EP0742038B1 - Filtre pour installation de chauffage - Google Patents

Filtre pour installation de chauffage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0742038B1
EP0742038B1 EP96106243A EP96106243A EP0742038B1 EP 0742038 B1 EP0742038 B1 EP 0742038B1 EP 96106243 A EP96106243 A EP 96106243A EP 96106243 A EP96106243 A EP 96106243A EP 0742038 B1 EP0742038 B1 EP 0742038B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
brush
fibers
housing
shaft
particles
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96106243A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0742038A2 (fr
EP0742038A3 (fr
Inventor
Hansjörg Schuler
Ralf Dr. Söcknick
Torsten Schuler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Judo Wasseraufbereitung GmbH
Original Assignee
Judo Wasseraufbereitung GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Judo Wasseraufbereitung GmbH filed Critical Judo Wasseraufbereitung GmbH
Publication of EP0742038A2 publication Critical patent/EP0742038A2/fr
Publication of EP0742038A3 publication Critical patent/EP0742038A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0742038B1 publication Critical patent/EP0742038B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D19/00—Details
    • F24D19/0092—Devices for preventing or removing corrosion, slime or scale

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for removing suspended corrosion products and other particulate Impurities down to the order of magnitude Particles with a diameter of less than 10 microns Heating water circuits with a housing and a filter insert.
  • Such a device is known for example from DE-U-93 06 206.
  • Filters for the heating water circuit have been known for a long time, however, the devices on the market make it possible only a coarse filtration using screen fabrics approx. 500 ⁇ m mesh size (see e.g. company brochure "Köpp filter technology: Heating water protection filter ”) or the distance of magnetizable particles e.g. B. magnetite (see Company brochure "Köpp filter technology: ZV magnetic filter”).
  • the most of it in a heating water circuit or similar Particles created in the system cannot be magnetized and is about 2 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the above-mentioned mesh size of 500 ⁇ m.
  • the currently known filters are therefore only used to separate large ones or magnetizable particles.
  • the object of the present invention is a Introduce device of the type mentioned, with the also fine and very fine particles from a heating water circuit can be removed without the circulation pump is overburdened.
  • a brush which has a shaft from the fibers or fiber bundle i.w. protrude in the radial direction, Particles to be deposited adhere to their surfaces, the distance between the individual fibers or fiber bundles in the circumferential direction around the shaft and / or in the axial Direction along the shaft is at least so large that even with completely occupied fiber surface or after the unwanted Forming a filter cake a sufficiently large free one Cross section in the housing for the water flowing through remains to the occurrence of a significant pressure loss in prevent the device, and / or wherein the outer diameter the brush is smaller than the corresponding inner diameter of the housing at this point so that a not with Filled space between the inner wall of the housing and the brush arises, and wherein stripping elements are provided within the housing are and for the purpose of cleaning the Brush a relative movement between the fibers or fiber bundles and the stripping elements can be effected.
  • the device in which the particles to be removed from the water through adhesion processes to the individual brush fibers one as Apply filter insert trained brush, the device is designed so that even when fully occupied Fiber surface or after the undesirable formation of a Filter cake has a sufficiently large free cross section remains to the emergence of a significant pressure loss to prevent in the device.
  • the flow rate in the area of the brush should be about the factor 3 to 30, preferably by a factor of 5 to 15 smaller than in the other circulatory system.
  • DE 42 36 688 A1 describes a device for cleaning a liquid with an axially flowing round brush known as a filter element.
  • the round brush used in the known device can be cleaned by moving around its longitudinal axis is made to rotate. It is about however, this is a device for separating a viscous one Liquid, especially an abrasive oil or Cooling emulsion of solid particles, such as abrasion or metal particles, the machining of metal elements arose - that is, quite large particles.
  • the filter insert designed as a brush must be re-positioned the separation process from the liquid path, i.e.
  • the Cleaning should mainly be done by centrifugal forces and the cleaning room itself - in contrast to the flow housing - a larger diameter than the filter insert Has.
  • the diameter of the brush itself will be larger than the inside diameter of the flow housing.
  • the device for cleaning known from DE 42 36 688 A1 an absolute filter in the form of a liquid Depth filter, while it is in the invention Device is an adhesive filter.
  • the device according to the invention in contrast to the device according to DE 42 36 688 A1 in largely closed Heating water circuits are used, it is also not required that all particles in a single Pass through the device to be completely removed.
  • the circulating heating water flows through the invention Device yes again and again.
  • a part of the particles on the surface of the Brush fibers separated by adhesive When occupying the Brush fibers with particles form an equilibrium between separated and due to increasing flow velocities in the slowly increasing free cross-sectional areas detaching particles.
  • With increasing Occupancy of the fibers goes against the retention rate zero, but the pressure drop does not increase significantly.
  • the latter is particularly important in heating systems because an increasing pressure loss in the heating water circuit the throttling of the circulation volume flow to a failure of the Heating system would lead.
  • a fuel filter is described in US Pat. No. 1,640,198, this also in contrast to the adhesive filter according to the invention clearly an absolute filter with depth filtration effect represents.
  • the unwanted particles from the fuel must namely with the known device in any case removed as completely as possible during the first filter pass are, as already discussed above, in the inventive Device as many passes of the heating water can be done in a circuit so that it is in the invention Filter is sufficient if the liquid to be treated just flows past the fibers of the brush and the Contaminants gradually in sufficient quantities through the Adhesion effect of the brush filter are filtered out. in the In contrast to the well-known fuel filter, this is created Practically no significant loss of pressure due to switching on of the filter in the flow path.
  • the filtration effect of the The filter according to the invention is essentially load-independent. This is particularly important for heating water circuits important advantage because there are usually no noteworthy ones Pump power is available to accommodate larger pressure differences to overcome due to flow obstacles.
  • a filter element that can be used is known as a protective filter should be used before liquid pumps.
  • the known Filter element has one of the pumps to be protected fluidically upstream perforated plate, which the actual Filter function.
  • the perforated plate is upstream in terms of flow in the known device a brush filter, which is like a sieve to catch coarse parts (floating body) is used.
  • the known Filter element is therefore not finer for filtering out Particles from a liquid stream are suitable.
  • the known filter element without using the mentioned Perforated plate technically unusable, so that the brush insert seen in itself in the known device no actual Represents filter element, but only a prefilter.
  • Device is a device for introducing rinsing liquid in the housing during or after cleaning the Brush provided, the cleaned dirt with a a valve provided sewage connection from the device can be washed out.
  • the device uses a round brush as a filter insert.
  • the round brush is preferably flowed axially, in certain embodiments, however, it can also crossways flowed to the axis of their shaft.
  • the round brush a uniform fiber or fiber bundle population density exhibit.
  • the fibers or Fiber bundles spirally arranged around the shaft of the brush, so that in the also spiral spaces enough free flow space for the liquid to be cleaned remains so that there is no significant drop in pressure the flowing liquid is created by using the brush.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention Device is characterized in that the used Fibers of the brush have such a low bending stiffness that due to increasing particle occupancy the increasing flow resistance at least partially avoid the flow, i.e. bent in the direction of flow are, and thus always get a free flow cross-section remains.
  • the device should backwashed regularly, d. H. the brush of the adhering particles are freed and thus cleaned.
  • this can be achieved particularly simply by that the fibers of the brush against engaging in the brush Scraper elements are moved, causing the individual Fibers against each other and against the device filling fluid moves and shakes (accelerates) and so the adhesive forces between particles and fibers To get picked up.
  • the resulting concentrated suspension can then be rinsed out of the device.
  • the device according to the invention is then ready for use again.
  • the brush can be rotated around the longitudinal axis of its shaft stored and the scraper elements are on the inner wall of the housing firmly arranged and protrude into the interior of the Housing.
  • the brush can be stored in such a way that they have an actuator in the direction of Longitudinal axis of their shaft can be moved. Also through moving the brush in the direction of its longitudinal axis and Stripping the brush fibers on the stripping elements can then the particles adhered to the brush fibers be replaced again.
  • valves are provided for backwashing the device, being with the actuator for the axial displacement the backwash valve can be operated, so that the device particularly can be made compact.
  • the brush is rigidly mounted in the housing while the device the stripping elements in the circumferential direction around the brush can be moved around. This can also be used for cleaning required relative movement between the brush and the stripping elements be effected.
  • shut-off valve provided with during the cleaning process the device is separated from the heating water circuit in this way can be that no rinsing liquid in the Heating water circuit penetrates.
  • vent valve provided to the smaller gas bubbles that attach themselves to the fibers of the brush and become larger there Agglomerate bubbles, can rise.
  • a method also falls within the scope of the present invention for the removal of corrosion products and other particulate Contamination from heating water circuits by means of a device of the type described above, characterized by is distinguished by the fact that particles to be separated adhere to the brush fiber surfaces adhere without affecting the free flow cross-section to reduce significantly within the brush space, and that for cleaning the particle-laden brush the fiber ends i.w.
  • a method variant is also advantageous in which during or after cleaning the brush, the invention Device with water from the heating water circuit backwashed by operating a valve in the waste water connection becomes.
  • FIG. 1 A preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention to remove particulate contamination from heating water circuits is shown in Fig. 1.
  • the too cleaning, circulating liquid, in particular Heating water the device 1 via a line 2nd and a valve 3 is supplied.
  • the liquid flows in parallel to a shaft 4, on which the fibers or fiber bundles 6 one Brush 5 are attached and at least predominantly by the brush 5 through, with the fibers or fiber bundles 6 of the brush 5 is at least part of the particulate Adhesions contaminate the liquid.
  • At least liquid partially freed from particles leaves the Device 1 via a channel 7 and flows through a valve 8 back into the circuit line 2.
  • the brush 5 a diameter of approx. 100 mm.
  • the inside diameter the device 1 is slight in the area of the brush 5 greater.
  • the circuit line however, has only one diameter in the range of 3/4 "to 2".
  • the fibers 6 are against the direction of rotation the brush 5 is bent backwards until it touches the "obstacle", that represent the stripping elements 15, slip past can, whereupon the fibers 6 due to their inherent elasticity flick forward, rub against each other, shaken and against the liquid in the device 1 can be moved. This will cause the adhesive forces between the fibers and the particles and the Particles suspended in the liquid.
  • a valve 16 is opened and placed over a line 17 a connection z. B. to a drinking or process water pipe forth. If you now open another valve 18, see above the device 1 and the brush 5 of rinsing water flows through and the cleaned particles reach with the Rinse water into a sewer 19. It may be expedient to turn the brush 5 further to a to achieve even better cleaning of the brush fibers 6.
  • Valve 3 replaced or omitted with a check valve completely, as well as the connection 17, 16 to an external water network.
  • the device 1 or the brush 5 from Circulation water flows through and flushed when the valve 8 closed and the valve 18 was opened.
  • an appropriate memory for. B. a larger expansion tank or a pressure wind boiler in the heating water circuit be integrated.
  • the brush 5 rigidly mounted and the stripping elements 15 can in Circumferential direction can be moved over the brush surface.
  • the used brush fibers 6 such a low bending stiffness, that due to increasing particle occupancy the increasing flow resistance at least partially are bent in the direction of flow and thus a get free flow cross section.
  • FIG. 2 A very particularly advantageous embodiment is shown in Fig. 2 shown.
  • the liquid flows parallel to the shaft 4 'on which a plurality of brushes 5' are attached and at least predominantly by the brushes 5 'through, with the fibers or fiber bundles 6' Brush at least 5 'part of the particulate contaminants attach the liquid adhesively.
  • the ends of the brush fibers brush or fiber bundle 6 'over the stripping elements 15'.
  • the adhesive forces between the Fibers and the particles are lifted and the particles in the Liquid suspended.
  • Example 1 Another particularly advantageous embodiment the combination of Example 1 with Example 5 and to the extent that the cleaning of the brushes 5 and 5 ' by rotating the respective brush around its longitudinal axis (see example 1) and valve actuation by moving the shaft 4 in its longitudinal direction (see example 5).
  • the shaft 4 is moved down until the Valve plate 21 closes the valve 8 or 8 '. Then the Brush turned around the shaft with a handwheel. Are the Brush fibers cleaned, so the shaft against the Force of the spring 22 pressed down further until that Valve 18 or 18 'opens and circulation water through the Cleaning suspended particles rinsed out of the device.
  • a Round brush with even fiber or fiber bundle density used.
  • a Brush trim advantageous, in which the fibers or fiber bundles spiral around the brush shaft or alternating brush areas along the brush shaft provided with and without fiber or fiber bundle trim are.
  • a very particularly advantageous embodiment is used several short round brushes on a common axis or wave lined up and z. B. by spacers from each other are separated.
  • FIGS. 3a to 3c A very particularly preferred embodiment of the invention
  • the device is shown in FIGS. 3a to 3c.
  • the device 1 is integrated in the heating water circuit in such a way that the inlet 102a is too filtering water flows into the device and over the Channel 131 and the valve 103 reaches the brush chamber 132 (Fig. 3a).
  • the superimposed on the central shaft 104 disc-shaped brushes 105a, 105b, 105c are each flows from bottom to top.
  • the filtered water collects in the collecting space 133 and flows over the drain 102b back into the heating water circuit.
  • the filter is insulated 130 provided. He also has a connection option 110a for a ventilation device (not shown).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Filtration Of Liquid (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
  • Brushes (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Dispositif pour éliminer des produits de corrosion en suspension et d'autres impuretés sous forme de particules dans une gamme de tailles s'étendant jusqu'à des particules ayant un diamètre inférieur à 10 µm, à partir de circuits d'eau chaude, comportant un boítier et un insert filtrant, et dans lequel il est prévu comme insert filtrant une brosse (5,5'), qui comporte une tige (4,4') à partir de laquelle font saillie, essentiellement dans une direction radiale, des fibres ou des faisceaux de fibres (6,6'), sur les surfaces desquelles lesdites particules peuvent s'accumuler par adhérence, et dans lequel la distance entre les différentes fibres ou les différents faisceaux de fibres (6,6') a une valeur telle au moins dans la direction circonférentielle autour de la tige (4,4') et/ou dans la direction axiale le long de la tige (4,4'), que même dans le cas où la surface des fibres est totalement occupée ou bien après la formation indésirable d'un gâteau de filtre, il subsiste une section transversale libre suffisamment étendue dans le boítier (12,12') pour l'eau qui le traverse, pour empêcher l'apparition d'une perte de pression notable dans le dispositif (1,1'), et/ou dans lequel le diamètre extérieur de la brosse (5,5') est respectivement inférieur au diamètre intérieur correspondant du boítier (12,12') en cet emplacement, de sorte qu'il apparaít un espace (11,11'), non rempli de fibres (6,6'), entre la paroi intérieure du boítier et la brosse (5,5'), et dans lequel des éléments racleurs (15,15') sont prévus à l'intérieur du boítier (12,12') et un déplacement relatif entre les fibres ou les faisceaux de fibres (6,6') et les éléments racleurs (15,15') peut être exécuté pour le nettoyage des brosses (5,5').
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il est prévu un dispositif pour introduire un liquide de lavage dans le boítier (12;12') pendant ou après le nettoyage des brosses (5;5'), et que la saleté éliminée par nettoyage peut être évacuée par lavage hors du dispositif (1;1') par un raccord d'évacuation d'eaux usées pourvu d'une vanne (18;18').
  3. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que plusieurs courtes brosses cylindriques sont montées en série sur un axe ou un arbre commun et sont séparées les unes des autres par exemple par des entretoises.
  4. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les fibres utilisées (6,6') de la brosse (5,5') possèdent une résistance à la flexion suffisamment faible pour que, dans le cas où le garnissage par les particules augmente, elles soient déviées au moins partiellement par l'écoulement, c'est-à-dire qu'elles soient coudées dans la direction de l'écoulement, et qu'il subsiste par conséquent toujours une section transversale d'écoulement libre.
  5. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la brosse (5) est montée de manière à pouvoir tourner autour de l'axe longitudinal de sa tige (4) et que les éléments racleurs (15) sont disposés sur la paroi intérieure du boítier (12) et pénètrent dans l'espace intérieur du boítier.
  6. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la brosse (5) est montée de telle sorte qu'elle peut être décalée, par un dispositif d'actionnement (20), en direction de l'axe longitudinal de sa tige (4').
  7. Dispositif selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que des vannes (8',18') sont prévues pour un rétrolavage du dispositif (1') et que simultanément les vannes de rétrolavage (8',18') peuvent être également actionnées avec le dispositif d'actionnement (20) pour le déplacement axial de la brosse (5').
  8. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la brosse est montée rigidement dans le boítier et que les éléments racleurs peuvent être déplacés dans la direction circonférentielle autour de la brosse.
  9. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il est prévu au moins une vanne de blocage (3,8;8'), au moyen de laquelle pendant le processus de nettoyage, le dispositif (1;1') peut être séparé du circuit d'eau de telle sorte qu'aucun liquide de balayage ne pénètre dans le circuit d'eau chaude.
  10. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il est prévu un organe de désaération (10;10'), vers lequel remontent des bulles d'air plus petites, qui s'accumulent au niveau des fibres de la brosse (5;5') et y forment des bulles de taille plus importante.
  11. Procédé pour éliminer des produits de corrosion en suspension et d'autres impuretés en forme de particules à partir de circuits d'eau chaude à l'aide d'un dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les particules devant être séparées s'accumulent par adhérence sur les surfaces des fibres de la brosse sans réduire de façon notable la section transversale libre d'écoulement à l'intérieur de l'espace de la brosse, et que pour le nettoyage de la brosse (5;5') chargée par des particules, les extrémités des fibres sont déplacées essentiellement perpendiculairement et par rapport aux éléments racleurs (15;15') qui pénètrent dans la brosse (5;5'), ce qui a pour effet que les extrémités des fibres ou des faisceaux de fibres (6;6') de la brosse frottent sur les éléments racleurs (15;15') et que les fibres (6;6') sont recourbées vers l'arrière en sens opposé du sens de déplacement relatif, jusqu'à ce qu'elles franchissent l'obstacle, que représentent les éléments racleurs (15;15'), à la suite de quoi les fibres (6;6') accélèrent vers l'avant en raison de leur élasticité propre, frottent les unes contre les autres, sont secouées et sont déplacées à l'encontre du liquide qui les entoure, et les forces d'adhérence entre les fibres et les particules de saleté sont de ce fait supprimées.
  12. Procédé selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que la suspension de particules, qui apparaít lors du déplacement des fibres ou des faisceaux de fibres (6;6') entre les éléments racleurs (15;15'), est évacuée par le liquide de lavage, à partir de la zone de la brosse (5;5') ou du boítier (12;12').
  13. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 11 ou 12, caractérisé en ce que pendant ou après le nettoyage de la brosse (5;5'), le dispositif (1;1') est lavé avec de l'eau provenant du circuit d'eau chaude, par actionnement d'une vanne (18;18') dans le raccord d'évacuation des eaux usées.
EP96106243A 1995-05-06 1996-04-20 Filtre pour installation de chauffage Expired - Lifetime EP0742038B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19516724A DE19516724C2 (de) 1995-05-06 1995-05-06 Heizungsfilter
DE19516724 1995-05-06

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0742038A2 EP0742038A2 (fr) 1996-11-13
EP0742038A3 EP0742038A3 (fr) 1997-04-16
EP0742038B1 true EP0742038B1 (fr) 2000-08-30

Family

ID=7761283

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96106243A Expired - Lifetime EP0742038B1 (fr) 1995-05-06 1996-04-20 Filtre pour installation de chauffage

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0742038B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE195887T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19516724C2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6123841A (en) * 1996-11-28 2000-09-26 Ryubi Company Ltd. Waste-water filtration and purification device for fish cultivation
DE10007922A1 (de) * 2000-02-21 2001-08-23 Wilo Gmbh Filter- und Entleerungsvorrichtung
GB2437605B (en) * 2006-08-21 2011-12-14 Christopher Sheppard System for introducing an additive into a water conduit
DE202009000084U1 (de) 2009-02-04 2010-06-24 Hans Sasserath & Co Kg Heizungsfilter
GB201200847D0 (en) * 2012-01-19 2012-02-29 Sentinel Performance Solutions Ltd Filter aid
DE102013108037A1 (de) 2013-04-11 2014-10-16 Hans Sasserath Gmbh & Co. Kg Heizungsfilter
DE202017104410U1 (de) 2017-07-24 2018-10-25 Hans Sasserath Gmbh & Co. Kg Heizungsfilter-Anordnung
DE202017104526U1 (de) 2017-07-28 2018-10-30 Hans Sasserath Gmbh & Co Kg Heizungsfilter-Anordnung
CN116446128B (zh) * 2023-06-20 2023-09-05 苏州维凯医用器材科技有限公司 一种纤维制品加工设备及其工艺
CN116550034B (zh) * 2023-07-11 2023-09-19 中节能润达(烟台)环保股份有限公司 一种生活垃圾污水处理设备

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1640198A (en) * 1923-11-14 1927-08-23 Jean M Lobit Filter
DE1963821U (de) * 1967-01-27 1967-07-13 Reinhold Froembgen G M B H Einsetzbares filterelement.
DE4236688C2 (de) * 1991-11-02 1997-12-18 Mann & Hummel Filter Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Reinigen einer Flüssigkeit
DE9306206U1 (de) * 1993-04-23 1993-07-08 Ehrbar, Manfred, Dipl.-Ing. (FH), 8039 Puchheim Heizungsfilter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE59605810D1 (de) 2000-10-05
ATE195887T1 (de) 2000-09-15
DE19516724C2 (de) 2000-07-06
EP0742038A2 (fr) 1996-11-13
DE19516724A1 (de) 1996-11-07
EP0742038A3 (fr) 1997-04-16

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