EP0805902A1

EP0805902A1 - Floor, ceiling or wall structure with highly effective thermal insulation

Info

Publication number: EP0805902A1
Application number: EP96902916A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Heinz Dr. Kunert
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1995-01-25
Filing date: 1996-01-24
Publication date: 1997-11-12
Anticipated expiration: 2016-01-24
Also published as: AU4713896A; EP0805902B1; WO1996023110A1; DE19680027D2; ATE278075T1

Abstract

A floor, ceiling or wall structure with highly effective thermal insulation comprises an insulating element (3) between a supporting substructure (2) and a surface lining (1). The insulating element (3) contains a large number of rigid support filaments (5) at right angles to the lining and the substructure. In order to ensure thermal decoupling of the substructure (2) from the lining (1), the latter are separated by a large cavity (4) in the insulating element (3). The insulating element (3) preferably consists of a resin-impregnated, cured textile spacing material made of glass, ceramic, plastic or carbon fibres.

Description

Highly heat-insulating floor, ceiling or wall structure

The invention relates to a highly heat-insulating floor, ceiling or wall structure, in which an insulating body is arranged between a supporting substructure and a surface covering.

In the creation of residential and office buildings, workshops and functional buildings, the establishment of a thermally comfortable and hygienically beneficial indoor climate is becoming increasingly important. For this it is necessary to match the temperature of the enveloping surfaces of the room to that of the room air as far as possible. Even a colder wall surface temperature deviating by 2 Kelvin from the room air temperature leads to thermal discomfort, at least close to the wall.

Usually, man removes over 50% of his body heat through the exchange of radiation with the surrounding envelope surfaces. He perceives the heat withdrawal directed towards the colder walls as a disturbance of his body heat balance. One then speaks of an asymmetrical radiation climate prevailing in the room.

In addition, the convective cold air currents which always occur on colder walls and are perceived as uncomfortable and propagate to the floor adhering to the floor. This phenomenon is generally known and occurs in particular on window fronts which, as a result of higher heat transfer values, have ever lower surface temperatures compared to the other wall surfaces. This means that, for example, in old buildings equipped with single-pane glazing, the window area is uncomfortable and almost uninhabitable at winter time.

Influences that disrupt comfort can not only be felt from cold wall surfaces, but also from that to the envelope surface floor belonging to the room. One speaks of cold feet rooms in spite of a room air temperature sufficient for well-being. In the case of floors, even a higher degree of thermal insulation is required than the vertical wall surfaces in order to achieve a temperature level of the floor which is matched to the room air. This is due to the fact that, when standing, the person releases almost 30% of his body heat via the foot surfaces, since in this case the heat exchange with the floor surface is reduced directly by the heat conduction and without any heat exchange between the exchange surfaces due to the high surface pressure Heat transfer resistance occurs.

In the case of stone floors or bathroom floors lined with tiles, the heat dissipation reaches an extremely high level because of the high density of the stoneware and the high thermal conductivity of this material, especially when the ceramic plates lie directly and uninsulated on cement floors. Even with tiled walls, the heat extraction is particularly strong, since the wall surfaces always remain at a temperature level below the room air and then not only provoke the loss of comfort due to the radiation exchange, but also form condensation fittings, which also generate evaporative cooling.

In accordance with the usual construction, floor coverings such as fine ceramic tiles, ceramic split tiles, floor clinker tiles, PVC, rubber or cork tiles, but also wood parquet and textile coverings are generally applied to at least 5 to 8 cm thick cement screed layers. In the case of ceramic tiles and stoneware tiles, they are also laid in a 1 to 2 cm thick mortar bed applied to the screed layers. The floor coverings thus directly adjoin voluminous, massive layers of material with a high thermal mass, which have a high thermal conductivity and a large heat penetration number. The consequence of this is that floor coverings, with the exception of thick-dimensioned cork coverings and deep-pile carpets floors, always count as cold feet. They stand in the way of the requirements for a comfortable room climate due to the intensive heat dissipation from the solid, structurally bearing and load-bearing floor substructure.

This also applies if the floor or ceiling structure contains, as usual, a sufficient thermal insulation layer below the screed layer, because the feeling of heat when standing and walking on floors is primarily dependent on the temperature of the contact surface, that is the temperature the floor surface, depending. A screed layer lying on top of the actual heat and sound insulation layers, which in turn serves as a substructure for the actual floor covering, is always found in walkable and insulated ceiling constructions as a rigid, self-supporting and load-bearing layer.

Examinations of surface temperatures of different types of floor coverings, which lay on an approximately 5 cm thick screed layer, led to thermally questionable results due to the heat dissipation to the screed mass. When the bare foot is placed on stoneware slabs, the body temperature at the contact surface drops quickly. The cooling already reaches difference values of over 10 Kelvin after a few minutes. Plastic coverings can only slightly delay heat dissipation. Parquet flooring made of hardwood also leads to cold floors. Satisfactory results can be achieved with deep-pile carpets. Excessive room air heating is the only way to create a comfortable floor climate for the first-mentioned coverings, but this only arises with a certain time delay.

In addition to the strong heat dissipation to the solid screed layers, convective heat is extracted from the floor in the case of wall structures that are under-tempered due to the cold air currents that then develop near the floor. Up to now, apart from underfloor heating systems, it was hardly possible in terms of construction to guarantee an almost balanced vertical room temperature profile. The fiber, foam and pearlite insulation materials normally used for the thermal insulation of room envelopes derive their function from the multitude of smallest air inclusions and a multitude of reflection surfaces on disordered thin-walled wall structures or on unconnected thread and grain structures. They can therefore only be used in floor construction, as is also the case in construction practice, under load-bearing, load-bearing coatings, i.e. only if they have a surface-covering, hardening, rigid and self-supporting layer that does not compress the volume of the insulation material .

Even the material properties of the Därrun- materials used so far conflict with demands for independent rigidity and load-bearing capacity as well as shape retention under load. However, as explained above, the thermal inertia of the load-bearing layers then necessarily lying on the conventional insulation materials is precisely the cause of an inadequate indoor climate.

The object of the invention is therefore to remedy the existing thermal defects of floor or ceiling structures, in particular in the case of structures with ceramic and stoneware coverings, and the same defects in wall structures with insufficient self-insulation, so as to make rooms more comfortable by adjustment to increase the surface temperatures of their envelope surfaces.

According to the invention, a floor, ceiling or wall structure is provided in which an insulating body is arranged between a structurally supporting substructure and a surface covering. Any conventional layering underlaid with a wall or floor covering is considered to be the substructure. The covering can, for example, be made of ceramic tiles, Stoneware, plastic, wooden parquet or carpets exist. In the case of wall coverings, in addition to the aforementioned materials, the covering can also include wallpaper or a simple coat of paint. The floor, ceiling or wall structure according to the invention is characterized in that the insulating body is formed by a multiplicity of flexurally stiff supporting threads which run transversely between the surface covering and the substructure and which serve to thermally decouple the substructure from the covering between them Cover the flat and shape-retaining cavity.

Preferably, the surface covering is at least partially transparent to solar radiation, i.e. transparent or translucent.

A suitable measure for effectively reducing the heat transfer between two superimposed, highly heat-conducting solid bodies is the incorporation of a resting, low-convection air layer between these solid bodies in order to decouple the heat exchange. The principle followed in accordance with the invention thus consists in thermally decoupling the floor, ceiling or wall coverings from their base layers by means of an insulating body which merely spans a flat and form-retaining cavity between the coverings and their base layers. This requires the provision of a high-performance thermal insulation material with sufficient independent surface stability, rigidity and load-bearing capacity, which itself can absorb and transmit forces as a structural material.

According to the invention, the insulating body is therefore formed by a large number of bending-resistant supporting threads running transversely between the surface covering and the substructure. For the thermal decoupling of the substructure from the covering, the insulating body clamps a flat, shape-retaining cavity between them. The cavity is preferably filled with air, but can also contain a plastic foam compound that is usually used for thermal insulation. When using for The cavity can be filled with a translucent material of low thermal conductivity, such as a silica-airgel structural material, for the solar radiation-permeable or partially permeable surface coverings.

The insulation material proposed here is able to transfer the loads acting on the floor coverings over large areas without their own change in shape, for example to the floating screed as the substructure, or to absorb the loads acting here on wall coverings. The load-bearing capacity is based on the bracing effect of the large number of essentially axially loaded support threads. Despite this large number of threads, they have a smaller surface area than conventional struts and therefore prevent the formation of cold bridges. Together with the air layer embedded in the cavity, the thread structure of the insulating body means that the heat exchange between the covering and the supporting substructure based on convection is almost completely eliminated.

The support threads of the insulating body are preferably formed from inorganic fibers, such as glass, ceramic, plastic or carbon fibers. In addition, organic fibers and in particular biological fibers or natural fibers can also be used, such as fibers made from hemp or other vegetable products. The support threads preferably have an average fineness in the range from approximately 20 to 80 tex and are arranged in a density of between approximately 10 to approximately 60 threads / cm ² . Such an insulating body has excellent thermal insulation properties, since heat transfer by thermal conduction through the use of light materials with a small internal volume and the low mass of the extremely thin, load-bearing and force-transmitting support threads are practically eliminated. The high strength and bending stiffness of the insulating body can be further increased by the fact that the supporting threads are arranged crossing one another. Due to the triangulation effect associated with this, a overall rigid bracing achieved.

In a preferred embodiment, the insulating body has an upper and / or a lower cover plate, the upper cover plate being connected to the covering and the lower cover plate being connected to the substructure. In this case, a particularly simple manufacture of the floor or wall structure according to the invention is ensured. The insulating body can also have one or more intermediate plates, the intermediate plates then being connected to one another or to the upper and / or the lower cover plate via the supporting threads. In such a case, the insulating body is formed from two or more layers, the individual layers themselves being constructed in the manner of a single-layer insulating body.

Such an insulating body is advantageously formed from a spacer fabric or knitted fabric by impregnation with a resin and curing of the sandwich construction thus obtained, as is known in principle from German published patent application DE 37 23 681 A1. This describes the production of spacer fabrics and knitted fabrics, as well as their use to form dimensionally stable, sandwich-like components. In technology, the spacer fabrics and knitted fabrics are usually used as spacer layers for the production of various fiber composite materials.

The spacer fabrics to be used according to the invention generally consist of cover layers of a textile material, in particular of ceramic, glass, plastic or carbon fibers, or of mixtures of such materials. The cover layers are connected to one another by threads that run in vertically or at an angle, so-called web threads. The web threads are preferably twisted and hold the two fabric layers at a distance in a framework-like manner. They form in the form of a loop or mesh structure essentially rows of webs standing perpendicular to the cover layers. the cover layers can additionally be linked to one another by thread structures running diagonally to the rows of webs.

The spacer fabrics and knitted fabrics are usually impregnated or impregnated with resin during processing. The excess resin is then pressed out between foils or rollers. After the impregnation, the web threads straighten up automatically to their original height without aids due to the restoring forces generated by the material properties and the binding structure and, due to their definable length, enable calibrating distances to the cover layers. The strength of the sandwich construction created after curing of the resin sizes is essentially determined by the arrangement and the height of the web threads.

It is also known to use so-called Rowings yarns to build up three-dimensional textile plate structures, in particular those with distances of more than 12 mm between the cover layers. Rowings yarns are yarns made from endlessly drawn thick glass threads. Although they do not have the ability to straighten themselves up due to their own twist in the curing process after resin wetting, spacer fabrics made from this material are less expensive. The erection process is achieved by mechanically pulling the cover layers apart before the resin matrix is finally cured.

The invention therefore also relates to the use of such textile spacer fabrics or knitted fabrics in the construction of highly thermally insulated room envelope structures, that is to say floors, ceilings or walls, and in particular the use of insulating plate bodies which are prefabricated in the form of large-area laying plates and which consist of the resin-impregnated and hardened spacer fabrics are formed.

For the purposes of the invention, a single layer can also be used. Use velor-like spacer fabrics. An insulating body produced from such a fabric by impregnation with resins and then curing the resin matrix has only one cover plate on which loops or mesh structures which are essentially perpendicular to the plate are arranged in rows.

The use of the textile spacer fabrics or knitted fabrics as insulation media in the form of flat, air-filled plate bodies has the advantage, among other things, that even with relatively small thickness dimensions due to still air layers, both low thermal conductivity numbers and, due to the plate structure, an additional contact resistance is guaranteed. The thermal conductivity λ of air layers is approx. 0.02 W / mK below the values of conventional insulation materials. This property of air layers is already used in a similar way in insulating glass elements. An air-filled flat hollow body also enables it to be equipped with heat radiation barriers by inserting emission-reducing foils or low-E coatings.

The thermal decoupling of the floor or wall coverings from the massive layers of the floor substructure or from the load-bearing masonry of the room walls by means of a preferably double-walled, rigid and dimensionally stable plate body, which forms a continuous, flat cavity, also offers the advantage that by appropriate Formation and arrangement of the support threads or by integrating pipes into the insulating body, quasi-channel-shaped inner structures can be set up, which make it possible to use the flat insulating body not only as a passive thermal insulation material, but also as an active one that conducts heat carriers To use thermal insulation system, for example as a floor or wall heating system in the manner of a holocaust system.

Offer previously used plate frameworks with honeycomb-shaped wall structures as stiffening spacers not this advantage. The honeycomb structures do not form any flat, continuous cavities in the plate body, but only a large number of small spaces which are separated from one another. The double-walled textile plate bodies according to the invention, on the other hand, the cover plates of which are stiffened by spacing webs arranged in rows and thereby form ordered, essentially channel-shaped structures, can be used both as a heat distribution system to be charged with warm air or with a heat-transferring fluid, but also as a system of large-area heat convectors.

In the case of summer overheating of the rooms, the continuously interconnected plate bodies can advantageously also be used as a comprehensive cooling and ventilation system, in such a way that cold air or the heat-transferring fluid circulates the heat from the floor or floor in a closed circuit system Dissipates wall panels. The disadvantages of today's conventional cooling systems are avoided, which allow cold air to flow directly into the room and thereby often cause convective air currents which are perceived as unacceptable. These cooling systems are criticized in particular because of their hygienic problems. Apart from the unavoidable raising of dust, they are considered by the medical side to be of concern because of the danger of introduction and the transmission of pathogens.

In the case of operation of a room air conditioning system using a flat, closed system of floor and wall hollow panels according to the invention, the room cooling is not carried out by means of convective air circulation. Rather, by lowering the surface temperatures of the room envelope surfaces, people are able to dissipate their excess heat through radiation exchange over these cooled surfaces. In the same way as in a room heated by thermal radiation, a room climate which is perceived as comfortable is also generated here by radiation exchange. When managing the Cooling medium in a circumferentially closed duct system, analogous to underfloor heating, does not require an air exchange or the supply of cold air inside the room. The unacceptable swirling of dust is eliminated as is the spread of germs.

The space envelope surface structure according to the invention, which provides a flat hollow plate system with channel-like internal structures underlaid on the floor, wall and / or ceiling coverings, can advantageously also be used for the more efficient use of the solar radiation energy incident on the room for heating the room according to a previously unknown and practiced method Concept for achieving higher storage rates in the wall structures find meaningful application.

In view of the trends in modern residential and office buildings towards large-area window glazing with lower heat transfer losses, also of the other room envelope surfaces, the overheating of the rooms due to the incident solar energy radiation, in south-facing rooms already on mild winter days, otherwise predominantly in the transition months, is increasingly a problem restricting comfort during the day.

This problem is countered by costly sun shielding devices located in front of the window or on the room side, or generally by using sun protection glazing. Usually, however, remedial measures are taken to remedy the situation by venting the solar-heated air by partially opening the windows or by switching on existing air conditioning systems. In all cases, such measures or behaviors lead to restricted usage rates of the solar energy supply for space heating, and overall to an economically and ecologically unacceptable waste of energy.

The construction of the space enveloping surfaces according to the invention now makes it possible to briefly solar energy supply in the passive envelope of the building.

Due to the thermal inertia of the massive envelope surfaces of the building, the incident radiation energy has so far caused the indoor air to overheat and only briefly caused the wall surfaces to heat accordingly, which counteracts thermal charging of deeper layers and thus effective storage of solar radiation energy.

The lining of the enveloping surfaces according to the invention with the proposed insulating bodies, which form a self-contained flat and channeled cavity, is a measure not only to counter excessive air heating, but also to increase the use rates of solar energy radiation by transferring the heat passively to achieve educational or active circulation on the deeper layers of the massive envelope surfaces of the room.

The direct sunlight that hits the opaque floor, wall and ceiling coverings leads to the heating of these coverings far above the room air temperature. The excess heat can then be absorbed by the air volume of the insulating body and, with the aid of the duct structures, be distributed convectively over the flat cavity, which is not exposed to direct radiation. This enables efficient use of the solar radiation energy incident in the room by being stored in the hollow plate system. As a result of the thermal decoupling of the opaque wall and floor coverings from the solid wall structures by relining with the insulating body according to the invention, rapid and sustainable heating of these coverings is achieved when exposed to the sun. The distribution of this heat over the entire wall area with the aid of the flat channeled cavity of the insulating body according to the invention leads to an efficient adjustment of the wall and room air temperature and thus contributes to an improved indoor climate.

This concept of heat distribution over larger surface areas of the coverings and generally the storage of solar radiation energy in the massive wall structures can be achieved by using floor, wall or ceiling coverings which are at least partially transparent to solar radiation, i.e. are transparent or translucent, to a much greater extent. Surface coverings are considered to be translucent here if they do not allow an orderly passage of rays in the visible region of the solar radiation, in which case the solar radiation energy emerges in the form of diffuse scattered radiation.

When using an insulating body according to the invention which is at least partially permeable to solar radiation in the visible region, preferably a textile spacer fabric made of glass fibers, together with translucent surface coverings, the solar radiation energy is absorptively stored in the massive wall structures according to the principle of a "solar energy trap" , since both the insulating body upstream of the solid substructure and the translucent surface covering are opaque for the energy absorbed by the masonry and emitted in the form of thermal radiation.

Translucent tiles are particularly suitable for use as a translucent surface covering. These are generally small-format tiles made of a glass-like material, for the manufacture of which a glass dust is pressed or cast at 700 to 800 ° C. into a corresponding shape. In addition, tiles made of purely ceramic materials can be used, in which such glass-like moldings are embedded. Glass tiles of the aforementioned type, mostly with translucent colored decor, are already known and are increasingly used as decorative wall and floor linings for bathrooms and swimming pools. Slabs of marble are also suitable as a translucent surface covering. In the case of already highly insulated building envelopes with external insulation layers or core insulation placed in front of the load-bearing masonry, the storage of solar heat in the masonry facing the interior of the room is of great thermal benefit. It leads to an adaptation of the temperature of the wall surfaces to that of the room air, prevents condensation damage and generally counteracts moisture penetration of the wall structures.

As is known, the solar radiation incident through transparent window surfaces does not remain completely in the room. Reflected on opaque bright room envelopes, part of the radiation emerges again through the window surfaces. When the envelope surfaces are lined with translucent wall, ceiling and floor coverings, these surfaces are irradiated. The solar radiation is absorptively absorbed by the masonry arranged behind it. There is no back radiation and, in this respect, no radiation losses through transparent window surfaces. Translucent wall cladding of the type described therefore achieves a high degree of utilization of the solar radiation entering the room. The above-described formation of channel-like inner structures in the hollow body according to the invention can further increase this degree of utilization by dissipating and evenly distributing the heat energy in the wall structures.

Because of the direct solar radiation that strikes the floor surfaces of the room for the most part, the use of translucent floor tiles is particularly advantageous for the use of high solar heat gains. It also makes sense to use translucent tiles with underlaid textile spacer plates for outdoor floor coverings, such as on balcony and terrace areas and on house entrances. In addition, it makes sense to use the translucent tile surfaces underlaid with the insulating body according to the invention also as large-scale wall coverings in the outside area. The The solar radiation energy stored here in the load-bearing masonry leads to an improved thermal balance of the building with simultaneous effective thermal insulation.

The storage of the incident solar radiation in the massive building envelope leads in the heating period through a longer-lasting adjustment of the wall temperatures to that of the room air to a heating cost saving and a higher comfort. In the summer period, such a measure contributes to greater living comfort by storing excessive solar radiation. By matching the temperature of the building envelope to the respective room temperature, the formation of wet condensates on these surfaces is ultimately avoided.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the coverings of the room envelope surfaces and the upper cover plates of the insulating body connected to them are perforated, in particular in the room ceiling area. As a result, the double-walled insulating body which is integrated into the space enveloping surfaces and joined to form a closed cavity can advantageously also be set up as an automatic ventilation system or as a system for forced ventilation with a heat exchange function. Because of the large exchange areas, this system has high energy efficiency. Outside of the ventilation operation, the hollow chamber elements with k values of 2 - 3 W / m ² K, which are embedded in the wall structure, are suitable as additional thermal insulation media for the paneled wall surfaces.

Finally, cladding of room enveloping surfaces with perforated plate structures of the proposed type can advantageously be used for purposes of clean room technology. The advantage of such plate structures for this area of application lies in the cost-effective planking of the enveloping surfaces and the formation of large-area feed and discharge channels, and the diverse designs of mixing and Enable displacement flows and their control.

In view of the low system and operating costs, the use of the proposed flat hollow chamber panels is not only suitable for the design of clean rooms and partial clean room cabins and ventilation shafts, but also for the partial furnishing of office and living rooms, especially bedrooms, to keep them clean Spaces of fine dust and organic particles.

Until now, there was talk of the use of load-bearing, rigid, passive or actively operated plate frames as media for thermal decoupling of floor and wall structures in interior construction, so their extraordinarily advantageous use in floor coverings of external surfaces, such as u. a. tiled balcony and terrace areas as well as house entrances, but not to be left unmentioned even with tiled house walls.

The first point here is the use of load-bearing, large-area and flat contact surfaces for the ceramic floor tiles. When using insulating bodies formed from textile spacer fabrics by resin impregnation and curing, the load-bearing and flat priming of the support surfaces for the ceramic tiles with the insulating bodies which can then be laid over a large area can be easily accomplished without incurring dressing costs and labor-intensive wearing layers.

Furthermore, it proves to be advantageous to drain the substructure through such load-bearing hollow insulating bodies underlaid on the tile or stoneware floors and also to protect the ceramic floor coverings from frost damage as a result of thermal decoupling from the underlying floor layers.

From the point of view of the rational use of textile spacer fabrics and insulating plate bodies made therefrom as underlying insulation material, process engineering is proposed. suggest that the tiles and stone slabs should already be adhesively joined in the manufacturing operation with textile spacer fabric panels cut to the same size, using a sufficiently thick layer of elastic adhesive material to avoid any shear stresses that may occur between the thermally different layers. The application of large-area textile panels, preferably already prefabricated, tiled with the ceramic floor panels and stoneware is also advantageous for a rational laying technique.

When using multilayer insulating bodies with higher thermal insulation performance, the corresponding surfaces can be kept free of snow and ice in winter. Equipping the insulating body with an operative and active heating, advantageously by means of an inserted heating foil or by woven heating wires or carbon fibers, makes it possible for the stone-covered terraces or house access paths to be temporarily covered by snow and snow if necessary To free ice coverings, and this with extremely little energy expenditure because of the thermal insulation given to the subsurface. The heating function can also be controlled automatically via a temperature sensor so that access routes can be kept accessible in the event of snowfall and ice formation.

Of course, the insulating bodies according to the invention are generally very advantageously suitable for accommodating electrical resistance heating systems. When the heating foils or wire thread meshes are arranged on the side facing the floor and wall coverings, the coverings are heated directly by heat conduction, while the insulating bodies at the same time form an effective heat barrier with respect to the screed layer or the solid substructure, especially if the insulating bodies are additionally provided with the Emission of heat radiation reducing layers to the substructure. The heat generated is then preferably supplied to the floor and wall covering and from there into the room emitted long-wave.

Such an electrical heating system integrated in the room envelope surface structure according to the invention, fed back via a temperature sensor arranged on the wall surfaces, represents not only an extremely inexpensive and easy to install, but also a space heating system which promotes comfort. As a result of heating only small shielded masses and large ones Radiation areas, this system proves to be extremely flexible and energy efficient.

Further advantages and embodiments of the invention result from the following description and the drawings, to which reference is made. The drawings show:

1 shows a ceiling construction according to the invention in cross section;

2 and 3 show a cross section through a floor structure according to the invention with an insulating body equipped to reduce emissions;

4 shows a floor structure according to the invention with a multilayer insulating body in cross section;

5 shows a floor structure according to the invention with pipes integrated in the insulating body;

6 and 7 further embodiments of the invention;

8 and 9 floor structures according to the invention in cross section with additional insulation materials introduced into the insulating body;

10 shows a further example of a ceiling construction according to the invention; 11 shows an embodiment of the invention with a strip-shaped insulating body;

12 shows a partial cross section through a wall and ceiling structure according to the invention with an insulating body arranged to enclose the room;

13 and 14 further wall structures according to the invention with integrated baseboard heating;

15 and 16 a floor structure according to the invention with integrated electrical heating systems;

17 shows a further wall structure according to the invention; and

18 shows an embodiment of the invention in which the insulating body is arranged offset on two sides with respect to the surface covering.

1 schematically shows the structure of a load-bearing, walkable ceiling construction in cross section. The dimensions and size relationships shown here do not correspond to the actual circumstances, however. Between the floor covering 1, for example made of tiles or stone slabs, and the screed layer 2, a double-walled, rigid and dimensionally stable insulating body 3 is arranged for thermally decoupling the floor coverings from the solid, highly heat-conductive screed layer, which has a continuous, air-filled cavity 4 includes. The two cover plates 6a, 6b of the insulating body 3 are connected to the screed layer 2 or the floor coverings 1 via an adhesive or mortar layer. A large number of rigid support threads 5 run transversely between the cover plates 6a, 6b, but these are only indicated schematically here and not in accordance with their number.

This double-walled insulating body 3 is preferably formed from a resin-impregnated textile spacer fabric. which in a known manner consists of two fabric cover layers connected to one another by transverse or vertical web thread structures. After hardening of an applied resin matrix, these fabrics form flexible and rigid sandwich constructions with a free distance between the two cover layers.

Sandwich structures made of textile spacer fabrics of this type, particularly when using glass fiber filaments, are suitable due to their exceptional mechanical stiffness and resistance to deformation for the thermal separation of two superimposed and loaded layers, since they absorb high forces due to their transverse thread structures and can transmit. Due to the air gap 4 between the cover layers and the low mass of the materials that make up the panel body, they represent a high-quality thermal dam material that is excellent even at a relatively low height, in comparison to insulating panels made of hard foam or mineral fibers provides insulation services.

The cross-sectional structure of a load-bearing and walkable ceiling construction shown in FIG. 1 also shows, in an explanatory manner, the usual insulation layers 8 made of foam or fibreboard below the screed layer 2. Since these panels are not dimensionally stable and resilient, a rigid, self-supporting, solid cement layer or a dimensionally stable screed layer of 5 to 8 cm must be placed on top of them in a floating manner. The insulation layer 8 itself rests on the structurally load-bearing ceiling plate 9, which is cast from concrete or made of hollow brick. The ceiling panel 9 thus forms the supporting substructure in this embodiment together with the insulation layer 8 and the screed layer 2.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the floor covering 1 is made of a transparent or at least partially transparent to solar radiation translucent, material formed. In this case, translucent glass tiles or ceramic tiles, in which translucent glass bodies are embedded, are preferably used for the floor covering 1. In this embodiment, the floor covering 1 is connected to the insulating body 3 with the aid of a transparent adhesive. The use of translucent tiles together with a textile spacer fabric made of glass fibers as an insulating body 3 allows the floor structure described here to be used in the manner of a solar energy trap and enables the covering 1 to be thermally decoupled from the heated screed layer 2 with the aid of the Air gap 4 the storage of solar radiation energy in the thermally massive screed layer 2.

With a wall structure corresponding to the ceiling construction described above, the screed layer 2 and the thermal insulation layer 8 can be omitted. The insulating body 3 is here connected to the load-bearing masonry by means of an adhesive. The cover plates 6a, 6b are preferably perforated or drilled in order to ensure partial penetration of the adhesive into the cover plates 6a, 6b and thus better adhesion of the insulating body 3 to the masonry or the surface covering 1 to the insulating body 3. Such a wall structure according to the invention also permits the use of a surface covering 1 which is at least partially permeable to solar radiation.

2 and 3 likewise show the use of hardened textile spacer fabrics 3 as a thermal separating layer between the cement screed 2 and the floor coverings 1. By forming additional cavities or spaces 10 between the covering 1 and the upper cover plate connected to it 6a, and by introducing emission-reducing layers 7 into the interspaces 10, such as, for example, by arranging heat-reflecting films or coatings 7 which reduce the emission of heat radiation on the upper cover plate 6a and / or on the underside of the loading lags 1, which generate additional heat transfer resistances, the heat transfer values of textile sandwich constructions can be significantly reduced.

The measures which additionally reinforce the heat resistance of the insulating plate bodies, such as the establishment of a separating air gap 10 between the insulating body 3 and the floor covering layer 1 and the arrangement, for example, of an aluminum wrinkle film as an emission-reducing layer 7, are shown here. 2, the air gap 10 is brought about by a linear or net-shaped grid 11, which is embossed on the floor surfaces of the tiles and stone slabs 1. 3, the surface of the textile insulating body 3 is formed with knobs 12 for this purpose.

In the same way as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 for the upper cover plate 6a, the screed layer 2 or the lower cover plate 6b facing the screed layer 2 can also be equipped to reduce emissions. To reduce the heat transfer through long-wave heat radiation, the inner surfaces of the cover plates facing the flat cavity 4 and / or the support threads can also be provided with an emission-reducing coating, for example by spraying on using a suitable nozzle tool. It goes without saying that the embodiments of the invention shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 and in the following figures with reference to floor or ceiling structures can also be used for the corresponding structure of wall structures.

Equipping the insulating body 3 with emission-reducing coatings is particularly advantageous when using translucent tiles as the surface covering 1. The emission-reducing coating (low-E coating) 7 can either be pyrolytically applied to the underside of ceramic or translucent tiles in the run-up to the curing process of the tiles (at a temperature of approximately 400-500 ° C.). brings, or can be evaporated onto the finished product in a vacuum on the underside of the tiles. Such a coating can also be implemented in a rational manner by means of a spraying process. However, a pyrolytically applied coating is preferred. It is extremely scratch-resistant and resistant to oxidation. These layers can also be used as semiconductor layers as well as metal layers in an electrically conductive manner for resistance heating systems.

Low-E coatings can be transparent as well as opaque for solar radiation. In the case of primarily transparent or translucent tiles, if the storage effect in the solid wall structures has priority, more transparent coatings can be assumed.

However, the concept of the “solar energy trap” described above is not given up even in the case of opaque low-E coatings. While in the case of opaque tile material, the solar radiation energy is only partially absorbed at boundary layers of the surface, and is thus only supplied to the sheet body to a lesser extent due to heat conduction, in the case of transparent or translucent tiles, the entire body is heated simultaneously when irradiated Flat body, to the extent of its absorptive components that are stored for the solar energy spectrum.

FIG. 4 shows an insulating body 3 constructed from two layers 3a, 3b for the thermal decoupling of the screed layer 2 from the floor coverings 1. The upper layer 3a of the insulating body 3 is, as described under FIGS. 1-3, made of a resin size , cured textile spacer fabric is formed. The lower layer 3b is formed from a single-layer velor-like textile spacer fabric and is adhered to the upper layer 3a via an adhesive layer or already connected to the fabric structure in terms of production technology. The adjacent top layers of layers 3a and 3b together form the intermediate cinder plate 13. The single-layer velor-like textile spacer fabrics used for the lower layer 3b form, after the resin matrix has hardened, cell-shaped, rigid and load-bearing loops 14, which stand vertically on the cover layer, which are only indicated schematically here and crosswise between the Intermediate plate 13 and the screed layer 2 run. This creates an additional stable flat cavity 15 between the screed layering and the floor coverings. Designing the screed surface 2 with an aluminum foil or a low-E coating applied to the lower layer 3b and facing the screed surface leads here to k values less than k −2 W / m ² K. The use of a loop plate body 3b also enables the insulating body 3 to be easily attached to a wall structure. The attachment to the wall takes place here with the aid of a layer of mortar or plaster into which the loops 14 are pressed in half, keeping an air-filled cavity 15 free.

5 shows a floor structure according to the invention with pipes 16 integrated in the insulating body 3 for underfloor or wall heating systems. This can be copper or plastic pipes through which a heat-transferring fluid flows. When translucent surface coverings 1 are used, the heat-transferring fluid can be used to remove excess heat from the solid substructure.

6 shows a floor or wall structure that is particularly suitable for floor and wall heating. In this embodiment, the insulating body 3 consists of two plate bodies or layers 3a and 3b, each of which is made from a two-layer textile spacer fabric and is adhesively connected to one another via the adjoining fabric cover layers. In the same way, an insulating body made from a three-layer spacer fabric could be used here. The plate body 3a receiving the pipe system 16 is led through to the cold screed or wall side the second plate body 3b thermally insulated. This second plate body 3b can also, according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4_, be made from a velvet-like spacer fabric. The surface of the plate body 3b facing the substructure is then advantageously provided with an emission-reducing coating.

Instead of the pipelines 16, line networks for electrical resistance heating or electrical heating foils can also be inserted into the insulating body 3. The latter can also be advantageously inserted between the floor covering and the insulating body in the form of an adhesive film or integrated directly into the floor covering.

7 shows an insulating body 3, the upper cover layer 6a of which has milled recesses 17 for receiving electrical lines and connecting cables.

8 shows an insulating body 3, the flat, air-permeable cavity of which is completely or partially filled with a foamed material 18. This gives the insulating body an extremely high level of flexural strength and shape retention.

Both the floor coverings 1 and the screed floor 2 have, as already shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, grid-like raised structures 11a, 11b in order to form an air gap 10a or 10b in this way, which additionally generates heat transfer resistances. The surfaces adjoining the air gap on both sides can then be equipped with aluminum foils or low-E layers (not shown here) to reduce the heat exchange via heat radiation, as described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3.

Fig. 9 shows a floor structure according to the invention, at which the insulating body 3 is formed from two opposing individual plates 19, 20. The individual panels are each obtained from a single-layer, spacer fabric or knitted fabric made in the manner of a velor fabric by resin impregnation and curing. As described in FIG. 4, they then have a support thread structure 14 which is essentially perpendicular to the cover plates. Between the individual plates there is a solidified plastic foam mass 18 in which the supporting threads 14 of the individual plates 19, 20 are embedded and which in this embodiment replaces the continuous web thread structure. The construct proves to be rigid and also extremely dimensionally stable even under load, because the textile plates absorb the tensile and compressive forces acting and distribute the load.

In particular, the embodiments according to FIGS. 8 and 9, because of their high rigidity and surface stability, enable a ceiling structure with screed layers of smaller thickness. However, the insulating bodies according to the invention can also be used directly as load distribution layers, thus completely replacing the screed layer.

As shown in FIG. 10, such insulating bodies 3 can advantageously be used in wooden beam ceilings, in particular as load-distributing elements. They are fastened below the load-bearing ceiling beams 21 as cladding battens and above as walk-on floor panels for receiving the floor coverings 1 with conventional angle fittings. The space between the wooden beams is filled with the usual foam or fiber insulation 8.

In addition, it is proposed to manufacture the insulating body 3 according to FIG. 11 in strips or to cut it accordingly and to apply it in parallel at a distance from one another to the substructure, here the screed layer 2, in order to reduce the cost of the insulating body material by half or a third limit. Channel structures are then found both within the strip-shaped insulating body plates 3 and through the spaces 22 between the insulating body plates laid parallel and at a distance from one another.

If the strip-shaped insulating body plates 3 according to FIGS. 8 and 9 are filled with a rigid, integral foam, then, as a function of the duct system within the insulating body, a lath-shaped body of great strength and flexural rigidity is obtained, which, as a slatted frame on the Wall surface pegged, can be used for the rational application of large-scale coverings. The channel structure is then realized solely through the spaces 22.

Fig. 12 shows the constructive envelope surface structure of a room. The textile hollow panels of the insulating body 3 of the wall open in the corner area and open into the hollow panels of the ceiling envelope. In addition, the insulating body 3 laid on the ceiling can also open from there into opposite or laterally adjacent wall surfaces equipped with hollow plates. Enclosing the floor area, a thermally closed cavity system that communicates via channel structures is realized in this way.

As a result of the cavities communicating with one another, in addition to the thermal decoupling on all sides from the solid room envelope surfaces, an insulating air layer enveloping the room is produced, which can bring about a compensating wall temperature.

In a rational manner, the room can be heated by underfloor heating or by a hot water or electrically operated baseboard heater 23 integrated in the insulating body panels 3 (FIG. 13). In the floor area, the heat is mainly emitted directly to the interior of the room via radiation. At the same time, the air volume enveloped in the insulating body plates is heated. The rising, tempered air warms the inside of the planking 1 lying on the insulating body panels of the wall and the ceiling, for example thin-dimensioned wall tiles, wooden panels, plasterboard boards or else paper or textile wallpapers.

The insulation to the load-bearing wall is then created by designing the rear of the insulating body plates accordingly, for example by means of an additional narrow air space 10b, preferably in conjunction with a low-E layer, as described in connection with FIGS. 3 and 8.

In this way, an extremely comfortable, physiologically beneficial, large-area and mild radiant heating is obtained for the room without air currents whirling up dust.

Because of the transition resistances caused by the air-filled spaces 10b in front of the wall substructure, and the integrated emission-reducing coatings (not shown here), only a small part of the thermal energy located in the insulating body panels is given off to the rear of the wall substructure.

A covering that partially or completely covers the room in this way proves to be particularly energetically advantageous in the case of the room-side finishing of the textile insulating body plates 3 with coverings 1 that are translucent or partially transparent for the solar spectrum.

If the upper or lower cover plate of the textile insulating body element is then equipped with a coating that absorbs the solar radiation, the solar radiation striking the wall or floor surfaces and transmitting the corresponding coatings is absorbed by these cover plates. The absorbed thermal energy can then be dissipated convectively within the flat cavity in the insulating body. Translucent or partially translucent surface coverings then have a particularly positive effect, since they can directly absorb a large part of the incident sun rays and distribute them in a distributed manner. If additional solar energy occurs in the heating period in this way, the supply of the energy generated by the building heating system can be throttled or switched off via a temperature control.

The room-enveloping insulating plate system can of course also be used in this way in the summer period to absorb and dissipate excessively irradiated solar energy. However, it can also be used advantageously as a surface cooling system by feeding in cooled air.

The particular advantage of such a space-enveloping equipment with insulating body plates is thus the possibility of room air conditioning via heat or cold radiation.

14 shows in cross section a wall structure according to the invention which is particularly suitable for the installation of a baseboard heater. The textile spacer fabrics are used here as wall cladding. The wall side of the insulating body 3 is here again formed by a single-layer loop plate 3b of the type described in FIG. 4 and applied to the wall in an adhesive manner. The attachment to the wall is carried out with the aid of a layer of mortar or plaster 24, the loops 14 being pressed in half into this layer, keeping an air-filled cavity 15 free. A further double-walled plate body 3a, which is adhesively attached to the single-layer loop plate 3b, can preferably be provided toward the room side, as shown here. Perforations 25 are optionally provided for the cover layer 6a of the room-side plate 3a, which enable the establishment of a ventilation system. The wall structure according to the invention shown here can advantageously be equipped with an additional heating function in the form of a baseboard heater 23. The heating energy is supplied to the wall element via continuous tubular bodies which are arranged in the vicinity of the floor in the wall element and which are connected to a hot water heating system. The wall surfaces of the textile hollow plate body 3a are convectively heated on the inside by the natural air buoyancy and the insulating cladding assumes the function of a large-area, mildly radiating radiator. With the device described here it is possible to avoid the known disadvantages of conventional baseboard heating systems, in particular the formation of uncomfortable and dust-raising air currents.

The plate body 3b arranged on the wall side, which in the embodiment shown here is designed as a single-layer loop plate, forms a thermal barrier with the help of the cavity 15 towards the supporting substructure of the wall element, so that the thermal energy supplied to the flat cavity 4 is primarily taken up by the room-side covering 1 of the textile hollow plate body 3a and is emitted towards the room.

In this way, wall heating systems can also advantageously be supplied via electrical resistance heaters. The heating network can be designed as a baseboard heating system in tape form, or it can occupy the lower wall area at the height of the parapet. Such electrically heated systems can alternatively also be constructed in accordance with the embodiments described below in FIGS. 15 and 16. Tiles, marble slabs, wooden panels or the usual fabric or paper wallpapers can be used as wall coverings.

15 and 16 represent special embodiments highly more efficient, energy-saving electrical floor and wall heating systems. Because of the lack of thin, load-bearing insulation layers with high thermal resistance values, it was previously not possible to effectively limit the flow of thermal energy into the massive floor and wall layers.

15 shows the structure of such a system when ceramic floor coverings 1 made of tiles and stone slabs are used. The heating foils or the heating conductor nets 26 fixed in heating mats are placed directly under the floor covering 1 and glued with an adhesive layer 27 of high temperature resistance and high flexibility. Because of the high thermal resistance of the textile insulating body 3 and the aluminum foil lying between the heating mat and the insulating body or the emission-reducing coating 7a on the surface of the insulating body facing the heating mat, the heat flow is largely supplied to the floor covering on one side and to the room by the stone slabs supplied via heat radiation.

Fig. 16 shows the structure of an electrical floor or wall heating system when using surface coverings 1 with low thermal conductivity, such as carpet, parquet, PVC and cork coverings in particular. A metal plate 28 is assigned to the heating foil or heating plate 26 on the room side, which, due to its high thermal conductivity, absorbs the heat flow and radiates it into the room via the floor covering.

This function can also be performed by a thin storage layer 29 or reinforced by such a layer. It is proposed to use a thin screed, plaster or cement layer reinforced by a textile fabric 30 as the storage layer 29, as shown in FIG. 16. In this way, extremely thin, load-bearing, rigid and dimensionally stable plate constructions can be produced.

In the textile structure of this plate construct can in addition, a heating conductor network can be woven in (not shown in FIG. 16). In such a case, the heating mat 26 and the metal plate 28 are omitted. Compared to the supporting substructure of the floor or wall structure, the textile insulating body 3 with additional air-filled interspaces 10b and an aluminum foil or an emission-reducing coating 7b can act as a thermal radiation barrier be shielded.

17 shows a possible wall fastening of the insulating body 3 to a cross lath 34 with the aid of an adhesive connection 31. The adhesive bond can be mechanically secured by penetrating the adhesive into predetermined perforations in the wall-side cover plate 6b and subsequent curing of the adhesive.

In an advantageous manner, the textile insulating body 3, as shown here, can be glued on one or both sides with thin wooden panels or with plywood layers 32, and in this way can be used pre-fabricated as wall panels with tongue and groove. Components constructed in this way, which are designed in the manner of conventional wooden panels, can be used particularly easily as wooden floorboards with inherent thermal insulation. Preferably, at least the edge areas of the wood-coated insulating plate body produced in this way are encircled with a conventional hardening plastic foam compound, such as, for. B. a polyurethane foam, foamed and provided on at least one edge, preferably on the longitudinal edges, with a groove for receiving fasteners or connecting means. As a result of the foaming, glass fibers protruding from the cut edges are embedded in the foam mass. By regrinding the edge areas, a precisely fitting processing can then also be guaranteed.

Compared to solid wood planks, which usually have a thickness of 12-20 mm due to the necessary bending strength, the higher insulation values also count for the higher Flexural rigidity, the lower weight and above all the considerable savings in high-quality, knot-free wood material are an absolute advantage. In this way, in particular high-quality, tropical hardwood types, which do not require any complex surface treatment, are considered to be highly wear-resistant and are in high demand because of their aesthetic dimensions, in the form of thin layers of wood or veneer without ecological concerns.

In general, floor and wall coverings made of textile spacer fabrics coated on one or both sides with wood veneers or thin layers of wood prove to be solely because of their thermal insulation qualities, that is to say the thermal conductivity values of about 0.020 W / mK, both solid wood coverings and wood fiber boards , but also superior to other building material panels made from conventional thermal insulation materials.

When using tiles or ceramic stoneware slabs as surface coverings, it is expedient if a two-sided staggered, adhesive connection of the tiles with corresponding insulating plates 3 of the same format, preferably manufactured in prefabrication, is chosen for the covering and fastening of the wall and / or floor tiles 1 becomes.

Laying tiles in accordance with this embodiment, shown in FIG. 18, ensures reliable sealing of the tile base, because no joints extending through to the wall or floor substructure are formed. A tiled outer wall remains secured against driving rain.

This embodiment also proves to be advantageous for laying work. It helps to better balance the surface geometry and, in particular, to exactly maintain the joint width. The through holes 33 of the insulating body plates 3 each serve for dowelling to the supporting wall structures. Alternatively, the tiles can be fixed and fastened by means of adhesive holes using these holes.

However, perforations can also be provided over the entire surface of the insulating body plates 3 on one or both sides, which favor fixation or gluing to the wall structure and to the surface covering. The adhesive then partially penetrates the perforation.

The exemplary embodiments shown here represent only a part of the possible embodiments for the application and functional areas disclosed at the outset.

Claims

1. Floor, ceiling or wall structure, in which an insulating body (3) is arranged between a supporting substructure and a surface covering (1), characterized in that the insulating body (3) by a plurality of transversely between the Surface covering (1) and the substructure-extending, rigid support threads (5; 14) are formed, which span a flat and shape-retaining cavity (4; 15) for thermal decoupling of the substructure from the covering.

2. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the supporting threads (5; 14) are formed from glass, ceramic, plastic or carbon fibers.

3. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the supporting threads (5; 14) from organic fibers or natural fibers, such as fibers from hemp or other vegetable products, are formed.

4. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the supporting threads (5; 14) are arranged crossing each other.

5. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the support threads (5; 14) have an average fineness in the range of about 20 to 80 tex.

6. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the supporting threads (5; 14) are arranged in a density of between about 10 to 60 threads / cm ² .

7. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the insulating body (3) consists of a textile Spacer fabric or knitted fabric is formed by impregnation with resin and curing.

8. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the insulating body (3) with a covering (1) connected to the upper cover plate (6a) and / or a lower cover plate (6b) connected to the substructure.

9. Structure according to claim 8, characterized in that between the covering (1) and the upper cover plate (6a) air-filled spaces (10a) are formed.

10. Structure according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that between the base and the lower cover plate (6b) air-filled spaces (10b) are formed.

11. Structure according to one of claims 8 to 10, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that between the base and the insulating body

(3) an emission-reducing layer (7b) is introduced.

12. Structure according to one of claims 8 to 11, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that an emission-reducing layer (7; 7a) is introduced into the spaces (10a) between the covering (1) and the upper cover plate (6a).

13. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized ge indicates that the flat cavity (4; 15) facing inner surface of the insulating body (3), including the supporting threads (5; 14), at least partially is provided with an emission-reducing coating.

14. Structure according to one of claims 8 to 13, characterized ge indicates that the insulating body (3) has at least one intermediate plate (13), via the support threads (5; 14) with the upper (6a) and / or the lower Cover plate (6b) is connected.

15. Structure according to one of claims 8 to 14, indicates that the covering (1) and the upper cover plate (6a) are perforated for the ventilation of a room.

16. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the flat cavity (4; 15) is filled with air.

17. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the flat cavity (4) is at least partially filled with a plastic foam mass (18).

18. Structure according to claim 17, characterized in that the insulating body is formed from two opposite individual plates (19, 20) which are made of velor-like textile spacer fabrics or knitted fabrics, the supporting threads (14) in the Plastic foam mass (18) are embedded.

19. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized ge indicates that in the insulating body (3) channel-shaped inner structures (16; 22) are set up.

20. Structure according to claim 19, characterized in that the channel-shaped inner structures are formed from pipes (16) integrated in the insulating body.

21. Structure according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that the channel-shaped inner structures (16; 22) are charged with hot air, cold air or a heat-conducting fluid.

22. Structure according to one of claims 19 to 21, characterized in that the channel-shaped inner structures are designed to enclose the space and are connected to one another.

23. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the insulating body (3) and the surface covering (1) are at least partially transparent to solar radiation.

24. Structure according to claim 23, characterized in that the surface covering (1) is at least partially translucent.

25. Structure according to one of claims 23 or 24, characterized in that the surface covering (1) consists at least partially of translucent tiles.

25. Structure according to one of claims 23 to 25, characterized in that the insulating body (3) is formed from a textile spacer fabric or knitted fabric made of glass fibers.

27. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 26, characterized ge indicates that the surface covering (1) consists of opaque, translucent or partially translucent tiles, the surface of which faces the insulating body (3) is provided with an emission-reducing coating.

28. Structure according to claim 27, characterized in that the emission-reducing coating is applied pyrolytically.

29. Structure according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the insulating body (3) is formed from strip-shaped plates laid in parallel at a distance from one another.

30. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 28, characterized in that the surface covering (1) consists of tile plates which are offset on two sides with respect to the insulating body (3) formed from plates of the same format.

31. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that an electrical resistance heater is integrated in the insulating body (3). 32. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that an electrical resistance heater (26) is arranged between the covering (1) and the insulating body (3).

33. Structure according to one of claims 31 or 32, characterized in that between the electrical resistance heating (26) and the covering (1) a metal plate (28) and / or a heat-storing layer (29) for receiving the heat flow and for the room-side radiation of the thermal energy generated by the electrical resistance heating is arranged over the covering (1).

34. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized ge indicates that a heat-storing layer (29) is arranged between the insulating body (3) and the covering (1), an electrical resistance heater being integrated in the heat-storing layer .

35. Structure according to claim 34, characterized in that the heat-storing layer (29) is a screed, gypsum or cement layer reinforced with a textile fabric (30), and the electrical resistance heating includes a heating conductor network woven into the textile fabric.

36. Structure according to one of claims 23 to 35, characterized ge indicates that the electrical resistance heating is controllable as a function of the outside temperature or the room temperature.

37. Use of textile spacer fabrics or knitted fabrics for the construction of highly thermally insulated floors, ceilings or walls according to one of claims 1 to 36.

38. Use of textile spacer fabrics or knitted fabrics according to claim 37, characterized in that the spacer fabrics or knitted fabrics are coated with resin and formed into a rigid, self-supporting and load-bearing insulating bodies are cured.

39. Use according to claim 38, characterized in that the insulating body has two cover surfaces (6a, 6b), at least one of the cover surfaces being connected to a wooden plate or a plywood layer (32).

40. Use according to claim 39, characterized in that the insulating body is foamed all the way around with a hardening plastic foam mass and is provided with a groove on at least one of its edge surfaces in the manner of a wooden panel.