EP0780324B1 - Ausgabekop für ein plässiges oder viskoses produkt, sowie mit diesem versehener spender - Google Patents

Ausgabekop für ein plässiges oder viskoses produkt, sowie mit diesem versehener spender Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0780324B1
EP0780324B1 EP96402834A EP96402834A EP0780324B1 EP 0780324 B1 EP0780324 B1 EP 0780324B1 EP 96402834 A EP96402834 A EP 96402834A EP 96402834 A EP96402834 A EP 96402834A EP 0780324 B1 EP0780324 B1 EP 0780324B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dispensing head
dispensing
axis
head according
cutout
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96402834A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0780324A1 (de
Inventor
Vincent De Laforcade
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
LOreal SA
Original Assignee
LOreal SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by LOreal SA filed Critical LOreal SA
Publication of EP0780324A1 publication Critical patent/EP0780324A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0780324B1 publication Critical patent/EP0780324B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
    • B65D83/14—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant
    • B65D83/16—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant characterised by the actuating means
    • B65D83/20—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant characterised by the actuating means operated by manual action, e.g. button-type actuator or actuator caps
    • B65D83/205—Actuator caps, or peripheral actuator skirts, attachable to the aerosol container
    • B65D83/206—Actuator caps, or peripheral actuator skirts, attachable to the aerosol container comprising a cantilevered actuator element, e.g. a lever pivoting about a living hinge

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a head for dispensing a product in liquid form of more or less viscous consistency having a particularly shape compact, and a dispenser comprising this head.
  • This distributor can be used in different fields of application and serve for the distribution of cosmetic products (hairspray, deodorant, hair foam, body milk, foam depilatory, liquid foundation, sunscreen milk) or dermopharmaceuticals (insect repellent, analgesic or anti-inflammatory), household products, paint, etc., in the form of a liquid, gel, spray or foam.
  • the dispenser of the invention comprises, in known manner, a reservoir containing the product, provided with a dispensing valve equipped with a means of actuation as a control rod and having a longitudinal axis of symmetry; a dispensing head comprising a movable part such that a push button, provided with a connection means for communicating the mobile part with the valve and controlling the opening of it.
  • This connection means is capable of acting on the means of actuation of the valve.
  • the movable part further comprises a conduit passing through the connection means and connecting one end of the connection means. actuation at a dispensing orifice provided in the movable part.
  • the head further comprises a fixed part such that a retaining hoop, capable of being fixed on the tank and provided for the maintenance of the mobile part.
  • the mobile and fixed parts are separated by a peripheral cutout and pivotally linked by a hinge area.
  • connection means consists of a pin integral with the movable part capable of cooperating with the valve stem, when an emerging stem valve is used.
  • a dispenser of this kind has been described by the applicant in document FR-A-2 592 004.
  • the dispensing head of this dispenser is made in one piece and comprises a push button provided with the dispensing orifice connected to a fixing band, pivotally, by a film hinge.
  • the Applicant has found that the dispensing head, and consequently the dispenser according to FR-A-2 592 004, has a relatively large height. As a result, storage and l packaging of this type of dispenser require a lot of space.
  • a head of distribution according to the preamble of claim 1, generally cylindrical in shape, the top of which is provided with a depressed area.
  • This area in depression includes a cut area in "U", the free branches of the "U” being oriented towards the periphery of the Mountain peak.
  • the "U” area constitutes a mobile, pivoting, articulated part with the periphery of the head and on which the user presses to operate the valve. Due to the depressed area, this distribution head has a relatively large height. .
  • the present invention aims, above all, to improve distributors of the kind defined above by reducing their total volume.
  • the The invention aims to reduce the quantity of raw material necessary for the manufacture of the head.
  • thanks to the invention it is possible to obtain particularly aesthetic dispensing heads.
  • the object of the invention is to achieve as low an implantation as possible of the fixed part of the dispensing head on the reservoir.
  • the present invention first relates to a dispensing head d a product of viscous liquid consistency intended to be mounted on a reservoir containing the product comprising a dispensing valve with an emerging stem having a free end, and comprising a longitudinal axis, this head comprising a fixed part capable of being fixed on the reservoir and a mobile part separated by a peripheral cutout and pivotally linked around a hinge zone, connection means for placing the mobile part in communication with the valve stem and controlling the opening thereof, this head further comprising a dispensing orifice, the hinge zone being located in a position, according to the longitudinal axis, substantially corresponding to the position, along l longitudinal axis, of said free end when the dispensing head is mounted on the reservoir, the cutout having at least one portion not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
  • This dispensing head is characterized in that said cutout does not have substantially no portion extending above said free end.
  • the present invention also relates to an improved dispenser, d longitudinal axis, for dispensing a product of liquid or viscous consistency, comprising the dispensing head defined above mounted on a product tank equipped with a distribution valve.
  • the hinge zone is located between the orifice and the fixed part.
  • the cutout has a middle portion substantially perpendicular to the axis and two terminal branches ending on both sides other of the hinge area, inclined with respect to the middle part, ending on both sides other from the hinge area.
  • an angle ⁇ is formed between each branch and the middle part of the cut.
  • l angle ⁇ is between 70 ° and 160 °.
  • the cutout has, along the longitudinal and central axes, a profile comprising a curved portion, said profile being such that its level along the longitudinal axis decreases progressively from the hinge zone up to at its end at the opposite of the hinge area.
  • the cut has a more or less inclined section, so that the point closest to the tank of this cut is on the side diametrically opposite to the orifice, c that is to say place where user presses to actuate the valve.
  • the cutout has, along the longitudinal and central axes, an inclined linear profile, said profile being such that its level along the longitudinal axis gradually decreases from the hinge zone to at its end at the opposite of the hinge area.
  • the valve which can be used to equip the dispenser according to the invention is advantageously a conventional recess valve.
  • This valve can be a male valve comprising an emerging control rod communicating via a connection pin of the mobile part with the dispensing orifice. It is also possible to use a stemless female valve; in this case, the rod is secured to the movable part, in communication with this valve.
  • the movable part is advantageously in the form of a domed, flattened cap which acts as a a clean push button to control, via the rod, the valve opening.
  • the top of the cap is formed, for example, by an inclined plane, constituting a surface d support on which l user places his index, in view of distribute a dose of product.
  • this push button comprises a conduit d product routing to dispensing orifice.
  • This conduit has two segments in the extension l one of l other defining respectively an axial channel and a radial channel, bent l one compared to l other and forming between them an obtuse angle ⁇ .
  • the axial channel of this conduit is formed by a hollow central pin carried by the internal face of the push-button adapted to be connected to the valve stem.
  • the central pin has a height according to l longitudinal axis, such that its free end is substantially at the same level as the hinge zone. L dispensing orifice can be fitted, if necessary, with a spray nozzle, when the product to be dispensed is a liquid.
  • the fixed part is preferably constituted by a cylindrical hoop of small height, advantageously less than 1.5 mm, mounted, for example, by snap-fastening on the tank.
  • This snap-fastening is carried out, for example on a crimping bead of a valve holder cap covering the reservoir.
  • in the valve holder cup is fixed, for example also by crimping, said dispensing valve.
  • the fixed part carries an extension, for example of trapezoidal shape whose large base of the trapezoid is integral with the fixed part, this extension being turned on the side opposite to the reservoir.
  • the small base of the trapezoid forms, in particular, the pivot axis of the hinge zone and is oriented, advantageously, perpendicular to the tank axis.
  • the two lateral sides of the trapezium, thus converging towards the hinge area, are delimited by two inclined branches d a cut-out separating the mobile part from the fixed part.
  • the ends opposite to the hinge zone of said branches open into a middle part of the cutout.
  • This middle part is oriented substantially perpendicular to the tank axis, and is located on the periphery of the movable part.
  • This middle part of the cutout has, in particular, an arcuate shape. This cut allows the movable part to pivot relative to the fixed part around the axis of the hinge zone.
  • an angle ⁇ is formed between each branch and the middle part.
  • this angle ⁇ is an angle between 70 ° and 160 °.
  • the angle ⁇ is an obtuse angle.
  • This hinge zone by which the movable part is connected to the fixed part, is preferably situated in a plane passing through the tank axis and l central axis of the dispensing orifice.
  • this hinge area is on one level, according to the tank axis, corresponding substantially to the level of the connection means.
  • the connection means consists of the valve stem and the pin of the mobile part.
  • the level of the hinge zone is just at the height of the emerging end of the valve stem.
  • the hinge area can consist of two struts oriented perpendicular to the tank axis and carried by the movable part, these pins cooperating with two complementary cylindrical bores carried by the fixed part of the dispensing head.
  • the hinge zone is a film hinge formed by a part of flexible material of less thickness than the rest of the material forming the movable part.
  • the dispensing head thus formed then forms a monobloc assembly (fixed part - movable part and film hinge). From the industrial point of view, this monobloc realization allows an easy molding requiring only low costs of assembly of the head on the tank.
  • Figure 1 is a partial axial section of a dispenser according to the invention in the rest position.
  • Figure 2 is a partial axial section of the dispenser of Figure 1 during distribution.
  • Figure 3 is a partial side view of the dispenser of Figure 1 shown in perspective.
  • Figure 4 shows a perspective view from above, along line IV-IV of Figure 3.
  • FIG. 5 represents a front perspective view of the dispensing head of the invention according to line VV of FIG. 3.
  • the dispenser 1 has a valve holder cup 12, in which is crimped a dispensing valve 2 fitted to a reservoir 3, generally cylindrical, pressurized using a propellant, and having a longitudinal axis X of symmetry.
  • the reservoir 3 contains, for example, a cosmetic or dermo-pharmaceutical liquid product, to be distributed in the form of a thread jet, spray or foam. If necessary, it is possible to use a reservoir equipped with a product pocket connected to the valve or equipped with a piston, activated by a propulsion means such as a propellant or a spring.
  • the dispenser 1 comprises a dispensing head 1a formed by a push button 4 and by a cylindrical retaining hoop 10.
  • the push button has the form of a circular cap or dome, the top of which forms an inclined plate 41.
  • the push-button and the hoop 10 are made in one and the same piece, a flexible film-hinge area 7 being provided to connect the latter.
  • the hoop 10 comprises a cylindrical skirt 10a provided internally with a bead of snap 10b, intended to be fixed to a peripheral rim 3a carried by the container 3.
  • the skirt 10 comprises an annular plate 10c situated above the bead 10b and connected to the push button 4.
  • a l inside the push button is formed a cylindrical and hollow axial pin 5 integral with the plate 41 of the push button 4.
  • the plate 41 of the push button constitutes a surface d support, on which the user exerts pressure to trigger dispensing of the product.
  • a peripheral cutout 9 in the form of a arc of a circle separates the push button 4 from the hoop 10.
  • This cut according to the invention is carried out in the side wall 43 of the dome 4, in the vicinity of the plate 10c.
  • This cutout has a part 9a in an arc of a circle, perpendicular to the X axis which s extends over a peripheral extent d approximately 240 ° and whose ends bear the references 9d and 9e.
  • These ends 9d, 9e are respectively connected to a cutting branch 9b and 9c, so that an angle ⁇ is formed between each branch 9b and 9c respectively and the part 9a.
  • This angle ⁇ is d about 120 °.
  • the branches 9b, 9c define the lateral flanks d a trapezoidal zone 14 having a large base 14a on the side of the reservoir and a small base 7 on the opposite side (see FIG. 5).
  • the small base 7 is a flexible zone d reduced thickness compared to the rest of the dome wall, and forms the film hinge ( Figure 1).
  • the push button is pivotally mounted relative to the hoop 10 around the axis of the hinge zone 7.
  • the base 14a is located in the continuity of the central middle part 9a and in the same plane.
  • the film hinge is located in a plane perpendicular to the axis X and formed approximately halfway between l dispensing orifice 8 and part 9a of the cutout.
  • L orifice 8 is provided in an extension 42 of the push button d central axis Y.
  • the plane of the film hinge also passes through the free end 11a of the valve stem.
  • the pin 5 is crossed by an axial channel 6a d a conduit routing which connects to a transverse or radial channel 6b leading to the distribution orifice 8.
  • the transverse channel 6b and l port 8 d central axis Y forms an obtuse angle ⁇ with l axis X of the reservoir 3.
  • the free end of the pin 5 has a larger diameter bore than the conduit 6a, so as to form a housing 5a, capable of receiving, with a slight tightening, the free end of a rod 11 of valve 2.
  • the film hinge 7 is located substantially at the same height, according to the X axis, that l free end 11a of the valve stem.
  • the cutout 9 is entirely at a lower height, according to the X axis, to that of the film hinge 7.
  • the container 3 is further capped by a valve-holder cup 12 fixed on this last by the rim 3a.
  • the dispensing valve 2 comprising said operating rod 11 emerging from the cup.
  • the valve is connected to a dip tube 13 plunging permanently into the product to be dispensed.
  • the valve 2 is of the conventional "push-in" type, the opening of which is controlled by pushing in the rod 11 in the direction of the axis X towards the bottom of the tank. More specifically, the pushing in of rod 11 is controlled by l user who initiates the distribution of the product by pressing the plate 41 of the push button in the direction of the arrow F (FIG. 2).
  • the branches 9b, 9c connected to the part 9a of the cutout 9 can be in the form of a curvature, an arc of a circle, or have another non-rectilinear shape.
  • the profile of the cut, according to a plane defined by the axes X and Y, can be decreasing from one end located in the vicinity of the hinge zone up to at l opposite end of the hinge area. In this case, the profile can be straight.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Formation And Processing Of Food Products (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Spenderkopf für ein Produkt mit flüssiger bis viskoser Konsistenz, der dazu bestimmt ist, auf einem Vorratsbehälter angebracht zu werden, der das Produkt enthält, und ein Spenderventil (2) mit einem abstehenden Ventilröhrchen (11), das ein freies Ende (11a) aufweist, und eine Längsachse (X) aufweist, wobei dieser Kopf einen festen Abschnitt (10) aufweist, der zur Befestigung auf dem Vorratsbehälter (3) eingerichtet ist, einen beweglichen Abschnitt (4), die voneinander durch einen Umfangseinschnitt (9) getrennt sind und um eine Scharnierzone (7) schwenkbar verbunden sind, sowie Verbindungsmittel (5), um den beweglichen Abschnitt (4) mit dem Ventilröhrchen (2) in Verbindung zu setzen und dessen Öffnung anzusteuern, wobei dieser Kopf außerdem eine Spenderöffnung (8) aufweist, die mit einer Achse (Y) versehen ist, die Scharnierzone in einer entsprechend der Achse (X) angeordneten Lage gelegen ist, die im wesentlichen der entsprechend der Achse (X) angeordneten Lage des genannten freien Endes (11a) entspricht, wenn der Spenderkopf auf dem Vorratsbehälter angebracht ist, und wobei der Einschnitt (9) mindestens einen Abschnitt darbietet, der nicht zur Achse (X) senkrecht steht,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    der genannte Einschnitt (9) im wesentlichen keinen Abschnitt darbietet, der sich über das genannte freie Ende hinaus nach oben erstreckt.
  2. Spenderkopf nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Einschnitt (9) einen mittleren Abschnitt (9a) darbietet, der im wesentlichen senkrecht zur Achse (X) verläuft, und zwei Endzweige (9b, 9c), die in Bezug auf den mittleren Abschnitt (9a) geneigt sind und beiderseits der Scharnierzone (7) enden, wobei die Zweige (9a, 9b) derart ausgebildet sind, daß ein Winkel α zwischen jedem Zweig (9b, 9c) und dem mittleren Abschnitt (9a) des Einschnitts gebildet ist.
  3. Spenderkopf nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der feste Abschnitt und der bewegliche Abschnitt (4) einstückig ausgebildet sind.
  4. Spenderkopf nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Scharnierzone ein Filmscharnier (7) ist.
  5. Spenderkopf nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Scharnierzone (7) beiderseits einer Ebene gelegen ist, die durch die Achse (X) und die Achse (Y) definiert ist, die durch die Öffnung (8) hindurchtritt.
  6. Spenderkopf nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Winkel β, der zwischen den Achsen (X) und (Y) gebildet ist, ein stumpfer Winkel ist.
  7. Spenderkopf nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 2 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Winkel α ein Winkel ist, der zwischen 70° und 160° liegt.
  8. Spenderkopf nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 2 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Winkel α ein stumpfer Winkel ist.
  9. Spenderkopf nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Profil des Einschnitts (9) in einer Ebene, die durch die Achsen (X) und (Y) definiert ist, einen gekrümmten Abschnitt bildet, und daß das genannte Profil derart ausgebildet ist, daß sich seine Höhe entsprechend der Achse (X) fortlaufend von der Scharnierzone aus bis zu seinem Ende, das der Scharnierzone entgegengesetzt ist, verringert.
  10. Spenderkopf nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Profil des Einschnitts (9) in einer Ebene, die durch die Achse (X) und (Y) definiert ist, einen linearen, geradlinigen Abschnitt darbietet, und daß das genannte Profil derart ausgebildet ist, daß seine Höhe entsprechend der Achse (X) fortlaufend von der Scharnierzone bis zu seinem der Scharnierzone entgegengesetzten Ende abnimmt.
  11. Spenderkopf nach irgendeinem der vorausgehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der bewegliche Abschnitt (4) die Form einer Haube bzw. Kalotte aufweist.
  12. Spenderkopf nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 2 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der mittlere Abschnitt (9a) des Einschnitts (9) Kreisbogenform hat.
  13. Spenderkopf nach irgendeinem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der feste Abschnitt von einem Zylinderring (10) gebildet ist.
  14. Spender (1) zum Spenden eines Produkts mit flüssiger bis viskoser Konsistenz, mit einem Vorratsbehälter (3), der das Produkt enthält und mit einem Spenderventil (2) versehen ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er mit einem Spenderkopf nach irgendeinem der vorangehenden Ansprüche versehen ist.
  15. Spender nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Ventil 2 ein Eindrückventil ist.
EP96402834A 1995-12-22 1996-12-19 Ausgabekop für ein plässiges oder viskoses produkt, sowie mit diesem versehener spender Expired - Lifetime EP0780324B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9515333 1995-12-22
FR9515333A FR2742736B1 (fr) 1995-12-22 1995-12-22 Distributeur de liquide comprenant un bouton-poussoir

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0780324A1 EP0780324A1 (de) 1997-06-25
EP0780324B1 true EP0780324B1 (de) 1998-12-02

Family

ID=9485841

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96402834A Expired - Lifetime EP0780324B1 (de) 1995-12-22 1996-12-19 Ausgabekop für ein plässiges oder viskoses produkt, sowie mit diesem versehener spender

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (2) US5915597A (de)
EP (1) EP0780324B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69601066T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2125704T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2742736B1 (de)

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US6848597B2 (en) * 2001-04-18 2005-02-01 James A. Vlodek Methods and apparatus for extruding foam through orifices
US7017785B2 (en) * 2002-07-25 2006-03-28 L'oreal Product dispensing head and packaging with variable flow
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US7934667B2 (en) * 2005-12-08 2011-05-03 L'oreal Diffuser and device for packaging and dispensing a foaming product
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US8100300B2 (en) * 2008-04-10 2012-01-24 Dejonge Associates, Inc. Rotate, squeeze and lift child resistant safety cap with dispensing actuator
US8881944B2 (en) * 2008-06-30 2014-11-11 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Overcap for and a method of actuating a volatile material dispenser
USD623071S1 (en) 2009-07-16 2010-09-07 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Container with overcap
USD627224S1 (en) 2009-10-08 2010-11-16 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Overcap
TWM390180U (en) * 2009-12-04 2010-10-11 Taiwan Bor Ying Corp Cover nozzle for a high pressure gas tank
USD647805S1 (en) 2010-04-19 2011-11-01 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Dispensing system
USD713251S1 (en) 2010-04-19 2014-09-16 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Dispensing system
WO2012006532A1 (en) * 2010-07-08 2012-01-12 The Procter & Gamble Company Device for dispensing material
US8936180B2 (en) * 2010-08-23 2015-01-20 Meadwestvaco Calmar, Inc. Aerosol trigger sprayer and methods for making the same
US9981799B2 (en) 2011-08-09 2018-05-29 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Dispensing system
US8967436B2 (en) 2011-08-09 2015-03-03 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Dispensing system
EP2771051B1 (de) * 2011-10-27 2018-07-04 Victor Esteve Arzneimittelabgabevorrichtung
CN107690412B (zh) 2015-04-06 2020-05-05 约翰逊父子公司 分配系统
USD880298S1 (en) 2018-08-27 2020-04-07 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Actuator
AU2019327412B2 (en) 2018-08-27 2021-08-05 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Trigger overcap assembly

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FR2710558B1 (fr) * 1993-09-30 1995-11-24 Oreal Dispositif de distribution d'un produit fluide à au moins deux orifices de distribution.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69601066D1 (de) 1999-01-14
DE69601066T2 (de) 1999-04-29
FR2742736B1 (fr) 1998-01-16
USRE38022E1 (en) 2003-03-11
EP0780324A1 (de) 1997-06-25
ES2125704T3 (es) 1999-03-01
US5915597A (en) 1999-06-29
FR2742736A1 (fr) 1997-06-27

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