Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G7/00—Selection of materials for use in image-receiving members, i.e. for reversal by physical contact; Manufacture thereof
  • G03G7/0086—Back layers for image-receiving members; Strippable backsheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
  • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
  • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
  • B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
  • B41M5/502—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording characterised by structural details, e.g. multilayer materials
  • B41M5/504—Backcoats
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G7/00—Selection of materials for use in image-receiving members, i.e. for reversal by physical contact; Manufacture thereof
  • G03G7/0006—Cover layers for image-receiving members; Strippable coversheets
  • G03G7/0013—Inorganic components thereof
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G7/00—Selection of materials for use in image-receiving members, i.e. for reversal by physical contact; Manufacture thereof
  • G03G7/0006—Cover layers for image-receiving members; Strippable coversheets
  • G03G7/002—Organic components thereof
  • G03G7/0026—Organic components thereof being macromolecular
  • G03G7/004—Organic components thereof being macromolecular obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G7/00—Selection of materials for use in image-receiving members, i.e. for reversal by physical contact; Manufacture thereof
  • G03G7/0006—Cover layers for image-receiving members; Strippable coversheets
  • G03G7/002—Organic components thereof
  • G03G7/0026—Organic components thereof being macromolecular
  • G03G7/0046—Organic components thereof being macromolecular obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to transparent imaging sheets for use in printers and copiers. More specifically, the present invention relates to a composite sheet having a releasable non porous opaque thin film layer attached to an edge portion of the transparent imageable sheet.
• Copiers and printers usually employ sophisticated mechanisms to allow them to select a single imaging sheet from a stack of such sheets and, by means of rollers, wheels, belts, and the like, cause each such sheet to be rapidly and precisely moved past various points in the machine which image and process the sheet. In this way, large numbers of copies can be made in a short time. Further, the automated feeding means that an operator need not tend the copier during such process. A large number of sheets is stacked in the feeding tray of the copier or printer, and combinations of optical sensing mechanisms (which may be transmissive or reflective), and mechanical methods are used to detect the passage of sheets. These sensing mechanisms will halt the operation if jamming occurs to avoid any damage to the machine.
• Transparent films by their nature, cannot be detected by optical sensors. In order for such sensing mechanisms to operate, the sheets need to be at least partially opaque to interrupt the light beams employed in the photosensing mechanisms. Otherwise, transparent sheets will not operate in such machines.
• the paper or other opaque body is typically releasably adhered to the transparent imaging sheet by means of a thin line of adhesive.
• the paper may cover only a portion of the sheet, e.g., it may be a stripe along the leading edge portion of a plane opposite to the image transfer plane of the transparent film such as that disclosed in Sho 58-187743, or for machines requiring larger opaque areas, a full sheet of paper substantially coextensive with the imaging sheet, such as described in CA 1184951.
• the operator removes the paper from the transparent sheet and discards the paper.
• Paper backings and thick film backings work quite well for opacity, and may be designed to be easily releasable from the imaging sheets after imaging; however, the backings disclosed insulate the sheets from contact with the heated fuser which can result in insufficient fusing in copier machines. Further, the paper used for such stripes is usually quite thick and therefore the edge portion bearing the paper backing is much thicker than the portion of the sheet not bearing the paper backing.
• the thickness of the combination of paper stripes at one edge of the sheet causes one side of the stack to be almost twice as tall as the other side. This results in feeding problems, as well as substantially limiting the number of sheets which can be stacked at one time. Another problem occurs in imaging machines which pick up a sheet in the center of the sheet stack. In these machines, the sensor for the stack will give a false reading and the mechanical means will not lower to the correct height to select a sheet.
• Color copiers have two problems with transparent imaging sheets. First, most color copiers require that such sheets be bypass fed rather than tray fed. In some models, this means single sheet bypass feeding by an operator. The bypass feeding causes a slower trip through the fuser, increasing the fuser contact time, thus ensuring complete fusing of the transparent imaging sheet. Second, tray feeding, possible only if the imaging sheet can simulate a sheet of paper to the sensor, causes a faster trip through the fuser, which reduces the fuser contact time. This makes the fusing much more heat transfer limited, and may result in incomplete fusing of the color image. If the imaging sheet has a backing or stripe, the insulative property thereof reduces fusing even further, typically resulting in visible degradation of color image quality.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,126,762 discloses a recording sheet having a mark for permitting the determination of sheet feeding as well as differentiating between front and back surfaces of the sheet.
• the sheet comprises an optical functional portion disposed along at least one edge of the sheet and arranged asymmetrically with respect to the center of the edge and having a functional feature regarding light different from that of an image forming portion of the sheet.
• Imaging sheets constructed to have an attached overlay, at least a portion of which is an opaque sensing strip, are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,208,093.
• Such an article preferably comprises a second opaque region, or a tab, underlying the transparent sheet and spaced away from the first opaque strip leaving a transparent window to signal the fuser that a transparency has been fed, so that the fusing speed can be reduced for better fusing.
• this reference prefers porous materials to be used as opaque strips and tabs, and such porous materials are known to be good insulators. Also, porous materials must be relatively thick to have sufficient tensile strength required for clean removal without tearing.
• the present invention provides a composite imaging sheet for use in copying and printing devices which has a nonporous opaque thin film layer which allows a transparent imaging sheet to be used in machines having optical sensors.
• the nonporous opaque thin film layer provides such benefit without insulating the sheets, which allows full fusing in copier machines.
• the composite sheet stacks easily in such machines and large numbers may be fed both from side selecting and midpoint selecting machinery.
• the nonporous opaque thin film is easily removable after imaging so that the final imaged transparency has no distracting dark line or area when projected during a presentation.
• the composite imaging sheet of the invention comprises a transparent imageable sheet having a machine direction and a transverse direction, said sheet having two major surfaces, each surface having four edges with edge portions coextensive therewith, said sheet bearing a releasable nonporous opaque thin film layer having a total thickness of from 5 to 60 ⁇ m and a film thickness of no greater than 30 ⁇ m on at least one edge portion of one surface of said imageable sheet said thin film layer having an opacity of at least 70%, and a tensile energy to break of at least 0.1 joule, said film layer being cleanly released from said imageable sheet.
• Preferred composite imaging sheets of the invention comprise a nonporous opaque thin film layer having an opacity of at least 75% and a tensile energy to break of at least 0.25 joule, said nonporous opaque thin film layer being cleanly releasable from said imageable sheet.
• the projected color image of an imaging sheet of the invention will exhibit an increased pastel haze ( ⁇ Pastel Haze) of no more than 10% when measured in regions of the image overlaid by the nonporous opaque thin film layer. This value is based on a reference sheet having no attached nonporous opaque thin film layer.
• the nonporous opaque thin film layer has a machine direction width which is sufficient in size to simulate paper to the sensor. It is believed that this is the first time tray feeding of transparency films has been possible on most color copiers.
• the nonporous opaque thin film layer remains attached to the imaging sheet throughout the printing and copying process until manually removed.
• the opaque thin releasable opaque film layer can vary in total thickness from 5 ⁇ m to 60 ⁇ m, preferably from 5 to 35 ⁇ m.
• the film thickness varies, but must be no greater than 30 ⁇ m, preferably 25 ⁇ m or less.
• the thinness of this layer makes it possible to allow from 3 to 10 times as many of these composite sheets to be stacked into the feeding tray of a printer or copier as conventional sheets without significant insulating effect or feeding problems. Because the opaque edge portion of the composite imaging sheet does not insulate the imaging sheet, incomplete fusing problems, and resultant degradation of images are not encountered. This is even true for images made at tray-feed speeds in color copiers.
• the releasable nonporous thin opaque film layer has adhesive characteristics, i.e., either the layer is directly coated on or it is attached by means of an adhesive composition. Whichever method is used, the layer can be cleanly removed from the transparent sheet even after imaging. Surprisingly, the thin layer possesses sufficient tensile strength that the layer is cleanly removable, i.e., no tearing of the layer occurs during removal.
• the nonporous opaque thin film layer is arranged along multiple, typically two, edge portions of the imaging sheet, such edge portions can either be in a parallel or perpendicular relationship to each other. This allows imaging in either the portrait or landscape positions.
• the nonporous opaque thin film layer can have varying degrees of opacity along the transverse direction of the imaging sheet so that machines having asymmetrically placed sensors will be able to distinguish the imaging surface of the imaging sheet from the opposing surface, and thus prevent jams caused by inverted sheets.
• This invention describes the use of a nonporous opaque thin film layer as a sensing layer or stripe for transparent imaging sheets.
• Films useful as nonporous opaque thin film layers must have four characteristics; they must be strong enough to be cleanly removable, they must be opaque enough to reliably trip the optical sensor used in copiers, they must have low enough insulative effects to allow complete fusing in order to provide excellent image quality, and they must be thin enough not to cause a large variation in the stack height from the edge portion having the overlaid film layer to the edge portion which does not have a film layer.
• the top sheet “slopes" down from one edge portion to the other.
• Useful films have a tensile energy to break of at least 0.1 joule, preferably at least 0.25 joule. Films or other materials having lower tensile strength than 0.1 joule will have insufficient strength to be cleanly removable, i.e., they will frequently tear when removal is attempted.
• This thin layer can be selected from a variety of heat-resistant materials, as long as such materials are available in the requisite thickness, i.e., less than 30 ⁇ m, and possess sufficient structural integrity such that no tearing of the layer occurs during imaging or removal.
• Heat-resistance means that useful films must retain sufficient cohesive strength to be easily removed in one piece from the imaging sheet when normally fused, and when a misfeed results in extended contact with hot fusing rolls. Useful films must have sufficient cohesive strength to allow a clean removal in most samples from the fusing roll should a premature release from the imaging sheet causes retention in the copier machine.
• the nonporous opaque thin film layer can be formed from heat-resistant polymer films including, but not limited to, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polybutylene; polystyrene; polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET); polymethylmethacrylate; cellulose acetate; polyvinylchloride and polyvinylidene fluoride; polyamides and polyimides; and mixtures thereof.
• polyolefins such as polyethylene and polybutylene
• polystyrene polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET); polymethylmethacrylate; cellulose acetate; polyvinylchloride and polyvinylidene fluoride; polyamides and polyimides; and mixtures thereof.
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• Polyethylene and PET are preferred, with PET being highly preferred.
• Porous materials such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,208,093, are not useful as thin film layers of the invention.
• the stack height variation is on the order of 2; that is, the edge portion of the imaging sheet overlaid by the porous material is close to twice the height of the edge portion having no porous material overlaid.
• the thick material also has a very large insulative effect. If the porous material is formed into thinner layers, the tensile strength and the opacity decrease drastically while the insulative effect decreases more slowly.
• the thin film opaque layer needs to adhere firmly to the imaging sheet so that the composite sheet will not be separated during routine handling and packaging, or during imaging in the copier or printer.
• the adhesive must also allow the thin film opaque layer to be readily removed from the imaging sheet without leaving adhesive residues. This must also be true of the adhesive properties of directly coated thin film opaque layers.
• Useful adhesives include inherently-tacky, elastomeric copolymer microspheres such as disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,691,140 and 4,166,152; removable adhesives such as disclosed in U.S. patents 4,599,265, 4,855,170, and 5,283,092.
• the adhesive composition comprises:
• Photocrosslinker may be added if necessary improve the cohesive strength of the adhesive in order to prevent substantial adhesive transfer to the imaging sheet.
• the photocrosslinker is preferably present from 0.05% to 1% by weight of the adhesive composition.
• This preferred adhesive has high cohesive strength, high tack and high peel strength along with good removability.
• the adhesive further possesses low melt viscosity and can be easily used as a hot melt adhesive thereby allowing it to be used in an continuous processing line forming the composite imaging sheet.
• the total thickness of the nonporous opaque thin film layer ranges from 5 ⁇ m to 60 ⁇ m, preferably from 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
• the film thickness is no greater than 30 ⁇ m, preferably from 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
• the adhesive layer ranges in thickness from 2.5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, preferably from 5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m. At these thicknesses, the films have good tensile strengths, opacity values, and do not cause stack height variation.
• the opacity can be accomplished either by casting a pigment filled composition into a film and attaching the film onto the imaging sheet, or by coating or printing a pigment filled composition or ink.
• the pigment filled composition can be coated onto a substrate and then attached onto the imaging sheet, or coated directly onto the imaging sheet.
• a transparent nonporous thin film can also be printed with an opaque ink after attachment to the imaging sheet, if desired.
• the degree of opacity needed will depend on the detection methods used in the copier or printer. However, the opacity of the stripe should be at least 70%, preferably, greater than 75% for ease and reliability of detection by the optical sensor.
• the degree of opacity is varied along the transverse direction of the thin film layer.
• the opacity of the layer should drop to a level beyond which the opacity will no longer be detected by the sensing device at the center of the transverse direction width.
• this embodiment of the invention may have an opacity gradient specifically designed for a certain model or series of copiers or printers. Since inverted sheets result in machine jams and possibly, deposits of imageable coatings onto portions of the machine, requiring manual removal and possible down time for cleaning, this embodiment allows multiple worry free feeding, as an inverted sheet will simply not be sensed by the machine, and thus will not feed.
• the composition must be chosen to permit removability without leaving any unwanted residue on the imageable sheet.
• compositions for coating directly onto the imaging sheet include such binders as hot-melt binders, and UV-curable binders, including but not limited to water-soluble polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and gelatin; solvent-soluble binders such as poly(bisphenol-A-ester), e.g., those available under the trade name Atlac® from Reichold Chemical; acrylic resins, urethanes, and the like.
• binders as hot-melt binders, and UV-curable binders, including but not limited to water-soluble polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and gelatin; solvent-soluble binders such as poly(bisphenol-A-ester), e.g., those available under the trade name Atlac® from Reichold Chemical; acrylic resins, urethanes, and the like.
• compositions may contain pigments or dyes for coloring purposes, with the pigment to binder ratio being preferably less than one.
• Lower ratios of binder in the composition tend to produce brittle layers, whereas higher ratios tend to excessively soften the layers.
• Preferred pigments include conventional pigments and dyes such as titanium dioxide, carbon black, metallic oxides, metal powders lead chromates, natural and synthetic dyes and pigments used in inks, fabrics and the like.
• the surface of the substrate may be treated to better receive or retain the nonporous opaque thin film layer. However, any treatment to improve adhesion of the stripe to the substrate should not interfere with the removability of the stripe.
• the transparency film is generally coated with an imaging layer on at least one major surface.
• the imaging layer can be any toner-receptive or ink-receptive composition imageable in a copier or printer.
• Compositions suitable for the imaging layer include a variety of known compositions depending on the machine(s) with which the film is intended for use.
• Useful imaging compositions include thermoplastic resins such as polyester resins, styrene resins, polymethylmethacrylate resins, epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, vinyl chloride resins, and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate resins.
• the imaging coating typically comprises from 65 parts to 99.9 parts of a film forming polymer, which can be any polymer, copolymer or polymer blend capable of water-based emulsion coating or aqueous solution coating, using conventional coating techniques.
• a film forming polymer can be any polymer, copolymer or polymer blend capable of water-based emulsion coating or aqueous solution coating, using conventional coating techniques.
• Such polymers can be made from any ethylenically unsaturated monomers and can include acrylates and methacrylates, styrenes, substituted styrenes and vinylidine chlorides.
• the film forming polymer contains from 80 parts to 100 parts of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of bicyclic alkyl (meth)acrylates, aliphatic alkyl (meth)acrylates having from one to twelve carbon atoms, and aromatic (meth)acrylates.
• Useful bicyclic (meth)acrylates include, but are not limited to, dicyclopentenyl (meth)acrylate, norbornyl (meth)acrylate, 5-norborene-2-methanol, and isobornyl (meth)acrylate.
• Preferred bicyclic monomers include dicyclopententyl (meth)acrylate, and isobornyl (meth)acrylate.
• Useful aliphatic alkyl (meth)acrylates include, but are not limited to, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, isodecyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, and the like.
• Preferred aliphatic monomers include methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, and isodecyl (meth)acrylate.
• Useful aromatic (meth)acrylates include, but not limited to benzyl(meth)acrylate and styrene (meth)acrylate.
• the polymer can also contain from 0 to 20 parts of a polar monomer having the formula: wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, R1 and R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, identical, and differing alkyl groups having up to 8 carbon atoms, preferably up to 2 carbon atoms; the N-group can also comprise a cationic salt thereof.
• Useful examples include N,N-dialkyl monoalkyl amino ethyl (meth)acrylate, and N,N-dialkyl monoalkyl amino methyl (meth)acrylate, N-butyl amino ethyl (meth)acrylate, and the like for emulsion polymers, and quaternary ammonium salts thereof for solution polymers.
• Preferred monomers include N,N'-diethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, and N,N'-dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate for emulsion polymers and bromoethanol salts of N,N'-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, and N,N'-diethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate for solution polymers.
• Preferred film forming polymers comprise at least two monomers selected from aliphatic alkyl (meth)acrylate monomers, bicyclic alkyl (meth)acrylates monomers and aromatic (meth)acrylates.
• the nonporous opaque thin film layer is selected such that the projected color image has an increase in pastel haze in regions of the image overlying the nonporous opaque thin film layer of no more than 10% when compared to a similar reference sheet without a nonporous opaque thin film backing. This provides an imaged sheet having much better image color quality in the areas of the imaging sheet which overlay the opaque area when compared to a sheet having a more conventional removable paper backing for feed facilitation.
• the nonporous opaque thin film layer or stripe has a sufficient machine direction width to simulate a piece of paper to the copier sensor.
• the copier then processes the imaging sheets of the invention at the same speed as paper, and allows tray feeding of the imaging sheets. This is a great advantage in machines such as the "Canon CLC" series color copiers, which only allow single bypass feeding of transparent imaging sheets at one per minute. This occupies an operator continually during imaging of multiple sheets.
• this embodiment of the invention which preferably bears a nonporous opaque thin film layer having a machine direction width of at least 1.75 cm, preferably at least 1.9 cm, may be fed in the paper tray in these copiers, allowing several hundred imaging sheets to be imaged without an operator present, and causes the imaging sheets to be imaged at the much faster paper rate rather than at the slower bypass rate.
• Preferred imaging coatings for use with color copiers include polyester resins, e.g., polyesters based on bisphenol A, such as ATLACTM382E, (also sold as ATLACTMR 32-629), available from Reichold Chemical as well as bisphenol A monomers and their derivatives, (e.g., the dipropylene glycol ether of bisphenol A).
• a suitable carrier binder such as Vitel® PE 222 polyester resin, available from The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, is also present when bisphenol A monomers or their derivatives are used to facilitate coating.
• the thickness of this imaging coating is preferably between 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably from 1 to 6.5 ⁇ m.
• the imaging coating may also contain polymeric, silica or starch particles to reduce pooling of the fusing oil at the edges of the sleeves and inhibit transfer of the oil to the stage of a projection device when the transparency is used.
• Useful particles are from 5 to 25 ⁇ m in diameter, more preferably from 10 to 20 ⁇ m in diameter. Larger particles are effective to reduce the oil pooling, but have the problem of being visible when projected. Smaller particles, i.e., less that 5 ⁇ m, in diameter may be used, but a higher loading is required to effectively reduce the oil pooling. This often results in higher haze of the final image.
• the smaller particles are not effective in regions of the transparency where the thickness of the toner layer exceeds the extent to which the particles normally protrude from the imaging layer. This is especially important when multiple toner layers are present, e.g., in color electrophotography. For example, after fusing a two layer green (cyan plus yellow) toner layer on a Canon CLC 200, the toner thickness can be from 3.5 to 11 ⁇ m.
• Preferred particles include Syloid® 620 particles, available from Davison Chemical.
• the imaging coating the ink-receptive layer comprises a crosslinked semi-interpenetrating network, hereinafter referred to as an SIPN, formed from polymer blends comprising a) at least one crosslinkable polymeric component, b) at least one liquid-absorbent polymer comprising a water-absorbent polymer, and (c) optionally, a crosslinking agent.
• the SIPNs are continuous networks wherein the crosslinked polymer forms a continuous matrix.
• the SIPN is generated by crosslinking a copolymer containing from 3 to 20% ammonium acrylate groups with a crosslinking agent and then combining the copolymer with a liquid absorbent polymer or an uncrosslinked blend of the polymer.
• the water-absorbing hydrophilic polymeric material comprises homopolymers or copolymers of monomeric units selected from vinyl lactams, alkyl tertiary amino alkyl acrylates or methacrylates, alkyl quaternary amino alkyl acrylates or methacrylates, 2-vinylpyridine and 4-vinylpyridine. Polymerization of these monomers can be conducted by free-radical techniques with conditions such as time, temperature, proportions of monomeric units, and the like, adjusted to obtain the desired properties of the final polymer.
• Hydrophobic polymeric materials are preferably derived from combinations of acrylic or other hydrophobic ethylenically unsaturated monomeric units copolymerized with monomeric units having acid functionality.
• the hydrophobic monomeric units are capable of forming water-insoluble polymers when polymerized alone, and contain no pendant alkyl groups having more than 10 carbon atoms. They also are capable of being copolymerized with at least one species of acid-functional monomeric unit.
• Preferred hydrophobic monomeric units are preferably selected from certain acrylates and methacrylates, e.g., methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, acrylonitrile, styrene or ⁇ -methylstyrene, and vinyl acetate.
• Preferred acid functional monomeric units for polymerization with the hydrophobic monomeric units are acrylic acid and methacrylic acid in amounts of from 2% to 20%.
• the crosslinking agent is preferably selected from the group of polyfunctional aziridines possessing at least two crosslinking sites per molecule, such as trimethylol propane-tris-( ⁇ -(N-aziridinyl)propionate) pentaerythritol-tris-( ⁇ -(N-aziridinyl)propionate) trimethylolpropane-tris-( ⁇ -(N-methylaziridinyl propionate) and so on.
• Crosslinking can also be brought by means of metal ions, such as provided by multivalent metal ion salts, provided the composition containing the crosslinkable polymer is made from 80 to 99 parts by weight of monomer and from 1 to 20 parts by weight of a chelating compound.
• SIPNs to be used for forming ink-receptive layers of the present invention typically comprise from 0.5 to 6.0 percent crosslinking agent, preferably from 1.0 to 4.5 percent, when crosslinking agents are needed.
• the crosslinkable polymer can comprise from 25 to 99 percent, preferably from 30 to 60 percent of the total SIPNs.
• the liquid-absorbent component can comprise from 1 to 75 percent, preferably from 40 to 70 percent of the total SIPNs.
• Any imaging coating useful herein may also contain polymeric particles.
• Useful polymeric particles range from 1 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m in diameter and include such polymers as poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), modified poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(tetrafluorethylene), polyethylene, and particles produced from diol di(meth)acrylate homopolymers which impart antifriction characteristics when coated on image recording sheets. These diol di(meth)acrylates can be reacted with long-chain fatty alcohol esters of (meth)acrylic acid.
• Preferred water based imaging coatings contain particles selected from PMMA, modified PMMA, and particles produced from diol-di(meth)acrylate homopolymers or copolymers of diol di(meth)acrylates reacted with long-chain fatty alcohol esters of (meth)acrylic acid.
• Examples of these monomers include those selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,8-octanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,10-decanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,14-tetradecanediol di(meth)acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
• Preferred monomers include those selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6 hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol di(meth)acrylate, and 1,14-tetradecanediol di(meth)acrylate.
• Useful long-chain monomers include, but are not limited to lauryl (meth)acrylate, octadecyl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, and mixtures thereof, preferably stearyl (meth)acrylate.
• the microspheres may optionally contain up to 30 percent by weight of at least one copolymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomer selected from the group consisting of vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, and vinyl pivalate; acrylic esters such as methacrylate, cyclohexylacrylate, benzylacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, hydroxybutylacrylate and glycidyl acrylate; methacrylic esters such as methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ⁇ -methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, and glycidyl methacrylate; styrene; vinyltoluene; ⁇ -methyl styrene, and mixtures thereof.
• vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, and vinyl pivalate
• acrylic esters such as methacrylate
• microspheres include 50/50 poly(hexanediol-diacrylate/stearyl methacrylate), and 50/50 poly(butanediol-diacrylate)/lauryl(meth)acrylate, 80/20 poly(hexanediol-diacrylate)/stearyl(meth)acrylate, 50/50 polymethylmethacrylate/ 1,6 hexanedioldiacrylate, C14 dioldiacrylate, and C12 dioldi(meth)acrylate.
• useful microspheres may also comprise additives which are not ethylenically unsaturated, but which contain functional groups capable of reacting with materials containing reactive groups which may also be coated on the substrate along with the microspheres.
• additives are useful in modifying the degree of interaction or bonding between the microspheres and the imaging polymer.
• Suitable examples include organosilane coupling agents having alkyl groups with 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as glycidoxy trimethoxysilanes such as ⁇ -glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and (aminoalkylamino) alkyl trimethoxysilanes such as 3-(2-amino ethyl amino) propyl trimethoxysilane.
• the mean particle size preferably ranges from 0.25 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m. Particles smaller than 0.25 ⁇ m would require the use of more particles to produce an effective coefficient of friction, this would tend to also produce more haze. Larger particles than 15 ⁇ m would require thicker coatings to anchor the particles firmly in the coatings, which would increase haze and coating cost.
• the particles preferably have narrow particle size distributions, i.e., a standard deviation of up to 20% of the average particle size. These ranges are preferably 0.1-0.7 ⁇ m, 1-6 ⁇ m, 3-6 ⁇ m, 4-8 ⁇ m, 6-10 ⁇ m, 8-12 ⁇ m, 10-15 ⁇ m.
• More preferred particles are those having bimodal particle size distributions. This is made by mixing particles having 2 different particle size distributions. When bimodal particles are used, both particles can be selected from the preferred polymeric beads described above, or one of the particles can be a preferred microsphere and the other may be selected from other particles such as PMMA and polyethylene particles. If so, the second type of particle also preferably has a narrow particle size distribution.
• both bimodal particles are selected from particles produced from the copolymer of hexanedioldiacrylate and stearylmethacrylate, having particle size distributions of from 1 to 4 ⁇ m and from 6 to 10 ⁇ m, or from 2 to 6 ⁇ m and from 8 to 12 ⁇ m, or from 0.20 to 0.5 ⁇ m and from 1-6 ⁇ m.
• An antistatic agent may be present in any imaging coating.
• Useful agents are selected from the group consisting of nonionic antistatic agents, cationic agents, anionic agents, and fluorinated agents.
• Useful agents include such as those available under the trade name AMTERTM, e.g., AMTERTM 110, 1002, 1003, 1006, and the like, derivatives of JeffamineTM ED-4000, 900, 2000 with FX8 and FX10, available from 3M, LarostatTM 60A, and MarkastatTM AL-14, available from Mazer Chemical Co., with the preferred antistatic agents being steramidopropyldimethyl- ⁇ -hydroxy-ethyl ammonium nitrate, available as CyastatTM SN, N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(3'-dodecyloxy-2'2-hydroxylpropyl) methylammonium methylsulfate, available as CyastatTM 609, both from American Cyanamid.
• amounts of up to 20% may be used. Preferred amounts vary, depending on coating weight. When higher coating weights are used, 1-10% is preferred; when lower coating weights are used, 5-15% is preferred.
• an emulsifier is also present.
• the emulsifiers include nonionic, or anionic emulsifiers, and mixtures thereof, with nonionic emulsifiers being preferred.
• Suitable emulsifiers include those having a HLB of at least 10, preferably from 12 to 18.
• Useful nonionic emulsifiers include C11 to C18 polyethylene oxide ethanol, such as TergitolTM, especially those designated series "S” from Union Carbide Corp., those available as TritonTM from Rohm and Haas Co., and the TweenTM series available from ICI America.
• Useful anionic emulsifiers include sodium salts of alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, alkylether sulfates, oleate sulfates, alkylarylether sulfates, alkylaryl polyether sulfates, and the like.
• Commercially available examples include such as those available under the trade names SiponateTM and SiponicTM from Alcolac, Inc.
• the emulsifier When used, the emulsifier is present at levels of from 1% to 7%, based on polymer, preferably from 2% to 5%.
• Additional wetting agents with HLB values of from 7 to 10 may be present in the emulsion to improve coatability. These additional surfactants are added after polymerization is complete, prior to coating onto the polymeric substrate.
• Preferred additional wetting agents include fluorochemical surfactants such as wherein n is from 6 to 15 and R can be hydrogen or methyl.
• Useful examples include FC-170C and FC-171, available from 3M.
• Another useful wetting agent is TritonTM X-100, available from Union Carbide.
• coalescing agent additive of a coalescing agent is also preferred for emulsion based coatings to insure that the coated material coalesces to form a continuous and integral layer and will not flake in conventional printing process.
• Compatible coalescing agents include propylcarbitol, the CarbitolTM series, as well as the CellusolveTM series, and PropasolveTM series, from Union Carbide, and the EktasolveTM series, available from Eastman Chemical.
• coalescing agents include the acetate series from Eastman Chemicals Inc., the DowanolTM E series, DowanolTM E acetate series, DowanolTM PM series and their acetate series from Dow Chemical, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone from GAF, and 3-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl pentyl isobutryate, available as TexanolTM, from Eastman Chemicals Inc. These coalescing agents can be used singly or as a mixture.
• Useful additives include such as crosslinking agents, catalysts, thickeners, adhesion promoters, glycols, defoamers and the like.
• the desired imaging coating formulation can be prepared by dissolving the components in a common solvent, or dispersing therein in the case of a latex.
• Well-known methods for selecting a common solvent make use of Hansen parameters, as described in U.S. 4,935,307.
• the imaging layer can be applied to the film backing by any conventional coating technique, e.g., deposition from a solution or dispersion of the resins in a solvent or aqueous medium, or blend thereof, by means of such processes as Meyer bar coating, knife coating, reverse roll coating, rotogravure coating, extrusion coating, and the like.
• any conventional coating technique e.g., deposition from a solution or dispersion of the resins in a solvent or aqueous medium, or blend thereof, by means of such processes as Meyer bar coating, knife coating, reverse roll coating, rotogravure coating, extrusion coating, and the like.
• Drying of the imaging layer can be effected by conventional drying techniques, e.g., by heating in a hot air oven at a temperature appropriate for the specific film backing and coating chosen.
• the imaging sheet of the invention may also comprise an ink-permeable protective layer such as polyvinyl alcohol, and the like, to insure faster drying.
• an ink-permeable protective layer such as polyvinyl alcohol, and the like, to insure faster drying.
• Film substrates may be formed from any polymer capable of forming a self-supporting sheet, e.g., films of cellulose esters such as cellulose triacetate or diacetate, polystyrene, polyamides, vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers, polyolefin and polyallomer polymers and copolymers, polysulfones, polycarbonates, polyesters, and blends thereof.
• cellulose esters such as cellulose triacetate or diacetate, polystyrene, polyamides, vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers, polyolefin and polyallomer polymers and copolymers, polysulfones, polycarbonates, polyesters, and blends thereof.
• Suitable films may be produced from polyesters obtained by condensing one or more dicarboxylic acids or their lower alkyl diesters in which the alkyl group contains up to 6 carbon atoms, e.g., terephthalic acid, isophthalic, phthalic, 2,5-, 2,6-, and 2,7-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, sebacic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, with one or more glycols such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and the like.
• dicarboxylic acids or their lower alkyl diesters in which the alkyl group contains up to 6 carbon atoms, e.g., terephthalic acid, isophthalic, phthalic, 2,5-, 2,6-, and 2,7-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, sebacic acid, adipic acid,
• Preferred film substrates for the imaging sheet are cellulose triacetate or cellulose diacetate, polyesters, especially polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene films. Polyethylene terephthalate is most preferred. It is preferred that film substrates have a caliper ranging from 50 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m. Films having a caliper of less than 50 ⁇ m are difficult to handle using conventional methods for graphic materials. Films having calipers over 150 ⁇ m are very stiff, and present feeding difficulties in certain commercially available copying machines.
• polyester film substrates When polyester film substrates are used, they can be biaxially oriented to impart molecular orientation before the imaging layer is coated thereon, and may also be heat set for dimensional stability during fusion of the image to the support. These films may be produced by any conventional extrusion method.
• the polyester film forming the imaging sheet is extruded or cast, and uniaxially oriented in the machine direction.
• the imaging layer is then coated thereon.
• the composite can then undergo further orientation in the transverse direction to produce a finished product.
• the coated layer exhibits evidence of such stretching under optical microscopy, but surprisingly, the coating remains transparent, and the polymer, whether emulsion or solution polymerized, exists in a continuous coated layer without voids, thus showing the high integrity and cohesiveness of the coated layer.
• the nonporous opaque thin film layer may be coated before or after orientation, but if coated before orientation, the film layer must be chosen such that it can withstand the subsequent processing without adverse affects.
• primers include those known to have a swelling effect on the substrate polymer. Examples include halogenated phenols dissolved in organic solvents.
• the surface of the film substrate may be modified by treatment such as corona treatment or plasma treatment.
• the primer layer when used, should be relatively thin, e.g., preferably less than 2 ⁇ m, most preferably less than 1 ⁇ m, and may be coated by conventional coating methods.
• Imaging sheets or "transparencies" of the invention are particularly useful in the production of imaged transparencies for viewing in a transmission mode or a reflective mode, i.e., in association with an overhead projector.
• Image transparency or "Pastel Haze” measures how much light is scattered by a fused toner layer. Higher quality images have lower pastel haze values.
• the haze of a yellow halftone was measured using a Gardner Model XL-211 Hazeguard hazemeter. First, the machine is zeroed with no film in place, the Reference/Open switch set to "Open”. Next, the film is placed at the entrance port, and set the switch to "Reference” and record the reading. Again set the Ref/Open switch to "Open” and record reading. The percent Haze is computed according to the following formula.
• Increased Pastel Haze is determined by first determining the Pastel Haze of a reference film having no overlaid layer of any type. The Pastel Haze of overlaid films is then measured, and the Pastel Haze value of the reference film is subtracted therefrom to determine the ⁇ Pastel Haze.
• the opacity was measured using a Photovolt Model 575 Reflection Meter. The procedure is fully described in the user's manual.
• Figure 3 shows the force of gravity resolved into two forces, one normal to the plane of the film ( F normal ), and one parallel to the plane of the film ( F slip ).
• F normal normal to the plane of the film
• F slip parallel to the plane of the film
• the slipping force is balanced by a frictional force whose magnitude is equal to the slipping force.
• F friction ⁇ static m g cos( ⁇ crit ) . This is shown in Figure 4.
• the height mismatch of the striped side to the unstriped side is determined by the thickness of the stripe ( t ) and the number of sheets.
• ⁇ sin -1 (h/w)
• #sheets max sin( ⁇ crit )* w/t
• the quantity sin( ⁇ crit )* w is a constant, so the maximum number of sheets is inversely proportional to stripe thickness.
• Allowable Stack Height was calculated based on the above equation with the data from PP2200 transparency film.
• An opaque, thin stripe was formed by coating a white coating having a thickness of 3.25 ⁇ m (0.13 mil) onto 10 ⁇ m (0.42 mil) PET film and slitting the film to 3.15 cm (1.25 inch) width in the machine direction. The thickness and the opacity of the stripe were measured. The Tensile Energy to Break of this stripe was determined. All of these measurements are summarized in Table 1.
• a transparency film was prepared by applying the coatings of 3M PP2270 Transparency film to 75 ⁇ m (3 mil) PET backing.
• the thin stripe was applied to the transparency film and imaged in a Canon CLC 200 copier.
• the stripe had a sufficient machine direction width to simulate a paper sheet, allowing tray feeding.
• the stripe was removed and the Pastel Haze of a part of the image that overlay the stripe was measured. The image quality of the same portion of the image was noted upon projection.
• the results of the imaging are summarized in Table 1.
• a thin stripe was formed by slitting Dietzgen 340-M graph paper to 2.54 cm width. Processing and testing was done as in Example 1, and the results are summarized in Table 1.
• Example 1 A stripe was formed by slitting the paper backing of 3M PP2410 transparency film to a 2.54 cm width. Processing and testing was done as in Example 1, and the results are summarized in Table 1. This Example uses the same paper as Examples 4 and 11-13 of U. S. Patent 5,208,093 in the original thickness.
• Example 1 A sample of the transparency film described in Example 1 was prepared to serve as a reference. The pastel haze of an identical image not overlying the stripe was measured and image quality noted. Table 1 Example No. Stripe Thickness ( ⁇ m) Stripe Opacity (%) Tensile Energy to Break (joules) ⁇ Pastel Haze (%) Image Quality 1 12.7 72.9 4.98 5.6 very good 2 22.9 79.9 10.52 9.3 good 3C 45.7 92.7 1.20 30.7 poor 4C 106.7 95.4 7.46 69.4 poor 5C 45.7 62.0 0.07 45.4 poor 6C 81.3 85.0 0.09 61.9 poor 7 - - - Ref. very good
• Example 2 An opaque, thin stripe was formed as in Example 1.
• a UV cured acrylic hot melt adhesive was applied to the stripe and the stripe was laminated to 3M PP2500 Transparency Film.
• the average film thickness, the average thickness of the striped part of the film, and the Thickness Ratio are tabulated in Table 2.
• Six hundred sheets of this film were loaded at one time in a Xerox 1090 copier. The sheets fed and imaged reliably. The stripe was easily removed without tearing even over a wide range of removal speeds and geometries.
• a striped film was made by using the stripe material and adhesive from Example 1 and adhering it to 3M PP2500.
• the average film thickness, the thickness of the striped part of the film, and the Thickness Ratio are tabulated in Table 2.
• the Allowable Stack Height is calculated and tabulated in Table 2. The stripe was easily removed without tearing even over a wide range of removal speeds and geometries.
• a striped film was made by using the stripe material and adhesive from Example 2 and adhering it to 3M PP2500.
• the average film thickness, the thickness of the striped part of the film, and the Thickness Ratio are tabulated in Table 2.
• the Allowable Stack Height is calculated and tabulated in Table 2. The stripe was easily removed without tearing even over a wide range of removal speeds and geometries.
• a striped film was made by using the stripe material and adhesive from Comparative Example 3C and adhering it to 3M PP2500.
• the average film thickness, the thickness of the striped part of the film, and the Thickness Ratio are tabulated in Table 2.
• the Allowable Stack Height is calculated and tabulated in Table 2. The stripe was easily removed without tearing even over a wide range of removal speeds and geometries.
• a striped film was made by using the stripe material and adhesive from Example 4 and adhering it to 3M PP2500.
• the average film thickness, the thickness of the striped part of the film, and the Thickness Ratio are tabulated in Table 2.
• the Allowable Stack Height is calculated and tabulated in Table 2. The stripe was easily removed without tearing.
• a striped film was made by using the stripe material and adhesive from Example 5 and adhering it to 3M PP2500.
• the average film thickness, the thickness of the striped part of the film, and the Thickness Ratio are tabulated in Table 2.
• the Allowable Stack Height is calculated and tabulated in Table 2. The stripe had to be removed carefully to prevent tearing.
• a striped film was made by using the stripe material and adhesive from Example 6 and adhering it to 3M PP2500.
• the average film thickness, the thickness of the striped part of the film, and the Thickness Ratio are tabulated in Table 2.
• the Allowable Stack Height is calculated and tabulated in Table 2. The stripe had to be removed carefully to prevent tearing.
• 3M PP2200 Paper Striped Transparency Film was used as a reference example of a striped film.
• the average film thickness, the thickness of the striped part of the film, and the Thickness Ratio are tabulated in Table 2.
• the Allowable Stack Height is calculated and tabulated in Table 2. The stripe had to be removed carefully to prevent tearing.
• An opaque, thin stripe was formed by taking a composition comprising Atlac 382E, 4 g, dissolved in 6 g of a 50/50 weight/weight MEK/Toluene mix, into which had been dispersed 2 g of TiO2 pigment, and coating it 150 ⁇ m (6 mils) wet on unprimed Mylar PET film. When dry, the coating could be removed by adhering a strip of Filament Tape and pulling. The coating came away as a coherent strip. This illustrates use of an organic solvent formulation.
• Examples 17-20 demonstrate the removability of a printed layer coated directly onto the imaging sheet.
• the thickness of the dry coating thickness ranges from 10% to 33% of the wet thicknesses mentioned, depending on the percent solids of the coating solution made. These examples are provided simply to exhibit removability or lack thereof for a variety of coatings. Opaque layers coated in this manner must be within the thickness range claimed in order to provide the imaging benefits previously described.
• the coatings were tested for removeability by lifting a corner with masking tape, and filament tape. The former removes coatings with relatively low adhesion, and the latter removes coatings with higher adhesions. Coatings not removable with filament tape are considered useless for this application.
• This example illustrates the effect of the substrate treatment on the coated layer removal, and the improvements that may be brought by minor additives.
• TiO2 pigment 1 gram was dispersed in 10 g of a 20% gelatin solution.
• the composition was coated at 40°C, 250 ⁇ m (10 mils) wet onto 100 ⁇ m (4 mil) unprimed PET film. When dry, a corner could be lifted with a finger nail, and the whole film removed as an integral layer. It was noticed that the dryness of the coating influenced the adhesion to the film, suggesting that the addition of a humectant could be used to control adhesion properties.
• Composite imageable sheets were prepared by applying an opaque stripe 2.54 cm wide to a sheet of 3M PP2500 transparency film, and then cutting the stripe so that the final machine direction width of the stripe was 1.9 cm.
• the films were fed in Canon CLC 200 and Xerox 5765 color copiers. In each case the 1.9 cm stripe was sufficient in machine direction width to simulate a paper sheet, and the film was fused at the paper speed.
• Samples of identical 3M PP2200 film bearing a 1.4 cm machine direction width stripe were fed into the Canon CLC 200 and Xerox 5765 color copiers, and were not sufficient to simulate a paper sheet in the copiers.
• the films were fused at (the slower) transparency speed.

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• 1995
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