EP0805902B1 - Floor, ceiling or wall structure with highly effective thermal insulation - Google Patents

Abstract

A floor, ceiling or wall structure with highly effective thermal insulation comprises an insulating element (3) between a supporting substructure (2) and a surface lining (1). The insulating element (3) contains a large number of rigid support filaments (5) at right angles to the lining and the substructure. In order to ensure thermal decoupling of the substructure (2) from the lining (1), the latter are separated by a large cavity (4) in the insulating element (3). The insulating element (3) preferably consists of a resin-impregnated, cured textile spacing material made of glass, ceramic, plastic or carbon fibres.

Description

The invention relates to a high thermal insulation Floor, ceiling or wall structure, in which an insulating body between a load-bearing substructure and a surface covering is arranged.

When creating residential and office buildings, workshops and functional buildings wins the establishment of a thermal comfortable and hygienically beneficial indoor climate increasingly in importance. For this it is necessary to change the temperature of the envelope surfaces of the room as close as possible to that of the room air. Already one by 2 Kelvin from the room air temperature deviating colder wall surface temperature leads at least near the wall to thermal malaise.

Usually people carry over 50% of their body heat through the exchange of radiation with the surrounding envelope from. The one-sided facing colder walls He perceives heat withdrawal as a disturbance of his body heat balance. One then speaks of one prevailing in the room asymmetrical radiation climate.

The colder ones are also perceived as uncomfortable Walls always emerging, downward convective Cold air currents adhering to the floor towards the room procreate. This phenomenon is well known and occurs particularly on window fronts that result from higher heat transfer values compared to the other wall surfaces have ever lower surface temperatures. This leads to, for example, in with single-pane glazing equipped old buildings the window habitat at winter time is uncomfortable and almost uninhabitable.

However, influences that disrupt comfort can not only from cold wall surfaces, but also from that to the envelope surface floor belonging to the room. One speaks here of cold rooms despite a sufficient for the well-being Raumlufttemperierung. With floors it is necessary the vertical wall surfaces even to a higher degree Thermal insulation at a temperature level that matches the indoor air to reach the ground. This is because the People standing almost 30% of their body heat emits on the foot surfaces, because in this case by the high surface pressure of heat exchange with the floor surface directly via heat conduction and without an between the exchange surfaces, reducing the heat exchange Heat transfer resistance takes place.

In the case of stone floors or tiled bathroom floors achieves heat dissipation due to the high density stoneware and its high thermal conductivity Materials an extremely high degree, especially if the ceramic Place the boards directly and uninsulated on cement floors. Heat extraction is also special with tiled walls strong because the wall surfaces are always at a temperature level remain below the room air and then not only those on loss of comfort due to radiation exchange provoke, but also condensation water fittings train who also generate evaporative cooling.

According to the usual construction, floor coverings, such as fine ceramic tiles, ceramic split tiles, floor clinker tiles, PVC, rubber or cork boards, but also Wood parquet and textile coverings usually at least 5 to 8 cm thick cement screed layers applied. In the case of ceramic tiles and stoneware slabs laying additionally in one on the screed layers applied 1 to 2 cm thick mortar bed. The flooring thus directly border on voluminous, massive layers of material with high thermal mass, which has high thermal conductivity and have a large heat penetration number. The consequence of this is that floor coverings, with the exception of thick cork coverings and deep-pile carpets, always count as cold feet. They are up to the demands after a comfortable room climate due to the intensive heat dissipation on the massive, constructively bearing and loads receiving floor substructure.

This also applies if the floor or ceiling structure, as usual, sufficient under the screed layer Contains heat insulation layer, because the first thing is the sensation of heat when standing and walking on floors by temperature the contact surface, i.e. the temperature of the floor surface, dependent. The actual heat and Soundproofing layers on the screed layer, which in turn serves as a substructure for the actual floor covering one with walkable and insulated ceiling constructions as rigid, self-supporting and load-bearing Always shift before.

Investigation of surface temperatures of floor coverings of various types, that of an approximately 5 cm thick screed layer requirements, led to the Screed compound for thermally questionable results. At the Placing the bare foot on stoneware slabs drops the body temperature of the foot at the contact surface quickly. The cooling down already takes a few minutes Differential values of over 10 Kelvin. Plastic coverings can only slightly delay heat dissipation. Also parquet flooring hardwood leads to cold floors. satisfactory Results can be achieved with deep-pile carpets. Only excessive room air heating can leave the a comfortable floor climate arise but that only takes a certain time Delay sets.

In addition to the strong heat dissipation to the massive Screed layers are the floor in the case of hypothermic Wall structures through the resulting ground level Cold air flows extract heat convectively.

So far, apart from underfloor heating systems, hardly possible in terms of construction, an almost balanced one to ensure vertical room temperature profile. The usual used for thermal insulation of room envelopes Fiber, foam and pearlite insulation materials guide their function from the multitude of smallest air pockets and a multitude from reflective surfaces to disordered thin-walled ones Wall structures or on unconnected thread and grain structures from. You can therefore in the floor structure, like this in the Building practice also happens only below viable, load-bearing coatings are used, so only then when they have an area-hardening, rigid and self-supporting stratification rests on top of the volume of the insulation material does not compress.

Already the material properties of the insulation materials used so far there are demands for independent rigidity and load-bearing capacity and shape retention under load opposite. The thermal inertia then on the conventional Insulation materials necessarily support load-bearing materials However, as explained above, stratification is precisely that Cause of an inadequate indoor climate.

EP 0 428 201 describes bridging threads in a dense connecting layer, whereby gravitational forces are to be compensated for. An insulating body is not addressed in EP O 428 201.

The object of the invention is therefore the existing thermal Defects in floor or ceiling structures, in particular for structures with ceramic and stoneware coverings, as well as the same defects in wall structures with insufficient self-insulation to fix so as to make the rooms comfortable Alignment of the surface temperatures of their envelope surfaces increase.

According to the invention, a floor, ceiling or wall structure according to the features of claim 1 provided. An insulating body in between one structurally load-bearing substructure and a surface covering arranged. Any conventional, layering underlaid on a wall or floor covering. The covering can, for example, be made of ceramic tiles, Stoneware panels, plastic panels, wooden parquet or also Carpets exist. In the case of wall coverings, in addition to the aforementioned materials, the covering can also be wallpaper or include a simple coat of paint. The invention Floor, ceiling or wall structure is characterized by that the insulating body through a variety of cross between the surface covering and the substructure, rigid Support threads are formed, which are used for thermal decoupling the substructure of the covering between these one Cover the flat and shape-retaining cavity.

The surface covering is preferably for solar radiation at least partially permeable, i.e. transparent or translucent.

A suitable measure to effectively reduce heat transfer between two superimposed, highly thermally conductive Solid bodies is the storage of a dormant, low convection air layer between these solids for Decoupling the heat exchange. That haunted Principle is therefore the floor, ceiling or Wall coverings thermally from their base layers through a Isolate the insulating body between the coverings and their base layers are only flat and form-retaining Open the cavity. This requires the provision here a powerful thermal insulation material with sufficient independent surface stability, rigidity and Load capacity, which as a constructive material itself forces can record and transmit.

The insulator is therefore by a variety from across between the surface covering and the substructure extending, rigid support threads formed. For thermal Decoupling the substructure from the covering spans the Insulating body between these a flat, form-retaining Cavity on. The cavity is preferably filled with air, but can also be a commonly used for thermal insulation Plastic foam mass included. When using for solar radiation permeable or partially transparent surface coverings the cavity can be filled with a translucent material with low thermal conductivity, such as have a silica airgel structure.

The insulation material proposed here is able to loads acting on floor coverings over large areas without changing its shape, for example on the floating one Screed as a substructure, to be transferred or for wall coverings to take the loads acting here. The Load capacity is based on the bracing effect of the multitude of essentially axially loaded support threads. Despite of this multitude of threads, these have a smaller one Proportion of area than conventional struts and bend hence the formation of cold bridges. Together with the The thread structure leads into the air layer embedded in the cavity of the insulator so that the convection based heat exchange between the covering and the load-bearing Substructure is almost completely eliminated.

The support threads of the insulating body are preferably formed from inorganic fibers, such as glass, ceramic, plastic or carbon fibers. In addition, organic fibers and in particular biological fibers or natural fibers can also be used, such as fibers made from hemp or other vegetable products. The support threads preferably have an average fineness in the range from approximately 20 to 80 tex and are arranged in a density of between approximately 10 to approximately 60 threads / cm ² . Such an insulating body has excellent thermal insulation properties, since heat transfer by heat conduction is practically eliminated by the use of lightweight materials with a small internal volume, as well as the low mass of the extremely thin, yet load-bearing and force-transmitting support threads. The high strength and bending stiffness of the insulating body can be further increased in that the supporting threads are arranged crossing one another. The triangulation effect associated with this leads to an overall rigid bracing.

In a preferred embodiment, the insulating body an upper and / or a lower cover plate, wherein the upper cover plate with the covering and the lower cover plate is connected to the substructure. In this case it is particularly simple manufacture of the soil or Wall structure guaranteed. The insulating body can also still have one or more intermediate plates, wherein the intermediate plates then over the support threads together or connected to the upper and / or lower cover plate are. In such a case, the insulating body is off two or more layers are formed, the individual Layers even in the manner of a single-layer insulating body are built up.

Such an insulating body is advantageously made of a textile spacer fabric or knitted fabric by impregnation with a resin and curing the sandwich construction thus obtained formed like this in principle from the German Publication DE 37 23 681 A1 is known. In this is the production of textile spacer fabrics and knitted fabrics, as well as their use to form rigid, described sandwich-like components. In technology the spacer fabrics and knitted fabrics usually as spacer layers for the production of various fiber composite materials used.

The spacer fabrics to be used exist generally from cover layers of a textile material, in particular made of ceramic, glass, plastic or carbon fibers, or from mixtures of such materials. The top layers are caused by threads entering vertically or at an angle, so-called web threads, connected to each other. The bridge threads are preferably twisted and hold scaffold the two fabric layers at a distance. In doing so, they form in the form of a loop or mesh structure essentially rows of bars standing vertically on the cover layers, whereby the top layers are additionally diagonally Thread structures running to the rows of webs linked can be.

The spacer fabrics and knitted fabrics are used in their processing usually soaked or impregnated with resin. The Excess resin is then between foils or Rolls pressed out. They depend on the impregnation Bridge threads due to the material properties and the binding structure generated restoring forces without tools back to its original height and enable calibrating distances due to their definable length to the top layers. The strength of after curing The sandwich construction resulting from resin sizes is used in essentially by the arrangement and the height of the web threads certainly.

The use of so-called Rowings yarns is also known for the construction of three-dimensional textile plate structures, especially those with distances of over 12 mm between the top layers. Rowings yarns are made of yarn endlessly drawn thicker glass threads. You don't have the ability to engage in the curing process after resin wetting to erect yourself due to your own twist, however, spacer fabrics are made from this material cost-effective. The erection process succeeds here a mechanical pulling apart of the top layers before final curing of the resin matrix.

The invention therefore also relates to the use of such spacer fabrics or knitted fabrics according to the features of claim 36. The use relates to the construction of highly thermally insulated room envelope structures, i.e. floors, ceilings or walls, and especially in shape Pre-fabricated insulating board bodies with large areas, those made of resin-impregnated and hardened Spacer fabrics are formed.

For the purposes of the invention, a single-layer, Use velvet-like spacer fabrics. One made from such a fabric by impregnating with resins and then curing the resin matrix Insulating body has only one cover plate on which Loop or mesh structures are arranged in rows essentially perpendicular to the plate.

The use of textile spacer fabrics or knitted fabrics as Insulation media in the form of flat, air-filled panel bodies has the advantage, among other things, that already at relative small thickness dimensions due to static air layers both low thermal conductivity and due to the Plate structure, additional contact resistance guaranteed becomes. The thermal conductivity λ of air layers with approx. 0.02 W / mK is below the values of common insulation materials. This property of air layers becomes more similar Way already used in insulating glass elements. An air-filled flat hollow body also enables the equipment with heat radiation barriers by inserting emission-reducing Foils or low-E coatings.

The thermal decoupling of floor or wall coverings from the massive layers of the substructure of the floor load-bearing masonry of the room walls by a preferably double-walled, rigid and rigid plate body, which forms a continuous flat cavity also the advantage that through appropriate training and Arrangement of the support threads or by integrating pipelines quasi channel-shaped inner structures in the insulating body can be set up that allow the flat insulating body not only as a passive thermal insulation material, but also as a conductive for heat transfer, active thermal insulation system, for example as Floor or wall heating system in the manner of a holocaust system, to use.

Plate frameworks used so far with honeycomb-shaped Offer wall structures as stiffening spacers not this advantage. The honeycomb structures form in the panel body no flat, continuous cavities, but just a multitude of separate small dreams. The double-walled textile plate body according to the invention contrast, whose cover plates by spacing, in rows arranged web threads are stiffened together and thereby ordered, essentially channel-shaped structures train, can be both as one with warm air or heat distribution system to be charged with a heat transfer fluid, but also as a large-scale system Represent heat convectors.

Advantageously, they can be used together connected plate body in summer overheating of the rooms also as a comprehensive cooling and ventilation system are used, in such a way that cold air or heat transfer fluid in a closed circulatory system circulating the heat from the floor or wall panels dissipates. The disadvantages are becoming more common today Cooling systems avoided the immediate cold air in the room let it flow in and thus often perceived as cause convective air currents. These cooling systems especially because of their hygienic problems criticized. Except for the inevitable raising of dust are they given by the medical side because of the danger of Introduction and transmission of disease germs as considered questionable.

In the case of operation of a room air conditioning over an area designed closed system of floor and wall hollow panels According to the invention, the room is cooled not about convective air circulation. Rather, through Lowering the surface temperatures of the room envelope man is able to use his excess heat through Dissipate radiation exchange over these cooled surfaces. In the same way as for a heated by heat radiation Here, too, space is transformed into an exchange of radiation creates a comfortable indoor climate. When managing the Cooling medium in a circumferentially closed channel system, Analogous to underfloor heating, it is required inside the room neither an air exchange nor the supply of cold air. The unacceptable swirling of dust is also eliminated like the spread of disease germs.

The space envelope structure according to the invention, the one Flat, underlaid floor, wall and / or ceiling coverings Provides hollow plate system with channel-like inner structures, can advantageously also for more efficient use the solar radiation energy incident on the room for the room heating after a previously unknown and practiced concept to achieve higher storage rates find meaningful application in the wall structures.

Considering the given in modern residential and office buildings Trends towards large-area window glazing with less Heat transfer losses of the other room envelopes, represents the overheating of the rooms by the incident solar energy radiation, in south-facing rooms already on mild winter days, otherwise predominantly in the transition months, increasingly restricting comfort during the day Problem.

This problem is countered by costly windows upstream or sun-shielding devices installed on the room side, or generally by using sun protection glazing. Usually you get it however, remedy by venting the solar-heated air by partially opening the window or by switching on existing air conditioners. Such measures lead in all cases or behaviors at restricted usage rates the solar energy supply for space heating, and overall to an economically and ecologically unacceptable Waste of energy.

The construction of the space envelope surfaces according to the invention enables it is the one that occurs briefly in the heating period solar energy supply in the passive envelope of the Store the building immediately.

Because of the thermal inertia of the massive envelope surfaces of the The incident radiation energy has so far led to buildings overheating of the room air and convective only for a short time for appropriate temperature control of the wall surfaces, that of thermal charging of deeper layers and thus an effective storage of solar radiation energy counteract.

The lining of the envelope surfaces with the proposed insulating bodies that have a self-contained form flat and channeled cavity a measure not only to combat excessive air heating, but also higher solar usage rates Energy radiation through the transfer of heat with the help passively developing or via actively operated circulation on the deeper layers of the massive envelope to achieve the space.

Directly onto the opaque floor, wall and ceiling coverings striking solar radiation leads to warming of these coatings far above the ambient air temperature. The excess Heat can then be absorbed by the air volume of the insulating body and convectively using the channel structures the flat cavity that is not exposed to direct radiation is to be distributed. This enables efficient Use of the solar radiation energy entering the room by storage in the hollow plate system. As a result the thermal decoupling of the opaque wall and floor coverings from the solid wall structures by relining with the insulating body according to the invention when exposed to the sun a quick and sustainable warming of this Rubbers reached. The distribution of this heat over the entire Wall area with the help of the flat channeled cavity of the insulating body according to the invention leads to a efficient adjustment of wall and room air temperature and thus contributes to an improved indoor climate.

This concept of heat distribution over larger areas the pads and generally the storage of solar Radiant energy can be absorbed into the massive wall structures by using floor, wall or ceiling coverings at least partially transparent to solar radiation, i.e. are transparent or translucent, in a much larger one Reach scale. Such surface coverings become translucent here viewed in the visible range of solar Radiation does not allow an orderly passage of radiation, where the solar radiation energy in the form of a diffuse scattered radiation emerges.

When using one for solar radiation in the visible Area at least partially permeable according to the invention Insulating body, preferably one made of glass fibers textile spacer fabric, together with translucent surface coverings, there is an absorptive storage of the solar radiation energy into the massive wall structures the principle of a "solar energy trap", since both the massive Substructure upstream insulating body as well as the translucent Surface covering for those absorbed by the masonry and energy emitted in the form of thermal radiation is opaque.

Suitable for use as a translucent surface covering translucent tiles in particular. This is what it is about usually small-format tiles from a glass-like Material for the manufacture of which is a glass dust at 700 pressed or poured into a suitable mold up to 800 ° C becomes. In addition, tiles made of pure ceramic can also be used Masses are used in the glass-like Moldings are embedded. Glass tiles of the aforementioned Kind, mostly with translucent colored decor, are already known and are increasingly used as decorative wall and floor linings used for bathrooms and swimming pools. Are also as translucent surface covering Suitable marble slabs.

Especially with already highly insulated building envelopes external insulation layers or the load-bearing masonry superior core insulation is a storage of solar Warmth into the masonry from inside great thermal benefit. It leads to an alignment the temperature of the wall surfaces to that of the room air Condensation damage and generally acts as a result of moisture penetration of the wall structures.

The solar radiation incident through transparent window surfaces is known not to remain entirely in the Room. Reflected on opaque, bright room envelopes occurs Part of the radiation through the window surfaces again Outside. If the envelope is lined with translucent Wall, ceiling and floor coverings are shone through these surfaces. The solar radiation is from the one behind it Masonry absorptively added. There are no reflections instead and so far no radiation losses through transparent window surfaces. Through translucent wall cladding the type described is therefore a high one Degree of utilization of the solar radiation entering the room reached. The above-described formation of channel-like Internal structures in the hollow body according to the invention can through dissipation and even distribution of thermal energy in the wall structures still increase this Contribute to the degree of utilization.

Because of the mostly hitting the floor surfaces of the room direct solar radiation is the use of translucent floor tiles for the use of high solar Heat gains particularly advantageous. That also makes sense Use of translucent tiles with underlaid textiles Spacer plates for outdoor floor coverings, so on Balcony and terrace areas and on house entrances. About that it also lends itself to the insulating body according to the invention underlaid translucent tile surfaces also in the Use outdoors as large wall coverings. The the solar radiation energy is stored here in the load-bearing masonry leads to an improved Thermal balance of the building with effective thermal insulation at the same time.

The storage of the incident solar radiation in the massive building envelopes takes place during the heating season an adjustment of the wall temperatures that lasts longer to the indoor air to save on heating costs and a higher level of comfort. Bears in the summer period such a measure by storing excessive solar radiation for more living comfort. By aligning the Temperature of the building envelope to the respective room temperature is ultimately the formation of wet condensates avoided these areas.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the coverings of the room envelope surfaces and the upper cover plates of the insulating body connected to them are perforated, in particular in the ceiling area. As a result, the double-walled insulating body integrated into the space enveloping surfaces and assembled into a closed cavity can advantageously also be set up as an automatic ventilation system or as a system for forced ventilation with a heat exchange function. Because of the large exchange areas, this system has high energy efficiency. Outside of the ventilation operation, the hollow chamber elements with k values of 2 - 3 W / m ² K, which are embedded in the wall structure, are suitable as additional thermal insulation media for the paneled wall surfaces.

Finally, a cladding of is advantageous Envelopes with perforated plate structures of the proposed Art applicable for purposes of clean room technology. The advantage of such plate structures for this area of application lies in the cost-effective planking of the Enveloping surfaces and the formation of large inlet and outlet channels, the varied training of mixed and Enable displacement flows and their control.

Given the low investment and operating costs the use of the proposed flat twin-wall sheets not only for the design of clean rooms and partial clean room cabins and ventilation shafts, but also for the partial furnishing of office and Living rooms, especially bedrooms, to keep the Spaces of fine dust and organic particles.

Was previously passive from the use of load-bearing, rigid or actively operated plate frameworks as media thermal decoupling of floor and wall structures in the Interior construction, it should be extremely advantageous Application for floor coverings of external surfaces, such as u. a. tiled balcony and terrace areas as well as house entrances, but don't go unmentioned even with tiled house walls.

First of all, it is about the benefits of sustainable, large-scale and plan contact areas for the ceramic floor tiles. When using spacer fabrics made of textile insulating bodies formed by resin impregnation and curing is the stable and flat primer of the contact surfaces for the ceramic tiles with the then large area insulators that can be laid without incurring preparation costs and labor-intensive base layers can be easily accomplished.

Furthermore, it proves to be advantageous through such load-bearing on the tile or stoneware floors hollow insulating body to drain the substructure and likewise due to thermal decoupling from the ones below Floor layers the ceramic flooring from frost damage to preserve.

Under the aspect of rational use of textile spacer fabrics and insulating plate body made from it as underlying insulation material is proposed procedurally, the tiles and stone slabs are already in production with textile spacer panels cut to the same size adhesive to join, namely under Use a sufficiently thick layer of an elastic Adhesive material to avoid any shear stresses that may occur between the thermally different layers to avoid. Advantageous for a rational laying technique is also the application of large-area textile panels, preferably already prefabricated tiled with the ceramic Floor slabs and stoneware.

When using multilayer insulators with higher ones Thermal insulation performance can be the corresponding in winter time Keep surfaces free of snow and ice. Equipment the insulating body with operative and active heating, so advantageously by an inserted heating foil or by woven heating wires or carbon fibers, enables the stone-paved terraces or house access paths if necessary briefly from snow and ice coverings free, and this because of the underground given thermal insulation, with an extremely low energetic Expenditure. The heating function can also be operated via a Temperature sensor can be controlled automatically at Snowfall and ice formation generally the access routes keep walkable.

The insulating bodies according to the invention are of course suitable quite generally in an advantageous manner for inclusion of electrical resistance heating systems. By arrangement the heating foils or wire mesh on the Floor and wall coverings facing the side Coverings heated directly via heat conduction, while the Insulator against the screed layer or the massive substructure form an effective heat barrier, especially if you add the insulation to the insulation from layers that reduce heat radiation to the substructure equips. The heat generated is then preferably the floor and wall covering and from there into the room emitted long-wave.

Such in the space envelope structure according to the invention integrated electrical heating system, fed back via a temperature sensor arranged on the wall surfaces, not only represents an extremely inexpensive and easy to install, but also a comfortable living promotional space heating system. As a result of Heating only small shielded masses and large ones Radiation areas, this system proves to be extremely flexible and energetically rational.

Fig. 1 eine erfindungsgemäße Deckenkonstruktion im Querschnitt;

Fig. 2 und 3 einen Querschnitt durch einen erfindungsgemäßen Bodenaufbau mit einem emissionsmindernd ausgerüsteten Isolierkörper;

Fig. 4 einen erfindungsgemäßen Bodenaufbau mit einem mehrschichtigen Isolierkörper im Querschnitt;

Fig. 5 einen erfindungsgemäßen Bodenaufbau mit in den Isolierkörper integrierten Rohrleitungen;

Fig. 6 und 7 weitere Ausführungsformen der Erfindung;

Fig. 8 einen erfindungsgemäßen Bodenaufbaut im Querschnitt mit zusätzlich in den Isolierkörper eingebrachten Dämmstoffen;

Fig. 10 ein weiteres Beispiel für eine erfindungsgemäße Deckenkonstruktion;

Fig. 11 eine Ausführungsform der Erfindung mit streifenförmig zugeschnittenem Isolierkörper;

Fig. 12 einen Teilquerschnitt durch einen erfindungsgemäßen Wand- und Deckenaufbau mit raumeinhüllend angeordnetem Isolierkörper;

Fig. 13 und 14 weitere erfindungsgemäße Wandaufbauten mit integrierter Fußleistenheizung;

Fig. 15 und 16 einen erfindungsgemäßen Bodenaufbau mit integrierten elektrischen Heizungssystemen;

Fig. 17 einen weiteren erfindungsgemäßen wandaufbau; und

Fig. 18 eine Ausführungsform der Erfindung, bei der der Isolierkörper zweiseitig versetzt gegenüber dem Oberflächenbelag angeordnet ist.

Further advantages and embodiments of the invention result from the following description and the drawings, to which reference is made. The drawings show:

Figure 1 shows a ceiling construction according to the invention in cross section.

2 and 3 show a cross section through a floor structure according to the invention with an insulating body equipped to reduce emissions;

4 shows a floor structure according to the invention with a multilayer insulating body in cross section;

5 shows a floor structure according to the invention with pipes integrated into the insulating body;

6 and 7 further embodiments of the invention;

8 shows a floor structure according to the invention in cross section with additional insulation materials introduced into the insulating body;

10 shows a further example of a ceiling construction according to the invention;

11 shows an embodiment of the invention with a strip-shaped insulating body;

12 shows a partial cross section through a wall and ceiling structure according to the invention with an insulating body arranged to enclose the room;

13 and 14 further wall structures according to the invention with integrated baseboard heating;

15 and 16 a floor structure according to the invention with integrated electrical heating systems;

17 shows a further wall structure according to the invention; and

18 shows an embodiment of the invention in which the insulating body is arranged offset on two sides with respect to the surface covering.

Fig. 1 shows schematically the structure of a load-bearing, walkable Ceiling construction in cross section. The shown here Dimensions and proportions, however, correspond not the actual circumstances. Between the Floor covering 1, for example made of tiles or stone slabs, and the screed layer 2 is for thermal decoupling of the floor coverings from the massive, highly heat conductive Screed layer a double-walled rigid and rigid Insulating body 3 arranged, a continuous, air-filled Includes cavity 4. The two cover plates 6a, 6b of the insulating body 3 are with the screed layer 2 or the flooring 1 over an adhesive or mortar layer connected. Run transversely between the cover plates 6a, 6b a variety of rigid support threads 5, but here only schematically and not indicated according to their number are.

This double-walled insulating body 3 is preferably made of a resin-impregnated textile spacer fabric, that in a known manner from two, by transverse or vertical Web thread structures of interconnected fabric cover layers consists. After an applied one has hardened Resin matrix form this fabric, rigid and rigid sandwich constructions with a free space between the two cover layers.

Sandwich structures made of textile spacer fabrics of this type are suitable, especially when using glass fiber filaments, because of their exceptional mechanical stiffness and resistance to deformation for thermal separation of two masses lying on top of each other and under load Stratifications, as a result of their transverse thread structures can absorb and transmit high forces. Due the air gap 4 and between the top layers the low mass of the materials making up the plate body make a high quality thermal insulation material is already at a relatively low height compared to Insulation boards made of hard foam or mineral fibers, excellent Provides insulation performance.

The structure shown in cross section in Fig. 1 load-bearing and walkable ceiling construction also shows explanatory the arranged below the screed layer 2 usual insulation layers 8 made of foam or Fiberboard. Since these plates are not dimensionally stable and are resilient, they must be rigid in themselves load-bearing, solid cement layer or a dimensionally stable Screed layer from 5 to 8 cm floating so to speak become. The insulation layer 8 itself is the constructive load-bearing, cast from concrete or from brick Ceiling plate 9 on. The ceiling plate 9 thus forms in this embodiment together with the insulation layer 8 and the screed layer 2 is the load-bearing substructure.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the floor covering 1 at least for solar radiation partially permeable, i.e. transparent or translucent, material formed. In this case, for the floor covering 1 preferably translucent glass tiles or ceramic tiles used in the translucent glass body are embedded. In this embodiment, the Floor covering 1 with the help of a transparent adhesive connected to the insulating body 3. The use of translucent Tiles along with one made from fiberglass textile spacer fabric as an insulating body 3 allows one Use of the floor structure described here according to Art a solar energy trap and enables due to the thermal Decoupling the covering 1 from the heated screed layer 2 with the help of the air gap 4 the storage solar radiation energy into the thermally massive Screed layer 2.

With one of the ceiling construction described above Wall structure can be the screed layer 2 and the thermal insulation layer 8 omitted. The insulating body 3 is here by means of an adhesive bonded to the load-bearing masonry. The cover plates 6a, 6b are preferably perforated or drilled to prevent the glue from partially penetrating the cover plates 6a, 6b and thus better adhesion of the Insulating body 3 on the masonry or the surface covering 1 to ensure the insulating body 3. Such an inventive Wall construction also allows use one at least partially permeable to solar radiation Surface covering 1.

2 and 3 also show the use of hardened textile spacer fabric 3 as a thermal interface between the cement screed 2 and the flooring 1. By Formation of additional voids or gaps 10 between the covering 1 and the upper connected to it Cover plate 6a, and by introducing emission-reducing Layers 7 in the spaces 10, e.g. by Arrangement of heat reflective or the emission of Films or coatings 7 that reduce heat radiation the upper cover plate 6a and / or on the underside of the covering 1, which generate additional heat transfer resistances, the thermal transmittance values of textile sandwich constructions still lower significantly.

The additional heat resistance of the insulating plate body reinforcing measures, so the establishment of a separating air gap 10 between the insulating body 3 and the floor covering layer 1 and the arrangement, for example an aluminum wrinkle film inside the air gap as an emission-reducing layer 7 is shown here. In Fig. 2 is the air gap 10 through one of the bottom surfaces of the tiles and stone slabs 1 raised embossed line or net-shaped grid 11 brought about. 3 becomes the surface of the textile insulating body 3 trained with knobs 12.

In the same way as in FIGS. 2 and 3 for the upper one Cover plate 6a shown, the screed layer 2 or the lower cover plate 6b facing the screed layer 2 be equipped to reduce emissions. To reduce heat transfer long-wave heat radiation can also the flat cavity 4 facing inner surfaces of the Cover plates and / or the support threads with an emission-reducing Coating, for example by spraying by means of a suitable nozzle tool. It goes without saying that the in Figs. 2 and 3, as well in the following figures using floor or ceiling structures illustrated embodiments of the invention also used for the corresponding construction of wall structures can be.

The equipment of the insulating body 3 with emission-reducing Coatings are more translucent, especially when used Tiles as surface covering 1 advantageous. On the bottom ceramic or translucent tiles emission-reducing coating (low-E coating) 7 either pyrolytic in the run-up to the curing process of the Applied tiles (at a temperature of approx. 400 - 500 ° C), or on the finished product in a vacuum process be evaporated onto the underside of the tiles. In such a coating is also rational an injection process can be implemented. However, it is preferable a pyrolytically applied coating. It is extraordinary scratch-resistant and resistant to oxidation. These layers can also be used as semiconductor layers as well as metal layers electrically conductive for resistance heating systems be used.

Low-E coatings can be used for both solar radiation transparent and opaque. At primarily transparent or translucent tiles is therefore, if priority is given to the storage effect in the massive wall structures has to assume more transparent coatings.

The concept of "solar energy trap" described above will but also not given up in the case of opaque low-E coatings. While with opaque tile material, the solar radiation energy only partially at boundary layers of the surface is absorbed, and so only to a reduced extent supplied to the sheet with a time delay due to heat conduction is done with transparent or translucent Tiles with simultaneous heating of the entire sheet, to the extent of its for the solar energy spectrum stored, absorptive parts.

4 shows an insulating body 3 constructed from two layers 3a, 3b for the thermal decoupling of the screed layer 2 from the floor coverings 1. The upper layer 3a of the insulating body 3 is, as described under FIGS. 1-3, made of a hardened resin-coated layer textile spacer fabric formed. The lower layer 3b is formed from a single-layer velor-like textile spacer fabric and is adhered to the upper layer 3a via an adhesive layer or already connected to the fabric structure in terms of production technology. The adjoining cover layers of the layers 3a and 3b together form the intermediate plate 13. The single-layer velor-like textile spacer fabrics used for the lower layer 3b form, after the resin matrix has hardened, row-like, rigid and load-bearing loops 14 arranged vertically on the cover layer, which here are only indicated schematically and extend transversely between the intermediate plate 13 and the screed layer 2. As a result, an additional stable flat cavity 15 is created between the screed layering and the floor coverings. Designing the screed surface 2 with an aluminum foil or a low-E coating applied to the lower layer 3b and facing the screed surface leads here to k values less than k = 2 W / m ² K. The use of a loop plate body 3b also enables one simple attachment of the insulating body 3 to a wall structure. The attachment to the wall is carried out here with the aid of a layer of mortar or plaster into which the loops 14 are pressed in half, keeping an air-filled cavity 15 free.

Fig. 5 shows a floor structure according to the invention in the Insulating body 3 integrated pipes 16 for floor or wall heating systems. It can be copper or plastic pipes, which are from a heat-transferring Fluid flow through. When using more translucent Surface coverings 1 can be used for the heat transfer fluid Excess heat is removed from the solid substructure be used.

Fig. 6 shows one especially for floor and wall heating suitable floor or wall structure. In this embodiment the insulating body 3 consists of two plate bodies or layers 3a and 3b, each consisting of a two-layer textile spacer fabric made and over the each other Adjacent fabric cover layers are bonded together are. In the same way, one could use a three-layer Spacer fabric made insulating body for use come. The plate body receiving the piping system 16 3a goes through to the cold screed or wall side the second plate body 3b thermally insulated. This second Plate body 3b can also, corresponding to that in Fig. 4th shown embodiment, made of a velor-like Spacer fabric to be made. Advantageously is then the surface of the plate body facing the substructure 3b with an emission-reducing coating.

Instead of the pipes 16, the insulating body 3 also line networks for electrical resistance heating inserted or electrical heating foils are inserted. The latter can also advantageously between the Flooring and the insulating body in the form of an adhesive film inserted or integrated directly into the floor covering become.

Fig. 7 shows an insulating body 3, the upper cover layer 6a milled recesses 17 for receiving electrical Has lines and connecting cables.

Fig. 8 shows an insulating body 3, the flat, air-permeable All or part of the cavity with a foamed Material 18 is filled. The insulating body receives an extraordinarily high bending stiffness and shape retention.

Both the floor coverings 1 and the screed floor 2 have as already shown under Fig. 2 and 3, embossed in a grid raised structures 11a, 11b in order in this way to form an air gap 10a or 10b, the additional Heat transfer resistance generated. The at the air gap surfaces adjoining on both sides can then be used for reduction of heat exchange via heat radiation with aluminum foils or low-E layers (not shown here) as in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3 described.

In particular, the embodiment according to FIG. 8 enables due to its high rigidity and surface stability a ceiling structure with screed layers less Thickness. The insulating body according to the invention can can also be used directly as load distribution layers.

As shown in Fig. 10, such insulating body 3 in an advantageous manner, in particular as a load-distributing Use elements in beamed ceilings. You will be below the load-bearing ceiling beams 21 as cladding battens and above as walk-in floor slabs for reception the flooring 1 attached with conventional angle fittings. The space between the wooden beams is the usual Foam or fiber insulation 8 filled.

It is also proposed that the insulating body 3 according to Figure 11 to produce in strips or cut accordingly and in parallel at a distance from each other on the substructure, here the screed layer 2, by half the cost of the insulating body material or limit a third.

Channel structures can then be found both in the form of strips applied insulating body plates 3, as well the spaces 22 between the parallel spaced apart installed insulated body panels realized.

The strip-shaped insulating body plates 3 are filled in accordance with Figure 8 with a rigid, integral foam off, so you get in the task of channel systems inside of the insulating body a lath-shaped body of great strength and bending stiffness, which, as a slatted frame doweled on the wall surface for efficient application large surfaces can be used. The channel structure is then realized solely through the gaps 22.

Fig. 12 shows the constructive envelope surface structure of a Space. The textile hollow plates of the insulating body 3 The wall opens into the hollow panels of the corner area Ceiling envelope. In addition, the ceiling Insulated body 3 laid from there also in opposite or laterally fitted with hollow panels Open up wall surfaces. Including the floor area, in this way becomes a thermally enveloping space closed cavity system communicating via channel structures realized.

Through the communicating interconnected cavities in addition to the all-round thermal decoupling from the massive room envelopes an insulating, enveloping the room Air layer creates a balancing wall temperature can effect.

In a rational way, the room can be heated with underfloor heating or by an integrated in the insulating body plates 3 Hot water or electrically operated baseboard heating 23 be heated (Fig. 13). The heat is in the floor area mainly emitted directly to the interior of the room via radiation.

At the same time, what is encased in the insulating body plates is enveloped Air volume heated. The rising, tempered Air warms the inside of the insulating body plates Wall and ceiling covering 1, for example thin wall tiles, wooden panels, plasterboard or also paper or textile wallpapers.

The insulation to the load-bearing wall is then created by appropriate Design of the back of the insulating body panels, for example through an additional narrow airspace 10b, preferably in conjunction with a low-E layer, such as described in connection with Figures 3 and 8.

In this way you get a very comfortable, physiologically beneficial, extensive and mild Radiant heating without dust-blowing air currents.

Because of the air-filled ones in front of the wall substructure Gaps 10b caused contact resistance, as well as the integrated emission-reducing coatings (not shown here), only a small part the thermal energy in the insulating body plates given back to the wall substructure.

One that partially or completely covers the room in this way Wrapping turns out in the case of the room side Equipment of the textile insulating body panels 3 with for solar spectrum of translucent or partially transparent coverings 1 particularly energetically advantageous.

If you then equip the upper or lower cover plate of the textile Insulating element with a solar radiation absorbent coating, so the on the wall or Floor surfaces and the corresponding coverings Transmitting solar radiation absorbed by these cover plates. The absorbed thermal energy can then be within of the flat cavity in the insulating body is dissipated convectively become.

Translucent or partial then have a particularly positive effect translucent surface coverings as they have a large Part of the incoming sun rays and can forward distributed. If this way in the Additional solar energy can occur during the heating season a temperature control the supply through the building heating system generated energy throttled or turned off become.

The room-enveloping insulating plate system can of course used in this way also in the summer period to excess solar energy record and discharge. But it can also be beneficial Way by feeding in cooled air as a surface cooling system Find application.

The particular advantage of such space-encasing equipment with insulating body plates is therefore possible room air conditioning via heat or cold radiation.

Fig. 14 shows one for the installation of a baseboard heater cross-section of a particularly suitable wall structure according to the invention. The textile spacer fabrics are here as Wall cladding used. The wall side of the insulator 3 is here again from a single-layer loop plate 3b of the type described in Fig. 4 and adhesive to the Applied to the wall. The attachment to the wall is done with the help a layer of mortar or plaster 24, the loops 14 half into this layer, an air-filled cavity 15 keep clear, be pushed in. On the room side, preferably as shown here, another double wall Plate body 3a may be provided on the single-layer Loop plate 3b is adhesively attached. For the top layer 6a of the room-side plate 3a are optionally Perforations 25 are provided, which the establishment of a Enable ventilation system.

The wall structure according to the invention shown here can be advantageous Way with an additional heating function Form a baseboard heater 23 are equipped. The Heating energy is applied to the wall element near the floor continuous tubular body arranged in the wall element fed that connected to a hot water heating system are. The wall surfaces of the textile hollow panel body 3a convective due to the natural air buoyancy heated inside and the insulating cladding takes the Puncture a large, mildly radiating radiator. With the device described here, it succeeds the known Disadvantages of conventional baseboard heating systems, in particular the training of uncomfortable and dust-raising Avoid air currents.

The plate body 3b arranged on the wall, which at Embodiment shown here as a single-layer loop plate is designed, forms with the help of the cavity 15 for load-bearing Substructure of the wall element towards a thermal barrier so that the thermal energy supplied to the flat cavity 4 mainly from the room-side covering 1 of the textile Hollow plate body 3a added and towards the room is emitted.

Wall heating systems can also be advantageously used in this way supply via electrical resistance heaters. The The heating network can be designed as a baseboard heating system or the lower wall area at the parapet height take in. The construction of such electrically heated Systems can alternatively also be used according to the following 15 and 16 embodiments described respectively. Tiles, for example, can be used as wall coverings, Marble slabs, wooden panels or the usual fabric or Paper wallpapers are used.

15 and 16 represent particular embodiments of high efficiency, energy-saving electrical floor and wall heating systems because of the lack of thinner viable It was previously insulation layers with high thermal resistance values not possible to drain thermal energy into the massive Effectively limit floor and wall layers.

15 shows the structure of such a system in use Ceramic flooring 1 made of tiles and stone slabs. The heating foils or the heating conductor networks fixed in heating mats 26 are placed directly under the floor covering 1 and with an adhesive layer 27 of high temperature resistance and high flexibility glued. Because of the high Thermal resistance of the textile insulating body 3 and aluminum foil lying between the heating mat and the insulating body or the emission-reducing coating 7a the surface of the insulating body facing the heating mat the heat flow is largely supplied to the floor covering on one side and the space from the stone slabs to heat radiation fed.

Fig. 16 shows the structure of an electric floor or Wall heating system when using surface coverings 1 with low thermal conductivity, such as in particular Carpet, parquet, PVC and cork coverings. The heating foil or Heating plate 26 is assigned a metal plate 28 on the room side, which due to their high thermal conductivity Absorbs heat flow and over the flooring in the room radiates.

This function can also be performed by a thin storage layer 29 taken over or reinforced by such a layer. It is proposed that a thin, reinforced with a textile fabric 30 screed, gypsum, or cement layer, as shown in FIG. 16. In this way, extremely thin, load-bearing, Manufacture rigid and dimensionally stable plate constructions.

In the textile structure of this plate construct can in addition, a heating conductor network can be woven in (in Fig. 16 not shown). In such a case, the heating mat is not required 26 and the metal plate 28. Opposite the load-bearing The textile can be used to support the floor or wall structure Insulating body 3 with additional air-filled spaces 10b and an aluminum foil or an emission-reducing Coating 7b as a thermal radiation barrier be shielded.

17 shows a possible wall fastening of the insulating body 3 to a cross batten 34 with the aid of an adhesive connection 31. The bond can be done by penetrating the adhesive into predetermined perforations of the wall-side cover plate 6b and subsequent curing of the adhesive mechanically secured become.

The textile insulating body 3, such as shown here, on one or both sides with thin wooden panels or be glued with plywood layers 32, and already prefabricated in this way as wall panels with groove and spring can be used. Components constructed in this way, which are designed in the manner of conventional wooden panels, are particularly easy to use as wooden planks with inherent Use thermal insulation. Preferably at least those Edge areas of the wood-coated insulating plate body produced in this way all around with a conventional curing Plastic foam mass, such as. B. a polyurethane foam, foamed and preferably on at least one edge on the long edges, with a groove for Provide attachment of fasteners or connecting means. Due to the foaming, the cut edges may be cut protruding glass fibers embedded in the foam mass. Then you can regrind the edge areas besides, a precisely fitting processing can be guaranteed.

Compared to solid wood flooring, because of the necessary Bending strength usually have a thickness of 12-20 mm, counts in addition to the higher insulation values, the higher Flexural rigidity, the lower weight and above all that considerable savings in high-quality, knot-free wood material necessarily as an advantage. That way, in particular high-quality, tropical hardwood species that are not expensive Surface treatment need to be highly wear-resistant apply and already because of their aesthetic grain are in great demand, in the form of thin layers of wood or reuse without any ecological concerns Find.

In general, floor and wall coverings from single or coated on both sides with wooden veneers or thin layers of wood textile spacer fabrics solely because of their thermal insulation qualities, so the thermal conductivity values that come to them on the order of 0.020 W / mK, both Solid wood coverings as well as fiberboard, but also that other building material panels from conventional thermal insulation materials as superior.

When using tiles or ceramic stoneware as surface coverings, it is useful if for the allocation and fastening of the wall and / or floor tiles 1 a two-sided offset, adhesive connection of the tiles with corresponding insulating plates 3 of the same format, preferably manufactured in prefabrication.

A laying of tiles according to this shown in Fig. 18 Design ensures a reliable Sealing of the tile subsurface, because they form no gaps running through to the wall or floor substructure out. A tiled outer wall remains secured against driving rain.

This version also proves to be advantageous for laying work. It helps to better align the surface geometry and in particular for exact compliance the joint width.

The through holes 33 of the insulating body plates 3 serve each for doweling on the load-bearing wall structures. alternative for this, the tiles can be drilled using these holes Adhesive scraps can be fixed and attached.

But it can also basically cover the entire area the insulating body plates 3 perforations on one or both sides can be provided that fix or glue favor with the wall structure and with the surface covering. The adhesive then partially penetrates the perforation on.

The embodiments shown here give only one Part of the possible embodiments for the initially disclosed Application and functional areas again.

Claims (39)

1. A floor, ceiling or wall structure in which an insulating body (3) is arranged between a load-bearing substructure and a surface covering (1), characterized in that the insulating body (3) includes a top cover sheet (6a) adjoining the surface covering (1) and a bottom cover sheet (6b) adjoining the substructure and is formed by a plurality of flexurally rigid support threads (5; 14) which transversely run between the top cover sheet (6a) and the bottom cover sheet (6b) and which for thermally decoupling the substructure from the covering in the use condition span a dimensionally stable cavity (4; 15) between them in a load-bearing manner.
2. The structure as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the support threads (5; 14) are formed of glass, ceramic, plastic or carbon fibers.
3. The structure as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the support threads (5; 14) are formed by organic fibers or natural fibers, such as fibers of hemp or other vegetable products.
4. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the support threads (5; 14) are arranged so as to cross one another.
5. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the support threads (5; 14) have a mean fineness in a range of approximately 20 to 80 tex.
6. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the support threads (5; 14) are arranged with a density of between approximately 10 and 60 threads per square centimeter.
7. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the insulating body (3) is formed of a woven or knitted textile spacer fabric by means of impregnating with a resin and curing.
8. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the top cover sheet (6a) is connected with the covering (1) and/or the bottom cover sheet (6b) is connected with the substructure.
9. The structure as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that between the covering (1) and the top cover sheet (6a) air-filled intermediate spaces (10a) are formed.
10. The structure as claimed in claim 8 or 9, characterized in that between the substructure and the bottom cover sheet (6b) air-filled intermediate spaces (10b) are formed.
11. The structure as claimed in any of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that an emission reducing layer (7b) is incorporated between the substructure and the insulating body (3).
12. The structure as claimed in any of claims 8 to 11, characterized in that an emission reducing layer (7; 7a) is incorporated in the intermediate spaces (10a) between the covering (1) and the top cover sheet (6a).
13. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the inner surface of the insulating body (3) facing the cavity (4; 15), including the support threads (5; 14), is at least in part provided with an emission reducing coating.
14. The structure as claimed in any of claims 8 to 13, characterized in that the insulating body (3) has at least one intermediate sheet (13) which is connected by means of the support threads (5; 14) with the top (6a) and/or the bottom cover sheet (6b).
15. The structure as claimed in any of claims 8 to 14, characterized in that the covering (1) and the top cover sheet (6a) are perforated for aeration and ventilation of a room.
16. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the cavity (4; 15) is filled with air.
17. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the cavity (4) is at least partly filled with a synthetic material foam composition (18).
18. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that channel-shaped internal structures (16; 22) are disposed in the insulating body (3).
19. The structure as claimed in claim 18, characterized in that the channel-shaped internal structures are formed by pipes (16) integrated in the insulating body (3).
20. The structure as claimed in claim 18 or 19, characterized in that the channel-shaped internal structures (16; 22) are charged with hot air, cold air or a heat transfer fluid.
21. The structure as claimed in any of claims 18 to 20, characterized in that the channel-shaped internal structures (16; 22) are designed so as to envelope a room and communicate with one another.
22. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that the insulating body (3) and the surface covering (1) are at least partially transparent to solar radiation.
23. The structure as claimed in claim 22, characterized in that the surface covering (1) is at least partially translucent.
24. The structure as claimed in either one of claims 22 or 23, characterized in that the surface covering (1) at least partially consists of translucent tiles.
25. The structure as claimed in any of claims 22 to 24, characterized in that the insulating body (3) is formed of a woven or knitted textile spacer fabric made from glass fibers.
26. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that the surface covering (1) is made up of opaque, translucent or partially translucent tiles, whose surface facing the insulating body (3) is provided with an emission reducing coating.
27. The structure as claimed in claim 26, characterized in that the emission reducing coating is pyrolytically applied.
28. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that the insulating body (3) is formed of strip-like sheets laid parallel to and spaced apart from each other.
29. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that the surface covering (1) consists of tile sheets, which are arranged so as to be offset on two sides in relation to the insulating body (3), which is formed by sheets of equal size.
30. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that an electric resistance heating means is integrated in the insulating body.
31. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that an electric resistance heating means (26) is arranged between the covering (1) and the insulating body (3).
32. The structure as claimed in either one of claims 30 or 31, characterized in that a metal sheet (28) and/or a heat storing layer (29) is arranged between the electric resistance heating means (26) and the covering (1) for taking up the flow of heat and for radiation on the room side of the thermal energy produced by the electric resistance heating means through the covering (1).
33. The structure as claimed in any of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that a heat storing layer (29) is arranged between the insulating body (3) and the covering (1), the heat storing layer having an electric resistance heating means integrated therein.
34. The structure as claimed in claim 33, characterized in that the heat storing layer (29) is a screed layer, a plaster layer or a cement layer and reinforced with a textile fabric (30), and the electric resistance heating means comprises a heating conductor network woven into the textile fabric.
35. The structure as claimed in any of claims 32 to 34, characterized in that the electric resistance heating means is controllable as a function of the outside temperature or the room temperature.
36. Use of woven or knitted textile spacer fabrics whose flexurally rigid support threads are adapted to span a dimensionally stable cavity in a load-bearing manner, for the construction of floors, ceilings or walls with a highly efficient thermal insulation, as claimed in any of claims 1 to 35.
37. The use of woven or knitted textile spacer fabrics as claimed in claim 36, characterized in that the woven or knitted spacer fabrics are coated with resin and thereby are cured to form a flexurally rigid, self-supporting and load-bearing insulating body.
38. The use as claimed in claim 37, characterized in that the insulating body comprises two cover surfaces (6a, 6b), at least one of the cover surfaces being connected with a wood sheet or a veneer wood layer (32).
39. The use as claimed in claim 38, characterized in that the insulating body is foam-filled around the edges thereof using a curing synthetic material foam composition and is provided with a groove in the nature of a wood panel on at least one of its edge faces.

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