Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/64—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. histidine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/26—Psychostimulants, e.g. nicotine, cocaine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• This invention relates to certain 4-aminomethyl-2-substituted imidazole and 2- aminomethyl-4-substituted imidazole derivatives which selectively bind to brain dopamine receptor subtypes.
• This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. It further relates to the use of such compounds in treating affective disorders such as schizophrenia and depression as well as certain movement disorders such as Parkinsonism, as well as in treating the extrapyramidal side effects associated with the use of conventional neuroleptic agents.
• Schizophrenia or psychosis is a term used to describe a group of illnesses of unknown origin which affect approximately 2.5 million people in the United States. These disorders of the brain are characterized by a variety of symptoms which are classified as positive symptoms (disordered thought, hallucinations and delusions) and negative symptoms (social withdrawal and unresponsiveness). These disorders have an age of onset in adolescence or early adulthood and persist for many years. The disorders tend to become more severe during the patient's lifetime and can result in prolonged institutionalization. In the United States today, approximately 40% of all hospitalized psychiatric patents suffer from schizophrenia.
• neuroleptics This classification of antipsychotic medication was based largely on the activating (neuroleptic) properties of the nervous system by these drugs.
• neuroleptic agents were shown to increase the concentrations of dopamine metabolites in the brain suggesting altered neuronal firing of the dopamine system. Additional evidence indicated that dopamine could increase the activity of adenylate cyclase in the corpus striatum, an effect reversed by neuroleptic agents. Thus, cumulative evidence from these and later experiments strongly suggested that the neurotransmitter dopamine was involved in schizophrenia.
• D2 receptors dopamine receptors
• D5 which is somewhat similar to DI receptor type and D4 which is closely related to D3 and D2 receptor types.
• Phenothiazines possess nanomolar affinity for all three types of dopamine receptors.
• Other drugs have been developed with great specificity for the DI subtype receptor and for the D2 subtype receptor.
• a certain group of drugs (such as sulpiride and clozapine) have been developed with a lesser incidence of extrapyramidal side effects than classical neuroleptics.
• drugs of this class are often referred to as atypical antipsychotic agents.
• Dl-type receptors There are at least two forms of Dl-type receptors which have been classiifed as DI and D5, and two forms of D2-type receptors, classified now as D2 and D4 dopamine receptors. In addition, there is at least one form of D3 dopamine receptor. Examples from the substituted aminomethylimidazole series of this patent possess differential affinities for each receptor subtype.
• Schizophrenia is characterized by a variety of cognitive dysfunctions; schizophrenic patients perform less well than other groups on most cognitive or attentional tasks.
• the positive and negative symptom dimensions of schizophrenia are also associated with distinct cognitive deficits.
• positive symptoms disordered thought processes, hallucinations and decisions
• Negative symptoms social withdrawal and unresponsiveness
• visual/motor dysfunctions including poorer performance on visual memory, motor speed and dexterity tasks.
• This invention provides novel compounds of Formula I which interact with dopamine receptor subtypes.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of Formula I.
• the invention also provides compounds useful in treating affective disorders such as schizophrenia and depression as well as certain movement disorders such as Parkinsonism.
• compounds of this invention are useful in treating the extrapyramidal side effects asssociated with the use of conventional neuroleptic agents.
• dopamine D3 and D4 receptor subtypes are particularly concentrated in the limbic system (Taubes, Science (1994) 265 1034) which controls cognition and emotion
• compounds which interract with these receptors may have utility in the treatment of cognitive disorders.
• Such disorders may be me cognitive deficits which are a significant component of the negative symptoms (social withdrawal, and unresponsiveness) of schizophrenia.
• Other disorders involving memory impairment or attention deficit disorders can also be treated with some of the compounds of this invention that interact specifically with dopamine D3 and or D4 receptor subtypes.
• Rl is aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted by up to 3 substituents which may be the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, cyano, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms, or SO2 9 where Ro is NH2, NHCH3, or a straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-
• X is or NR2 where R2 is hydrogen or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms; Y is N or CR3; Z is CR3 or N; provided that Y and Z are not both CR3; and provided that Y and Z are not both N; R3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, hydroxy lower alkyl or phenyl optionally substituted by up to three substituents which may be the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, cyano, sulfonamido, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms;
• R4 is hydrogen or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or, when Z is CR3, R3 and R4 together may represent -(CH2)ni" where ni is 2, 3 or 4; or R2 and R4 together may represent -(CH2)n2* where n2 is 2, 3 or 4.
• m is zero, one or two ;
• R5 and R are the same or different and represent hydrogen, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms, aryl; or R4 and R5 together may represent -(CH2)n3- where n3 is 2 or 3; or
• NR5R6 together represent 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl), either unsubstituted or mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or NR5R6 represents:
• R7 is phenyl, benzyl or phenethyl where the phenyl ring of each is optionally or substituted with up to three substituents which are the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• NR5R6 represents:
• W is N or CH
• W is N and R8 is hydrogen, trifiuoromethyl, phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally or mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or W is CH and R8 is optionally substituted phenyl or an arylalkyl group such as, for example, phenylalkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• These compounds are highly selective partial agonists or antagonists at brain dopamine receptor subtypes or prodrugs thereof and are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of affective disorders such as schizophrenia and depression as well as certain movement disorders such as Parkinsonism. Furthermore, compounds of this invention are useful in treating the extrapyramidal side effects associated with the use of conventional neuroleptic agents. Furthermore, compounds of this invention have utility in the treatment of cognitive disorders. Such disorders include cognitive deficits which are a significant component of the negative symptoms (social withdrawal, and unresponsiveness) of schizophrenia or other disorders involving memory impairment or attention deficit disorders.
• the compounds of the invention such as, for example, 2-Phenyl-4(5)-[(4-(2- pyrimidinyl)-piperazin-l-yl)-methyl] -imidazole dihydrochloride (compound 23), 2-Pheny 1-4(5)- [(4-(2-pyridyl)-piperazin-l-yl)-methyl]-imidazole dihydrochloride (Compound 24), and 2- Phenyl-4(5)-[(4-phenyl-piperazin-l-yl)-methyl] -imidazole dihydrochloride (Compound 45), are antagonists binding to dopamine D4 receptors in both the rat and human hippocampus.
• the hippocampus is associated with both schizophrenia, and general memory processes in humans.
• Compound 23 produces memory enhancing effects in both the step-down passive avoidance assay as well as in the spatial water maze assay.
• the D4 receptors located in the hippocampus mediate the memory enhancing effects of the compounds of the invention. Therefore, since (1) Compound 23 is active in animal models that are predictive of cognition enhancement, and specifically enhancement of memory and learning, and (2) Compound 23 binds to D4 receptors in the hippocampus, the D4 class of dopamine antagonists, including the compounds of the invention, are useful for enhancing memory in humans.
• the invention further provides methods for enhancing cognition, and specifically learning and memory, in mammals. These methods comprise administering to a mammal such as a human a compound of die invention in an amount effective to enhance cognition .
• Rl, X, Y, Z, and m are as defined above for Formula I;
• R3 is hydrogen, halogen, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms
• R4 is hydrogen or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or, where Z is CR3, R3 and R4 together may represent -(CH2)n j - where ni is 2, 3 or 4; or R2 and
• R4 together may represent -(CH2)n2* where n2 is 2, 3 or 4;
• R2 and R5 togedier may represent -(CH2)n3- where n3 is 2 or 3;
• R6 is hydrogen, straight or branched chain lower alkyl, phenyl or arylalkyl; or NR5R6 represents:
• R7 is as defined for Formula I;
• NR5R6 represents:
• W is N and R ⁇ is phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, unsubstituted or mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• W is CH and R8 is optionally substituted phenyl or an arylalkyl group such as, for example, phenylalkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• Preferred compounds according to Formula I include those where Z is CR3 and R3 and R4 together form a 5 or 6-membered ring; Ri is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; X is N; Y is N; and R5 and R6 represents:
• W is N and R8 is phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• W is CH and R8 is optionally substituted phenyl or an arylalkyl group such as, for example, phenylalkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• Preferred compounds according to Formula II are those where Ri is phenyl optionally substituted in the 4-position with halogen or alkyl, Y and X are nitrogen, Z is CH, R4 is hydrogen, m is 0, and NR5R6 represents 4-substituted piperazin- 1-yl or 4-substituted piperidin- 1-yl.
• the piperazinyl or piperidinyl groups are substituted in the 4-position with pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, or phenyl or benzyl each of which is optionally substituted, preferably in the 4- position, with halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy.
• the preferred piperidinyl groups are optionally substituted in the 3-position with alkyl, and more preferably, methyl, groups.
• Particularly preferred Ri groups are 4-methylphenyl and 4-halophenyl groups.
• the present invention also encompasses compounds of Formula IIA:
• Ri is aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl or naphthyl; unsubstituted or substituted by up to 3 substituents which may be the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms, or SO2 9 where R9 is NH2 or NHCH3; R2 is hydrogen or alkyl; R3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, hydroxy lower alkyl, or phenyl unsubstituted or substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, cyano, sulfonamido, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; R4 is
• R5 and R6 are the same or different and represent hydrogen, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, aryl, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms; or R4 and R5 togetiier may represent -(CH2)n3- where n3 is 2 or 3; or
• NR5R6 together represent 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl), eidier unsubstituted or mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• NR5R6 represents:
• R7 is phenyl, benzyl or phenethyl with d e phenyl ring unsubstituted or substituted with up to three substituents which may be the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or NR5R6 represents:
• W is N and R8 is hydrogen, phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, unsubstituted or mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• W is CH and R8 is optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted benzoyl, or an arylalkyl group such as, for example, phenylalkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• Preferred compounds of Formula HA are those where Ri is optionally substituted phenyl; R2 and R4 are hydrogen; and R5 is alkyl and R6 is arylalkyl, preferably optionally substituted, and more preferably unsubstituted, benzyl; or NR5R6 is:
• Particularly preferred compounds of Formula IIA are those where Ri is optionally substituted phenyl; R2 and R4 are hydrogen; R5 is alkyl and R6 is arylalkyl, preferably optionally substituted, and more preferably unsubstituted, benzyl; or NR5R6 is:
• W is N and R8 is phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, unsubstituted or mono or disubstituted with halogen, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• Particularly preferred compounds of Formula IIA are those where Rl is optionally substituted phenyl; R2 and R4 are hydrogen; R3 is hydrogen; R5 is alkyl and R6 is arylalkyl, preferably optionally substituted, and more preferably unsubstituted, benzyl; or NR5R6 is:
• R8 is phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, unsubstituted or mono or disubstituted with halogen, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• Other particularly preferred compounds of Formula HA are those where Ri is phenyl; R2 and R4 are hydrogen; R3 is hydrogen; and NR5R6 is:
• W is CH and Rs is optionally halogenated or alkoxylated phenyl or an arylalkyl group such as, for example, phenylalkyl where the phenyl ring is optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• the present invention also encompasses compounds of Formula ni:
• Rl is aryl, heteroaryl, or naphthyl each of which is optionally substituted by up to three substituents which are the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, cyano, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms, or SO2R9 where R9 is NH2 or NHCH3;
• X, Y, Z, and m are as defined above for Formula I;
• R3 is hydrogen, halogen, or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms
• R4 is hydrogen or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or, when Z is CR3, R3 and R4 together may represent -(CH2)n ] - where ni is 2, 3 or 4;
• NR5R6 represents: where R7 is as defined above for Formula I; or NR5R6 represents:
• W is N and Rs is phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, each of which is mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• W is CH and Rs is optionally substituted phenyl or an arylalkyl group such as, for example, phenylalkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1 -6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• die present invention encompasses compounds of Formula IV:
• Ri is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which may be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, cyano, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms, or SO2R9 where R9 is NH2 or NHCH3; X, Y, Z, are as defined above for Formula I;
• R3 is hydrogen, halogen, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms
• R4 is hydrogen or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms; m is zero; NR5R6 represents:
• R7 is as defined above for Formula I; or NR5R6 represents:
• W is N and Rg is phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, unsubstituted or mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• W is CH and R8 is optionally substituted phenyl or an arylalkyl group such as, for example, phenylalkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted with up to tiiree substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• the invention further encompasses compounds of Formula V:
• Rl and T are the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms;
• M is where R2 is hydrogen or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or Ri and R2 together may represent -(CH2)m where ni is 1, 2, or 3;
• X and Z are the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms or SO2 6 where R6 is straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms;
• Y is hydrogen, halogen, amino, or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms;
• R3 is hydrogen or.straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or R3
• NR4R5 represents 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl), or 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso- quinolinyl) mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• R7 is hydrogen, phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, or phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, each of which is mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or W-R7 is oxygen or sulfur; and n is 1, 2, or 3.
• the present invention further encompasses compounds of Formula VI:
• Rl is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; M is
• R2 is hydrogen or,straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or Ri and R2 together may represent -(CH2)n ⁇ where ni is 1, 2, or 3;
• X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms or SO2R6 where R6 is straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms;
• R3 is hydrogen or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or R3 and R4 together may represent -(CH2)n 2 " where n2 is 3 or 4; and
• R4 and R5 are the same or different and represent hydrogen, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl or pyridylalkyl where each alkyl is straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• R2 and R5 togedier may represent -(CH2)n 3 - where n3 is 2 or 3; or
• NR4R5 represents 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl) or 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso- quinolinyl) mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• W is N or CH
• R7 is hydrogen, phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, or phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, each of which may be mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or W-R7 is oxygen or sulfur, and n is 1, 2, or 3.
• the present invention also encompases compounds of Formula VH:
• Rl is hydrogen, halogen.hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; M is
• R2 is hydrogen, or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or Ri and R2 together may represent -(CH2)m where ni is 1, 2, or 3;
• R3 is hydrogen, or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or
• R3 and R4 together may represent -(CH2)n 2 " where n2 is 3 or 4; or R4 and R5 are the same or different and represent hydrogen, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, aryl straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms or R2 and R5 together may represent -(CH2)n3* where n3 is 2 or 3; or NR4R5 represents 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl), or 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso- quinolinyl) mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or r (CH 2 ⁇
• W is N or CH
• R7 is hydrogen, phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl; or phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl mono or disubstituted witii halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• W-R7 is oxygen or sulfur, and n is 1 , 2, or 3.
• R2 is hydrogen or,straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or Ri and R2 together may represent -(CH2)m where ni is 1, 2, or 3;
• X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having
• R6 is straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms
• R3 is hydrogen, or straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or
• R3 and R4 together may represent -(CH2)n 2 _ where n2 is 3 or 4; and R4 and R5 are the same or different and represent hydrogen, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl or pyridylalkyl where each alkyl is straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• R2 and R5 together may represent -(CH2)n 3 " where n3 is 2 or 3; or NR4R5 represents 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl), or 2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso- quinolinyl) mono or disubstituted witii halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or
• W is N or CH
• R7 is hydrogen, phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, or hydrogen, phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, mono or disubstituted with halogen, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms; or W-R7 is oxygen or sulfur, and n is 1, 2, or 3.
• the invention also provides compounds of Formula IX:
• Ra and Rb are the same or different and represent hydrogen or alkoxy
• NR4R5 represents 4-phenylpiperazin-l-yl or 4-phenyl-piperidin-l-yl, where each phenyl group may be substituted with hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or alkoxy.
• the invention also provides compounds of Formula X:
• X represents hydrogen or halogen
• R represents hydrogen or alkyl
• Ra and Rb are the same or different and represent hydrogen or alkoxy
• a and B are die same or different and independently represent hydrogen or (4-(2-optionally substituted pyrimidinyl)piperazin- 1 -yl)methyl.
• Preferred compounds of Formula X are tiiose where R is hydrogen or methyl and X, Ra and Rb are hydrogen. Particularly preferred compounds of Formula X are those where R is hydrogen or methyl, X, R a and Rb are hydrogen, and A and B are different and represent hydrogen or (4-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazin-l-yl)methyl where the pyrimidinyl group is optionally substituted widi hydrogen, hydroxy or alkoxy. A preferred alkoxy group is methoxy.
• X represents a hydrogen or halogen
• R represents hydrogen or alkyl
• R a and Rb are the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, or alkoxy
• Re is a group of the formula:
• W is N or CH; R represnts alkyl; R d represents pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl or alkoxy; and Re is alkyl.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XI are those where X, R a , Rb. and R e are hydrogen and R ⁇ is a 4-substituted piperazin- 1-yl or piperidin-1-yl group.
• Particularly preferred compounds of Formula XI are those where the 4-substituted piperazin- 1-yl or piperidin-1-yl groups are substituted with optionally substituted phenyl, phenylalkyl, 2-pyridyl or 2- pyrimidinyl groups.
• Otiier preferred compounds of formula XI are those where X, Ra. Rb.
• Re is hydrogen
• Re is methyl
• Re is piperazin- 1-yl or piperidin-1-yl each of which is substituted in the 4-position with benzyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl.
• the invention also provides compounds of Formula XII:
• W is N or CH; Rf is halogen or alkyl;
• R is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XII are tiiose where Rf is halogen or methyl, W is nitrogen, and Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl.
• Particularly preferred compounds of Formula XII are those where Rf is halogen or methyl, W is nitrogen, and Rd is pyrimidinyl.
• the invention further provides compounds of Formula XIII:
• W is N or CH
• Ra and Rb independendy represent hydrogen, halogen, or alkoxy;
• Rf is alkyl;
• Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XIII are those where Rf is methyl, W is nitrogen, and R is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl. Particularly preferred compounds of Formula XIII are those where Rf is methyl, W is nitrogen, and R is pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, or alkoxy; and at least one of R a and R are halogen.
• the invention further provides compounds of Formula XIV:
• Ar is 1- or 2-naphthyl, 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-thienyl, or 2-quinolinyl,
• W is N or CH
• Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XIV are those where W is CH, and Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl.
• the invention further provides compounds of Formula XV:
• Ar is 1- or 2-naphthyl, phenyl or phenyl mono-, di- or trisubstituted with alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, W is N or CH; Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted witii halogen, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XV are those where Ar is phenyl, W is CH, and Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl.
• the invention further provides compounds of Formula XVI:
• X represents hydrogen or halogen
• Ra and Rb are the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy; W is N or CH;
• Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XVI are those where X, R a and Rb are hydrogen, W is CH, and Rd is optionally substituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl.
• the invention further provides compounds of Formula XVII : xv ⁇ where
• X represents hydrogen or halogen
• R a and R are the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy
• W is N or CH
• Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XVII are those where X, R a and Rb are hydrogen, W is N, and Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, or alkoxy.
• the invention further provides compounds of Formula XVIII:
• X represents hydrogen or halogen
• Ra and Rb are die same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, or alkoxy
• W is N or CH;
• Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XVIII are those where X, R a and Rb are hydrogen, W is N, and Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, or alkoxy.
• the invention further provides compounds of Formula XIX :
• XIX where m is 0, 1 or 2; X represents hydrogen or halogen;
• R a and Rb are die same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy; W is N or CH;
• Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XIX are those where X, R a and Rb are hydrogen, W is
• Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl.
• Other preferred compounds of formula XIX are those where X, Ra and Rb are hydrogen, W is CH, and R is phenyl or pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with halogen and/or hydroxy.
• the invention also provides compounds of Formula XX:
• R a is hydrogen or alkyl
• W is N or CH;
• Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Prefened compounds of Formula XX are those where W is nitrogen, R a is hydrogen or methyl, and R is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Other preferred compounds according to Formula XX are those where W is CH, Ra is hydrogen or methyl, and Rd is substituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, or alkoxy.
• the invention also provides compounds of Formula XXI:
• W is N or CH
• Rg and Rh independenlty represent hydrogen, lower alkyl, or together represent an alkylene bridge forming a ring
• Rd is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl or alkoxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XXI are those where W is nitrogen, Rg and Rh are hydrogen, and R is optionally substituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl.
• Other preferred compounds according to Formula XXI are those where W is CH, Rg and Rh are hydrogen, and Rd is optionally substituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or benzyl.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXII:
• R a represents hydrogen or lower alkyl
• Rl and Y independently represent hydrogen, lower alkyl or halogen, RlO represents hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy or halogen; and E represents CH or nitrogen.
• Pref erred compounds of formula XXII are those where E is nitrogen, Ri and Y are independently hydrogen or halogen, and Rio is halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy.
• Particularly preferred compounds of formula XXII are those where E is nitrogen, Ri and Y are hydrogen or fluorine provided diat not both are fluorine, and Rio is fluorine.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXIII:
• Rl and Y independently represent hydrogen, lower alkyl or halogen
• RlO represents hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy or halogen
• E represents CH or nitrogen.
• Preferred compounds of formula XXIII are those where E is nitrogen, Ri and Y are independently hydrogen or halogen, and RlO is halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy.
• Particularly prefened compounds of formula XXIII are those where R a is hydrogen or methyl, E is nitrogen, Rl is hydrogen or fluorine, RlO is fluorine and Y is hydrogen.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXIV:
• Rl and T independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy
• X, Y and Z independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXV
• Ri represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy
• RlO is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or lower alkoxy
• E is CH or nitrogen.
• RlO is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or lower alkoxy; and E is CH or nitrogen.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXVII: xv ⁇ wherein:
• Rl and T independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy
• X, Y and Z independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or -SO2 6 where R6 is lower alkyl
• n is O or 1
• RlO is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or lower alkoxy
• a and Q are the same or different and represent CH or nitrogen.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XX VIII:
• n is O or l
• Rl and T independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy
• RlO is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or lower alkoxy
• a and Q are the same or different and represent CH or nitrogen.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXD :
• Rl and T independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy
• RlO is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or lower alkoxy
• E is CH or nitrogen.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXX:
• RlO is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or lower alkoxy
• Rl, T, X, Y and Z independently represent hydrogen or lower alkyl
• E represents CH or nitrogen.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXXI:
• RlO is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or lower alkoxy
• Rl, T, X, Y and Z independently represent hydrogen or lower alkyl
• E represents CH or nitrogen.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXXII:
• RlO is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or lower alkoxy
• Ri and T independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy
• X, Y and Z independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or -SO2 6 where R6 is lower alkyl.
• n is 0 or 1.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXXIII:
• Rl and T independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy; and X, Y and Z independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or -SO2R6 where R6 is lower alkyl.
• the invention further provides compounds of formula XXXIV:
• R is halogen, alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms, or hydroxy
• Rl and T independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy
• X, Y and Z independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or -SO2R6 where R6 is lower alkyl
• E is CH or nitrogen.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XV are those where Rl, T, X, Y, and Z are hydrogen. Particularly preferred compounds of Formula XV are those where Ri , T, X, Y, and Z are hydrogen, E is nitrogen, and R is hydroxy, fluorine, or methoxy.
• the invention provides compounds of formula XXXV:
• R is halogen, alkoxy having 1 -6 carbon atoms, or hydroxy; E is CH or nitrogen.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XVI are those where E is nitrogen. Particularly preferred compounds of Formula XVI are those where E is nitrogen and R is hydroxy, fluorine, or methoxy.
• the invention also provides compounds of formula XXXVI:
• R is halogen, alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms, or hydroxy.
• Preferred compounds of Formula XVII are those where R is hydroxy, fluorine, or methoxy.
• Rl and Y independently represent hydrogen, lower alkyl or halogen
• RlO represents hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy or halogen
• E represents CH or nitrogen.
• Preferred compounds of formula XVIII are those where E is nitrogen, Ri and Y are hydrogen or halogen, and RlO is halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy.
• Particularly preferred compounds of formula XV are those where E is nitrogen, Ri and Y are hydrogen or fluorine provided that not both are fluorine, and RlO is fluorine.
• NR5R6 and NR4R5 groups of formulas I and V respectively are the following formula:
• W is CH or N
• Z represents phenyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally mono- or disubstituted witii halogen, hydroxy, or lower alkoxy.
• This formula designates saturated heterocyclic ring systems such as, for example, piperidinyl and piperazinyl, as well as unsaturated heterocyclic ring systems such as, for example, 1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyrindine.
• saturated heterocyclic ring systems such as, for example, piperidinyl and piperazinyl
• unsaturated heterocyclic ring systems such as, for example, 1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyrindine.
• NR5R6 and NR4R5 groups include die following:
• Non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of acids such as hydrochloric, phosphoric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfinic, formic, toluene sulfonic, hydroiodic, acetic and the like. Those skilled in the art will recognize a wide variety of non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts.
• the present invention also encompasses die acylated prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I.
• Those skilled in die art will recognize various synthetic mediodologies which may be employed to prepare non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and acylated prodrugs of the compounds encompassed by Formula I.
• aryl and “Ar” is meant an aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., phenyl), multiple rings (e.g., biphenyl), or multiple condensed rings in which at least one is aromatic, (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, naphthyl, anthryl, or phenanthryl), which can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, trifiuoromethyl, lower acyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, and hydroxy.
• alkyl and lower alkyl is meant straight and branched chain alkyl groups having from 1-6 carbon atoms.
• lower alkoxy and “alkoxy” is meant straight and branched chain alkoxy groups having from 1-6 carbon atoms.
• hydroxy lower alkyl or "hydroxy alkyl” is meant an alkyl group substituted by at least one hydroxy group. Preferred hydroxy alkyl groups are straight chain alkyl groups substituted with one hydroxy group at the terminal carbon atom.
• heteroaryl is meant 5, 6, or 7 membered aromatic ring systems having at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• heteroaryl groups are pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolo, pyrazolo, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolo, furanyl, quinoline, isoquinoline, thiazole, and thienyl, which can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted witii e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, trifiuoromethyl, lower acyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, and hydroxy.
• witii e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, trifiuoromethyl, lower acyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, and hydroxy.
• halogen is meant fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• arylalkyl is meant the group -R-Ar where Ar is an aryl group and R is a straight or branched chain aliphatic group.
• Arylalkyl groups may optionally be substituted with, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, trifiuoromethyl, lower acyloxy, and hydroxy.
• Preferred arylalkyl groups in the above formulas where W is CH and Rg represents arylalkyl are phenylalkyl groups where die alkyl portion is lower alkyl.
• a particularly preferred phenylalkyl group is benzyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• cycloalkyl is meant cyclic hydrocarbons having from 3-8 carbon atoms. These cyclic hydrocarbon groups may be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, cyano, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms, or SO2R9 where R9 is NH2 or NHCH3.
• Striatial tissue is dissected from adult male Sprague Dawley rats or BHK 293 cells are harvested containing recombinantly produced D2 or D3 receptors.
• the sample is homogenized in 100 volumes (w/vol) of 0.05 M Tris HCl buffer at 4°C and pH 7.4.
• the sample is then centrifuged at 30,000 x g and resuspended and rehomogenized.
• the sample is then centrifuged as described and the final tissue sample is frozen until use.
• the tissue is resuspended 1:20 (wt/vol) in 0.05 M Tris HCl buffer containing 100 mM NaCl.
• Incubations are carried out at 48°C and contain 0.5 ml of tissue sample, 0.5 nM ⁇ H- raclopride and the compound of interest in a total incubation volume of 1.0 ml.
• Nonspecific binding is defined as that binding found in the presence of 10 ⁇ 4 M dopamine; without further additions, nonspecific binding is less than 20% of total binding.
• the binding characteristics of examples of tiiis patent are shown in Table 1 for rat striatal homogenates.
• Clonal cell lines expressing the human dopamine D4 receptor subtype were harvested in PBS and the cells centrifuged and d e pellets stored at -80°C until used in die binding assay. The pellets were resuspended and the cells Iysed at 4°C in 50 mM Tris pH 7.4 buffer containing 120 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA and 5 mM MgCl2. The homogenate is centrifuged at 48000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C. The resulting pellet is resuspended in fresh buffer and centrifuged again. After resuspension of die pellet in fresh buffer at 100 ml aliquot is removed for protein determination.
• the remaining homogenate is centrifuged as above, the supernatant removed and the pellet stored at 4°C until needed at which time it is resuspended to a final concentration of 625 mg ml (250 mg per sample) with 50 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.4) and 120 mM NaCl just prior to use. Incubations were carried out for 60 minutes at 25°C in the presence of 0.1 nM [ 3 H] YM-09151-2. The incubation was terminated by rapid filtration through Whatman GF/C filters and rinsed with 2x4 ml washes of chilled 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4) and 120 mM NaCl.
• Non-specific binding was determined with 1 mM spiperone and radioactivity determined by coiunting in an LKB beta counter. Binding parameters were determined by non-linear least squares regression analysis, from which the inhibition constant (Ki) could be calculated for each test compound.
• the binding characteristics of some examples of tiiis patent are shown in Table 2 for the dopamine D4 binding assay. In general, compounds of the accompanying examples were tested in the above assay, and all were found to possess a Ki value for the displacement of [ 3 H]YM-09151-2 from the human dopamine D4 receptor subtype of below 500 nM. Some specific data is indicated in Table 2.
• the compounds of general formula I may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques.
• tiiere is provided a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of general formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• One or more compounds of general formula I may be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents and or adjuvants and if desired other active ingredients.
• compositions containing compounds of general formula I may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
• Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to die art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from die group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
• excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
• the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and diereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monosterate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.
• Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed widi an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture widi excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
• excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecitiiin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of etiiylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of etiiylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphat
• the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
• preservatives for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
• coloring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
• flavoring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
• sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
• Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
• a dispersing or wetting agent e.g., glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerin, glycerin, glycerin, glycerin, glycerin, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol
• compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
• the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
• Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monoleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate.
• the emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
• Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitor or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• d e acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including syndietic mono-or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
• the compounds of general formula I may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug.
• These compositions can be prepared by mixing die drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• Compounds of general formula I may be administered parenterally in a sterile medium.
• the drug depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
• adjuvants such as local anaestiietics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
• Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above indicated conditions (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per patient per day).
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms will generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient. It will be understood, however, diat the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and die severity of die particular disease undergoing dierapy.
• S i , S2, S3, S4, and S5 are the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, trifiuoromethyl, cyano, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, hydroxy, straight or branched chain lower alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain lower alkoxy having 1-6 carbon atoms, or SO2R9 where R9 is NH2 or
• NHCH3; R5 and R6 are as defined as above for Formula I; or NR5R6 together represent cyclic groups as defined above for Fromula I.
• the aqueous layer was made basic with 50% NaOH and the product was extracted three times with 10% methanol in methylene chloride. The combined organic extracts were dried over potassium carbonate and the solvents removed in vacuo to afford 5-bromo-2-meti ⁇ oxybenzamidine as a glassy solid.
• This solid was added in one portion to a mixture of 3 mL of dimethylamine, 15 mL isopropanol and 30 mL of methylene chloride and the mixture was stirred for 20 min. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in 2N HCl and washed two times with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was made basic with 50% NaOH and the product was extracted with methylene chloride.
• Example 8 The following compounds were prepared essentially according to the procedure described in Example VII:
• reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, poured into 100 mL of ice water and extracted with 2 x 100 mL of ediyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed widi 2 xlOO mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sufate and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield 2 g of 2-hydroxymethyl-4-phenylimidazole which was used in die next step without further purification or characterization.
• a solution of 1 g of 2-hydroxymethyl-4-phenylimidazole in 10 mL of thionyl chloride was heated at 60°C for 1 hr. After removal of excess thionyl chloride by evaporation under reduced pressure, the residue was treated with a solution of 1 g 4-benzylpiperidine and 2 g N,N,- dusopropylethylamine in 50 mL of chloroform. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60°C for 1 hr, allowed to cool to room temperature and washed successively widi 50 mL of IN sodium hydroxide solution and 50 mL of water.
• Example 14A The following compounds were prepared essentially according to the procedures described in Example 14.
• a mixture of 3.6 g of the crude amidine, 2.5 g of dihydroxyacetone dimer, and 2.5 g of ammonium chloride were suspended in 35 mL cone, ammonium hydroxide in a pressure tube. The mixture was heated to 90°C for 3 hours during which time the amidine dissolved and the product precipitated out. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the product collected by filtration, washed with cold water, and dried in vacuo to give 3 g 2-(l-naphthyl)- 4(5)-(hydroxymethyl)imidazole as off-white crystals, m.p. 155-158°C.
• Example 18 The following compounds were prepared from die corresponding nitriles essentially according to the procedures described in Example XVII.
• a solution was prepared by dissolving 193 mg of 2-benzoylimidazole, 330 mg of l-(2- pyrimidyl)-piperazine and 165 mL of a 37% solution of formaldehyde in 1 mL of acetic acid and the resulting mixture was heated to 100°C for 15 hours. The mixture was then cooled to 0°C, basified wid 3 N hydrochloric acid, then extracted widi 5 X 10 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with 2 X 10 mL water, 1 X 10 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, then concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 20 The following compounds were prepared essentially according to the procedures described in Example XVII. a) 2-Benzyl-4(5)-[(4-(2-pyrirmdinyl)-piperazin-l-yl)-methyl]-imidazole (Compound 117), m.p. 160- 161 °C.
• Example 22 The following compounds were prepared according to the procedure described in
• Example 31 The following compounds were prepared according to the procedure described in
• Example 33 The following compounds were prepared according to the procedure described in Example XXXII.
• a mixture of 5.0 g l,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone and 7.5 g benzamidine dihydrochloride in 70 mL ammonium hydroxide was heated to 90°C for 5 hours in a sealed tube.
• the reaction mixture was diluted witii 100 mL water, extracted with 2x50 mL chloroform, dried over anhydrous sodium sodium sulfate and the solvent removed by evaporation under reduced pressure.
• Example 38 The following compounds were prepared according to the procedure described in Example XXXV ⁇ .
• ammonium hydroxide 90.4 g
• benzamidine hydrochloride hydrate (19.6 g, 125 mmoles)
• 1,3-dihydroxyacetone dimer (19.85 g, 110.06 mmol)
• ammounium chloride (19.98 g, 373.8 mmol).
• the mixture is heated to 55°C over a 2 hour period and 2-phenyl4(5)-(hydroxym ethyl)imidazole (50 mg) is added to die reactor to initiate crystalization.
• the mixture is heated to 55°C for an additional 1.5 hr and dien cooled to
• This material has a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum consistent with die structure.
• NMR proton nuclear magnetic resonance
• 2-Phenyl-4(5)-hydroxymethylimidazole 300 g, 0.17 mmol was dissolved in 5 mL of thionyl chloride and die mixture was briefly heated to reflux. After concentration on a rotary evaporator, chloroform was added and the resulting solution reconcentrated. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL of chloroform and 335 mg of l-(5-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine (prepared essentially according to die procedure described in J. Chem. Soc., 4590, 1960) and 2 mL of triethylamine were added. After 20 min., the reaction mixture was washed widi IN NaOH solution, dried and concentrated.
• 2-Phenyl-4(5)-hydroxymethylimidazole 200 g was dissolved in 5 mL of thionyl chloride and the mixture was briefly heated to reflux. After concentration on a rotary evaporator, chloroform was added and die resulting solution reconcentrated. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL of chloroform and 210 mg of l-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine (prepared essentially according to the procedure described in Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2£: 2298, 1991) and 1 mL of triethylamine were added. After 20 min., the reaction mixture was washed with IN NaOH solution, dried and concentrated.
• the product was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography eluting widi 10% methanol in chloroform to provide 75 mg of 2-phenyl-4(5)-[4- ((5-hydroxypyri ⁇ mdin-2-yl)piperazin-l-yl)methyl]imidazole.
• the dioxalate salt was prepared in ethyl alcohol (m.p.214-216°C).
• the dihydrochloride salt was also prepared, m.p.: 217-220°C.
• Non-naive male Sprague Dawley rats (SASCO St. Louis) weighing between 2000-300 grams, were housed in groups of three in a temperature and humidity controlled vivarium having a 12 hour light/dark cycle. Animals had ad lib access to food and water.
• Compound 23 was dissolved in 50% Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and administered in a dose range of 0.03-1.0 mg kg.
• Clozapine was dissolved in 50% PEG and administered in a dose range of from 0.25 to 2mg/kg. Both drugs were administered intravenously 5 minutes prior to training in both learning tasks.
• Step-Down Passive Avoidance A step-down passive avoidance platform 4 (cm)x7(cm) was placed in the center of an electrified gris floor, which was contained within a large (45 x 45 x 50 cm) white translucent plexiglas enclosure.having a closable lid. The bars of the grip were spaced 1.5 cm apart and were wired to a BRS-LVE shock generator/scrambler which was set to deliver a 2mA 6 second shock.
• Four passive avoidance boxes were automated by customer software (Labview) and commercial interface modules (National Instruments) connected to a computer The timing and delivery of the shock as well as the latency to steo down and the number of trials taken to reach criterion during training was under die control of the computer. All testing was done in die presence of 62db white noise.
• a water maze apparatus consisted of a circular tank (120 cm in diameter and 56 cm in height) having a black interior.
• the tank was sunounded by external visual cues which consisted of a black and white checkered wall, a black and white striped wall, a while wall and a blue panel.
• the tank was filled with water (18-20°C) to a height of 52 cm and was divided into four quadrants (North, South, East and West).
• a black circular plexiglas platform (with black rubber top) was placed in the northeast quadrant approximately 1 cm below the surface of the water.
• the submerged platform was 51 cm in height and had a diameter of 9 cm. Training and testing was conducted in the presence of a 62db white noise source and under dim light conditions.
• Retention Testing was conducted approximately 24 hours after training, Drug- free animals were placed on die platform in die box in which they were trained and die latency to step down onto the unshocked floor was recorded for one trial. The animal was allowed to a maximum of 120 seconds to step down.
• Modified Morris Water Maze Acquisition Training in this task assay consisted of eidier four or six training trials. The four trial procedure detects cognitive enhancing effects of drugs while the six trial procedure detects drugs that produce learning deficits in this task.assay Compound 23 was tested in the water maze using a four trial procedure and clozapine using a six trial training procedure. Each animal was placed on the platform in the tank for 20 trials separated by an intertrial interval of 2 minutes. The starting position was pseudo-randomly varied but was the same order for each animal. During the ITI (intertrial interval) the animal was dried off and placed near a heat source (heat lamp).

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• 1995
  • 1995-11-22 AU AU43689/96A patent/AU4368996A/en not_active Abandoned
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