubber roller from a first anilox roller which runs in the same direction as the first rubber roller and which in turn receives the first coating material from a sprue device.
- the underside of the paper carrier web is acted upon by the second coating material via the second anilox roller, to which the second coating material is also applied via a further sprue device.
- the first anilox roller and the second anilox roller are operated in particular at a relative speed of 50% to 150%, preferably 90% to 135%, in the same direction as the rubber roller and in the opposite direction to the carrier web.
- the rubber rollers used in the process advantageously have a Shore hardness from 40 to 90, in particular 40 to 60.
- the anilox rollers preferably have an 18-80, in particular a 36-60 division.
- the anilox rollers are provided with a closed sprue box into which the Coating media with a pressure of 0.05 bar to 0.5 bar, preferably 0.1 bar to 0.3 bar can be fed.
- the pressure specifications correspond to that present chamber pressure.
- the method is particularly advantageous if the first coating material is a is aqueous primer dispersion and the second coating material from an aqueous Release dispersion is formed.
- An aqueous release dispersion can also advantageously be used as the first coating material can be applied on one side if at the same time the second coating material from one aqueous post-coating is formed.
- the inventive method is excellent suitable for the coating of paper carrier webs for the production of adhesive tape, in particular creped paper carrier webs. Surprisingly, it turns out that the known disadvantages of ago conventional coating processes do not occur.
- the method according to the invention are the coating goods due to the nip with light Pressure applied to the paper surface. Because simultaneously on both sides If a coating material with excess pressure is applied to the paper surface, a mass breakdown occurs reliably prevented.
- the respective penetration depth of the coating material can be regulated. This ensures constant order quantities and opens up the possibility of to work with minimal order quantities.
- Another advantage of the disclosed method is that, in the case of coating materials which are aqueous on both sides, an excellent flatness of the paper is obtained which can be regulated by the amount of coating.
- the reason for this is that the paper is subjected to the coating goods from both sides at the same time and an identical drying speed is preset in a downstream floating nozzle dryer on the top and bottom of the paper carrier web. Swelling processes in the fibers, the release of tensions in the surfaces or the creation of new tensions (e.g. shrinkage due to the entanglement of residual hemicellulose and other amorphous constituents) take place in the same direction on the top and bottom of the paper.
- the improved flatness in turn has a positive effect on the coating quality of the adhesive.
- top of the paper backing with an aqueous primer dispersion and an aqueous release dispersion is applied to the underside excellent results. Due to the simultaneous coating on one
- the application point on the top and on the bottom is wetted simultaneously (Water) of the paper carrier web from both sides and an installation of solid matter in the Paper.
- a boundary layer forms between the lacquer and the inside of the paper thickness Primer dispersion without mixing. So that is undesirable described Penetration of the coating goods excluded.
- the paper carrier web 1 in the nip 23 After the coating process of the paper carrier web 1 in the nip 23, it is fed via a non-contact web guiding element 5 to a floating nozzle dryer which is not further described.
- the paper carrier web is then further processed in the form of a coating with known solvent-based adhesive systems in conventional application processes.
- the paper carrier web 1 is guided into the nip 23, which from one to the Paper carrier web 1 rubber roller 22 operated in the same direction and by a first, counter to the paper carrier web 1 and operated in the same direction to the rubber roller 22 Anilox roller 31 is formed.
- the anilox roller 31 directly coats the underside of the paper carrier web 1 an aqueous primer dispersion, the anilox roller 31 via a first sprue 41 is supplied with the coating material.
- the aqueous solution is applied in accordance with the process described above Lacquer dispersion also via a rubber roller 22, which via a screen roller 32 with the Paint dispersion is supplied, which in turn the coating material from a second Gating device 42 receives.
- Example 1 Thin paper carrier web, namely a flat crepe carrier, Thickness of the paper carrier web: 150 ⁇ m
- the paper carrier web was treated with an impregnation, based on an SBR latex, impregnated.
- the impregnation was carried out on a conventional impregnation system, which is supplied by various suppliers. Here an impregnation system from VITS (Erkrath) was used. The impregnation took place in the Immersion process, followed by squeezing off the excess in one Squeezer. The impregnation was made until the paper was completely saturated.
- the position of this boundary layer in the paper can be influenced in a targeted manner by the method chosen in the invention.
- the selection of the anilox rollers, the selected chamber pressure, the transfer rollers, the relative speed of the rollers, but also other parameters determine this boundary layer.
- the coating thickness that is to say the thickness of the layer into which the respective coating material is to penetrate, is thus precisely defined by the respective coating material.
- Another advantage of the method according to the invention is that the curling of the Edges of the coated paper carrier web are avoided, which is a one-sided Wetting cannot be suppressed.
- FIG. 1 shows the particularly advantageous method according to claim 1 and in Figure 2 shown according to claim 2.
- the paper carrier web 1 is rectilinear in the gap 23 between two opposed rubber rollers 21, 22 out.
- the rubber rollers 21, 22 are not on one Mounted frame shown, with a corresponding adjustment mechanism the gap width between the rubber rollers 21, 22 can be preset can.
- first rubber roller 21 the underside of the paper carrier web 1 with a applied aqueous primer dispersion.
- the rubber roller 21 itself takes over first anilox roller 31, which is driven in parallel with the rubber roller 21, the aqueous Primer dispersion.
- a first sprue 41 advantageously with a light If the excess pressure is operated from 0.05 bar to 0.5 bar, the anilox roller 31 is coated.
- the top of the paper carrier web 1 with a applied aqueous paint dispersion is about the second rubber roller 22, the top of the paper carrier web 1 with a applied aqueous paint dispersion.
- the rubber roller 22 and the same to this operated anilox roller 32 also obtain the coating material from a second, advantageously operated with a slight excess pressure of 0.05 bar to 0.5 bar Gating device 42.
- First coating material aqueous primer dispersion
- Second coating material aqueous lacquer dispersion (release lacquer)
- the system according to the invention was a pilot plant system for determining the in the Description cited parameters.
- the rollers were assembled in the roller mill of a 5-roll applicator, the subsequent drying in one The float nozzle dryer.
- the gap between the rubber rollers was preset to 80 ⁇ m.
- the carrier thus finished was coated with 50 g / m 2 (dry substance) of a solvent-based natural rubber adhesive.
- a solvent-based natural rubber adhesive It is an ESH post-crosslinkable adhesive that is used as standard for the masking tapes, consisting of natural rubber, adhesive resins and fillers.
- Adhesive strength steel 3.9 N / cm Take-off speed 300 mm / min Based on AFERA 4001 Adhesion back 1.8 N / cm dito AFERA 4001 unwind 1.0 N / cm Unwind speed 30 m / min AFERA 4013 ultimate tensile strength 42 N / cm Test speed 300 mm / min AFERA 4004 elongation at break 10% AFERA 4005
- the product produced by the process according to the invention was suitable according to the Results of the application-technical examination very well as a masking tape.
- it proved to be extremely resistant to emulsion paints Strip peel test of glued on sheet steel and with commercially available emulsion paint The streaked sample strips never split the product, neither after 5, 10, 15 after 20 minutes of exposure to the emulsion paint.
- the product could be ripped off various substrates, even after a longer period Bonding time and under extreme peeling conditions (extremely fast, extreme Voltage), remove again. Glass and PVC with bonding times were explicitly tested up to 24 hours.
- Example 2 Production of an adhesive tape based on transparent paper, parchment paper or high-density glassine paper
- the primer dispersion and the release lacquer dispersion were removed from the aqueous Phase coated.
- aqueous solution of a commercially available polyvinyl alcohol was used as the primer (Trade name Mowiol from Hoechst).
- the viscosity was set to Ford cup with 4 mm nozzle at 18 ⁇ 4 sec.
- the release component consisted of the mixture of a polyvinyl alcohol solution (see above) a silicone release emulsion.
- the polyvinyl alcohol takes on the function of Film formers, the silicone emulsion in the amount of the desired separation effect be coordinated.
- the viscosity of the release dispersion was measured on Ford beakers 4 mm outlet nozzle set at 18 ⁇ 4 sec.
- the supports coated in this way were coated immediately afterwards with a solvent-based acrylate adhesive. It is a 38% solvent-based acrylic adhesive, which can be obtained from National Starch, for example. An adhesive composition of 20 ⁇ 2 g / m 2 was carried out.
- a channel coating system with a knife-over-roll applicator was used as the coating system used.
- the system according to the invention was a pilot plant system for determining the in the Description cited parameters.
- the rollers were assembled in the roller mill of a 5-roll applicator, the subsequent drying in one The float nozzle dryer.
- the gap between the rubber rollers was preset to 20 ⁇ m.
- Example 3 Production of an adhesive tape on the basis of the carrier mentioned in Example 2 with acrylic dispersion adhesive
- the acrylic dispersion adhesive was used with a viscosity of 200 - 600 mPa * s at 30 1 / s and 20 ° C.
- the mass application was set at 20 ⁇ 1 g / m 2 .
- the release varnish was adjusted with a viscosity of Ford flow cup with 4 mm nozzle of 18 ⁇ 4 sec.
- the system according to the invention was a pilot plant system for determining the in the Description cited parameters.
- the rollers were assembled in the roller mill of a 5-roll applicator, the subsequent drying in one The float nozzle dryer.
- the gap between the anilox roller for the adhesive dispersion and the release rubber roller was preset to 50 ⁇ m.
Landscapes
- Paper (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Description
Styrol-Butadien-Copolymere, Acrylnitril-Butadien-Copolymere, Acrylate, Polychloroprene sowie mit carboxylgruppenhaltigen oder anderen Comonomeren modifizierte Polymere der genannten Gruppen. Es sind auch Mischungen der Polymere möglich, sowie Mischungen mit weiteren Stoffen, z.B. Harzen, Weichmachem und anderen Hilfsstoffen.
Häufig werden auf PVC basierende Systeme, Acrylate, Acrylatcopolymere oder Vinylacetatcopolymere eingesetzt. Oft bestehen die Systeme auch aus Mischungen, in denen ein Teil die Funktion eines Bindemittels übernimmt, während die Releasewirkung von einem weiteren Bestandteil herrührt. Als Beispiel sei hier die Mischung von einem SBR-Latex (Binder) mit einem Copolymer aus Styrol und Maleinsäureamid genannt, wie sie in der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift DE-A-28 45 541 beschrieben ist. Gegebenenfalls kann auch noch eine dritte Komponente auf Basis Acrylat eingesetzt werden.
Primer auf Lösemittelbasis können gegebenenfalls auch mit reaktiven Komponenten versehen sein, um eine starke Anbindung an die Klebmasse zu gewährleisten. Bei lösemittelbasierten Primern ist die Verwendung von Isocyanaten zu diesem Zweck nicht unüblich.
So erfolgt der Auftrag mittels einer Rakel, indem die Papierträgerbahn mit einem voreinstellbaren Abstand unter der Rakel durchgeführt wird, wobei die zu beschichtende Komponente vor der Rakel auf die Papierträgerbahn gegeben wird. Die Rakel sorgt für einen gleichmäßigen Auftrag der Komponente.
Weiterhin kann der Auftrag der zu beschichtenden Komponente über eine Walze erfolgen, gegebenenfalls in Kombination mit einer Rakel. Schließlich kann, wie es in der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift DE-A-43 29 218 dargelegt ist, die Komponente auch durch Verwendung einer Saugwalze, über die die Papierträgerbahn geführt wird, mittels Unterdruck in die Papierträgerbahn gezogen werden.
Die negativen Effekte des Durchschlagens sind offenkundig:
- Durchschlag des Releaselacks auf die Primerseite setzt dort die Haftung der Klebmasse herab und kann dann zu den oben beschriebenen Ablöseerscheinungen der Klebmasse führen.
- Durchschlag des Primers auf die Releaseseite setzt dort die Haftung der Klebmasse herauf; es resultieren inakzeptabel hohe Abrollkräfte oder gar punktförmiges oder flächiges Herausreißen von Klebmasse beim Abrollen.
Des weiteren ist nicht offenbart, die Übertragungswalzen als Rasterwalzen auszuführen.
Die Papierträgerbahn wird durch den Spalt zwischen zwei gegenläufigen Gummiwalzen geführt, der -200 µm bis -10 µm, insbesondere -50 µm bis -10 µm, beträgt.
Dabei wird die Oberseite der Papierträgerbahn mit dem ersten Beschichtungsgut mittels der ersten Gummiwalze beaufschlagt. Auf die erste Gummiwalze wird zuvor das erste Beschichtungsgut von einer ersten zu der ersten Gummiwalze gleichläufigen Rasterwalze übertragen, die ihrerseits mittels einer Angießvorrichtung mit dem ersten Beschichtungsgut versorgt wird.
Die Unterseite der Papierträgerbahn wird parallel mit dem zweiten Beschichtungsgut mittels einer zweiten Gummiwalze beaufschlagt wird, wobei auf die zweite Gummiwalze das zweite Beschichtungsgut von einer zweiten zu der zweiten Gummiwalze gleichläufigen Rasterwalze übertragen wird. Ebenfalls wird die zweite Rasterwalze mit dem zweiten Beschichtungsgut mittels einer weiteren Angießvorrichtung versorgt.
Die erste Rasterwalze und die zweite Rasterwalze werden insbesondere mit einer Relativgeschwindigkeit von 50 % bis 150 %, vorzugsweise 90 % bis 135 %, gleichläufig zur ersten und zur zweiten Gummiwalze betrieben.
Die Oberseite der Papierträgerbahn wird über die Gummiwalze mit dem ersten Beschichtungsgut beaufschlagt. Auf die Gummiwalze wird das erste Beschichtungsgut von einer ersten zu der ersten Gummiwalze gleichläufigen Rasterwalze übertragen, die ihrerseits von einer Angießvorrichtung das erste Beschichtungsgut empfängt.
Die Unterseite der Papierträgerbahn wird über-die zweite Rasterwalze, auf die das zweite Beschichtungsgut ebenfalls über eine weitere Angießvorrichtung aufgetragen wird, mit dem zweiten Beschichtungsgut beaufschlagt.
Die erste Rasterwalze und die zweite Rasterwalze werden insbesondere mit einer Relativgeschwindigkeit von 50 % bis 150 %, vorzugsweise 90 % bis 135 %, gleichläufig zur Gummiwalze und gegenläufig zu der Trägerbahn betrieben.
Die verbesserte Planlage wirkt sich wiederum positiv auf die Beschichtungsqualität der Klebmasse aus.
Anschließend erfolgt die weitere Verarbeitung der Papierträgerbahn in Form der Beschichtung mit bekannten lösungsmittelbasierten Klebersystemen in herkömmlichen Auftragsverfahren.
Damit wird die Beschichtungsdicke, also die Dicke der Schicht, in die das jeweilige Beschichtungsgut eindringen soll, eben von dem jeweiligen Beschichtungsgut definiert.
Viskosität | Newton'sches Fließverhalten Fordauslaufbecher mit 4 mm Düse: 16 ± 1 sec. |
Masseauftrag | 1,5 g / m2 Trockenmasse |
Viskosität | Strukturviskoses Fließverhalten, 600 mPa*s bei 0,1 1/s 70 mPa*s bei 100 1/s und 23 °C |
Masseauftrag | 6 g / m2 Trockenmasse |
Kammerdruck im Angießkasten | 0,2 bar |
Rasterwalze | 60er Teilung |
Durchmesser Rasterwalze | 200 mm |
Relativgeschwindigkeit zur Gummiwalze | 135% |
Gummiwalze | 55 Shore, PUR |
Durchmesser Gummiwalze | 200 mm |
Geschwindigkeit der Gummiwalze | Bahngeschwindigkeit bis 400 m/min |
Kammerdruck im Angießkasten | 0,1 bar |
Rasterwalze | 38er Teilung |
Durchmesser Rasterwalze | 200 mm |
Relativgeschwindigkeit zur Gummiwalze | 135% |
Gummiwalze | 55 Shore, PUR |
Durchmesser Gummiwalze | 200 mm |
Geschwindigkeit der Gummiwalze | Bahngeschwindigkeit bis 400 m/min |
Klebkraft Stahl | 3,9 N / cm | Abzugsgeschwindigkeit 300 mm/min | Anlehnung an AFERA 4001 |
Klebkraft Rückseite | 1,8 N / cm | dito | AFERA 4001 |
Abrollkraft | 1,0 N / cm | Abrollgeschwindigkeit 30 m/min | AFERA 4013 |
Höchstzugkraft | 42 N / cm | Prüfgeschwindigkeit300 mm/min | AFERA 4004 |
Reißdehnung | 10 % | AFERA 4005 |
Kammerdruck im Angießkasten | 0,15 bar |
Rasterwalze | 60er Teilung |
Durchmesser Rasterwalze | 200 mm |
Relativgeschwindigkeit zur Gummiwalze | 135% |
Gummiwalze | 55 Shore, PUR |
Durchmesser Gummiwalze | 200 mm |
Geschwindigkeit der Gummiwalze | Bahngeschwindigkeit bis 400 m/min |
Kammerdruck im Angießkasten | 0,2 bar |
Rasterwalze | 60er Teilung |
Durchmesser Rasterwalze | 200 mm |
Relativgeschwindigkeit zur Gummiwalze | 135% |
Gummiwalze | 55 Shore, PUR |
Durchmesser Gummiwalze | 200 mm |
Geschwindigkeit der Gummiwalze | Bahngeschwindigkeit bis 400 m/min |
Der Releaselack wurde mit einer Viskosität von Fordauslaufbecher mit 4 mm Düse von 18 ± 4 sec eingestellt.
Kammerdruck im Angießkasten | 0,2 bar |
Rasterwalze | 20er Teilung |
Durchmesser Rasterwalze | 200 mm |
Relativgeschwindigkeit zur Gummiwalze | 135% |
Gummiwalze | 55 Shore, PUR |
Durchmesser Gummiwalze | 200 mm |
Geschwindigkeit der Gummiwalze | 75 % der Bahngeschwindigkeit bis 400 m/min |
Kammerdruck im Angießkasten | 0,2 bar |
Rasterwalze | 60er Teilung |
Durchmesser Rasterwalze | 200 mm |
Relativgeschwindigkeit zur Gummiwalze | 135% |
Gummiwalze | 55 Shore, PUR |
Durchmesser Gummiwalze | 200 mm |
Geschwindigkeit der Gummiwalze | Bahngeschwindigkeit bis 200 m/min |
Claims (11)
- Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Beaufschlagung der Oberseite und der Unterseite einer Papierträgerbahn mit jeweils einem flüssigen Beschichtungsgut,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daßa) die Papierträgerbahn durch den Spalt zwischen zwei gegenläufigen Gummiwalzen geführt wird,b)die Oberseite der Papierträgerbahn mit dem ersten Beschichtungsgut mittels einer ersten Gummiwalze beaufschlagt wird,auf die erste Gummiwalze das erste Beschichtungsgut von einer ersten zu der ersten Gummiwalze gleichläufigen Rasterwalze übertragen wird,auf die erste Rasterwalze das erste Beschichtungsgut mittels einer Angießvorrichtung aufgetragen wird,c)die Unterseite der Papierträgerbahn mit dem zweiten Beschichtungsgut mittels einer zweiten Gummiwalze beaufschlagt wird,auf die zweite Gummiwalze das zweite Beschichtungsgut von einer zweiten zu der zweiten Gummiwalze gleichläufigen Rasterwalzeauf die zweite Rasterwalze das zweite Beschichtungsgut mittels einer Angießvorrichtung aufgetragen wird. - Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Beaufschlagung der Oberseite und der Unterseite einer Papierträgerbahn mit jeweils einem flüssigen Beschichtungsgut,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daßa) die Papierträgerbahn durch den Spalt zwischen einer Gummiwalze und einer zu der Gummiwalze gleichläufigen zweiten Rasterwalze geführt wird,b)die Oberseite der Papierträgerbahn mit dem ersten Beschichtungsgut mittels der Gummiwalze beaufschlagt wird,auf die Gummiwalze das erste Beschichtungsgut von einer ersten zu der ersten Gummiwalze gleichläufigen Rasterwalze übertragen wird,auf die erste Rasterwalze das erste Beschichtungsgut mittels einer Angießvorrichtung aufgetragen wird,c)die Unterseite der Papierträgerbahn mit dem zweiten Beschichtungsgut mittels der zweiten Rasterwalze beaufschlagt wird,auf die zweite Rasterwalze das zweite Beschichtungsgut mittels einer Angießvorrichtung aufgetragen wird. - Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
der Spalt zwischen den beiden Gummiwalzen bzw. zwischen Gummiwalze und Rasterwalze -200 µm bis -10 µm, insbesondere -50 µm bis -10 µm, beträgt. - Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Gummiwalzen eine Shore-Härte von 40 bis 90, insbesondere 40 bis 60, aufweisen. - Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 4,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Rasterwalzen eine 18 - 80er Teilung, insbesondere eine 36er - 60er Teilung, aufweisen. - Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Gummiwalzen und die Rasterwalzen jeweils separat angetrieben werden. - Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Rasterwalzen jeweils mit einem geschlossenen Angießkasten versehen sind, in den die Beschichtungsmedien mit einem Druck von 0,05 bar bis 0,5 bar, vorzugsweise 0,1 bar bis 0,3 bar, eingespeist werden. - Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
das erste Beschichtungsgut eine wäßrige Primer-Dispersion oder Wasser ist und das zweite Beschichtungsgut von einer wäßrigen Releasedispersion gebildet ist. - Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 8,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
das erste Beschichtungsgut eine wäßrige Release-Dispersion ist und das zweite Beschichtungsgut von einer wäßrigen Nachstrichdispersion gebildet ist. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die erste Rasterwalze und die zweite Rasterwalze mit einer Relativgeschwindigkeit von 50 % bis 150 %, vorzugsweise 90 % bis 135 %, gleichläufig zur ersten Gummiwalze und zur zweiten Gummiwalze betrieben werden. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die erste Rasterwalze und die zweite Rasterwalze mit einer Relativgeschwindigkeit von 50 % bis 150 %, vorzugsweise 90 % bis 135 %, gleichläufig zur Gummiwalze und gegenläufig zur Papierträgerbahn betrieben werden.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19633766 | 1996-08-22 | ||
DE19633766A DE19633766C1 (de) | 1996-08-22 | 1996-08-22 | Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Beaufschlagung der Oberseite und der Unterseite einer Papierträgerbahn |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0825298A2 EP0825298A2 (de) | 1998-02-25 |
EP0825298A3 EP0825298A3 (de) | 1999-03-10 |
EP0825298B1 true EP0825298B1 (de) | 2002-07-03 |
Family
ID=7803277
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97113481A Expired - Lifetime EP0825298B1 (de) | 1996-08-22 | 1997-08-05 | Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Beaufschlagung der Oberseite und der Unterseite einer Papierträgerbahn |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5869131A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0825298B1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE19633766C1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10230462A1 (de) * | 2002-07-06 | 2004-01-22 | Maschinenfabrik Max Kroenert Gmbh & Co. | Doppelseitiges Auftragwerk |
DE10245022A1 (de) * | 2002-09-04 | 2004-03-11 | Jowat Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Beschichtung von Substraten |
DE10352865B4 (de) * | 2003-11-10 | 2005-11-17 | Scs-Solutions Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Beschichtung von flächenförmigen Substraten wie Papier |
US20050201786A1 (en) * | 2003-11-27 | 2005-09-15 | Takuya Ito | Sheet processing apparatus, automatic document feeder and image forming apparatus |
US20130025483A1 (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2013-01-31 | Omer Gila | Substrate treatment apparatus, printers, and methods to treat a print substrate |
CN112359642B (zh) * | 2020-10-27 | 2022-10-25 | 桂柳春 | 一种无塑纸及无塑纸的复涂制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2416232A (en) * | 1943-04-03 | 1947-02-18 | United Gas Improvement Co | Coated organic material and method of making the same |
DE2845541C3 (de) * | 1978-10-19 | 1981-04-02 | Beiersdorf Ag, 2000 Hamburg | Verfahren zur Herstellung von klebstoffabweisenden Beschichtungen auf flächigem, blatt- oder bahnförmigen Material |
GB8904112D0 (en) * | 1989-02-23 | 1989-04-05 | Wiggins Teape Group Ltd | Process for applying microcapsule-containing compositions to paper |
FI88063C (fi) * | 1990-10-12 | 1993-03-25 | Valmet Paper Machinery Inc | Anordning foer dosering av bestrykningsmedel pao ett roerligt underlag |
US5378497A (en) * | 1993-02-10 | 1995-01-03 | Westvaco Corporation | Method for providing irreversible smoothness in a paper rawstock |
DE4329218A1 (de) * | 1993-08-31 | 1995-03-02 | Beiersdorf Ag | Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen Imprägnieren |
DE9314280U1 (de) * | 1993-09-22 | 1994-01-20 | Jagenberg AG, 40476 Düsseldorf | Vorrichtung zum Beschichten einer Papier- oder Kartonbahn |
EP0706833B1 (de) * | 1994-04-28 | 2001-12-19 | TAIYO TECHNO CO.,Ltd. | Kontinuierliches lackierverfahren |
-
1996
- 1996-08-22 DE DE19633766A patent/DE19633766C1/de not_active Revoked
-
1997
- 1997-08-05 DE DE59707629T patent/DE59707629D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-08-05 EP EP97113481A patent/EP0825298B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-08-20 US US08/914,926 patent/US5869131A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59707629D1 (de) | 2002-08-08 |
US5869131A (en) | 1999-02-09 |
EP0825298A2 (de) | 1998-02-25 |
DE19633766C1 (de) | 1997-11-20 |
EP0825298A3 (de) | 1999-03-10 |
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