EP0692053B1 - Leichtmetallgitterträger und rahmensystem - Google Patents

Leichtmetallgitterträger und rahmensystem Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0692053B1
EP0692053B1 EP94914749A EP94914749A EP0692053B1 EP 0692053 B1 EP0692053 B1 EP 0692053B1 EP 94914749 A EP94914749 A EP 94914749A EP 94914749 A EP94914749 A EP 94914749A EP 0692053 B1 EP0692053 B1 EP 0692053B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
beams
wings
sides
lightweight metal
construction system
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94914749A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0692053A1 (de
Inventor
Kenneth R. Bass
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Pacific Stud Co LLC
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Pacific Stud Co LLC
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/190,643 external-priority patent/US5499480A/en
Application filed by Pacific Stud Co LLC filed Critical Pacific Stud Co LLC
Publication of EP0692053A1 publication Critical patent/EP0692053A1/de
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Publication of EP0692053B1 publication Critical patent/EP0692053B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/11—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with non-parallel upper and lower edges, e.g. roof trusses
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • E04C3/07—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web at least partly of bent or otherwise deformed strip- or sheet-like material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/08—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with apertured web, e.g. with a web consisting of bar-like components; Honeycomb girders
    • E04C3/09—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with apertured web, e.g. with a web consisting of bar-like components; Honeycomb girders at least partly of bent or otherwise deformed strip- or sheet-like material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/29—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures
    • E04C3/292—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures the materials being wood and metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/30—Columns; Pillars; Struts
    • E04C3/32—Columns; Pillars; Struts of metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
    • E04C2003/0417—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts demountable
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0421—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section comprising one single unitary part
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/043—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the hollow cross-section comprising at least one enclosed cavity
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0439—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the cross-section comprising open parts and hollow parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452—H- or I-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452—H- or I-shaped
    • E04C2003/0456—H- or I-shaped hollow flanged, i.e. "dogbone" metal beams
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0469—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section triangular-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0486—Truss like structures composed of separate truss elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0486—Truss like structures composed of separate truss elements
    • E04C2003/0491—Truss like structures composed of separate truss elements the truss elements being located in one single surface or in several parallel surfaces

Definitions

  • Pre-fabricated roof and floor trusses, and frame segments are well known in the residential and light commercial construction industries.
  • the trusses are most commonly formed from two-by-four studs joined together by steel gussets, while the frame segments are often nailed together.
  • the pre-fabricated roof trusses are lifted onto and attached to the top of a structural frame so that the roofing material can be placed on it.
  • the pre-fabricated floor trusses are attached to the foundation or the lower portion of the structural frame so that plywood and flooring can be placed on top and attached thereto.
  • the pre-fabricated components of a structure provide substantial time savings in the construction process, which can be critical when the climate in some areas permits only limited time windows suitable for construction. In general, the time savings result in cost savings. Nonetheless, the significant increase in the cost of lumber had made even these pre-fab trusses and frames so expensive that an alternative is being sought.
  • a lightweight steel beam has been developed by Navon which is described in PCT Application Publication Number WO 9117328, based upon United States Patent Application Numbers 07/518554 (filed May 3, 1990) and 07/674549 (filed March 22, 1991).
  • This structural beam is an I-beam of four piece construction, where the two bearing portions (top and bottom) have a "C"-shape and the web and flange portion consists of two pieces of sheet steel which are welded at their centers and bent outward to form the triangular flanges.
  • This beam is illustrated in cross-section in Figure 1, labeled "PRIOR ART”. The flanges of the triangles are then welded to the insides of the "C"-shaped bearing portions to create the I-beam.
  • Two beams are joined together by flat or angled gussets which are bolted or welded to the outer surface of the web.
  • Navon beam provides an improvement upon conventional steel beams since it is over 50% lighter and it is relatively easy to use in erecting a structure, it is not trivial to fabricate.
  • Each beam consists of four pieces which must be bent and welded together over the entire length of the beam, making the production process one that requires several specialized pieces of machinery and consumes time.
  • the joints between two beams may be subject to excessive lateral stresses since the gussets merely attach to the outside of the web, without providing any reinforcement of the joint by the beams themselves.
  • US 3,129,493 describes a lightweight structural panel comprising at least are triangle cross-section beam or chord which may be connected to another similar beam, or to a surface, by a lattice web of tubing that is crimped so that it may be inserted between flanges of the beams.
  • Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a versatile lightweight steel beam system as an alternative to both wood and traditional metal construction materials.
  • a lightweight metal construction system having a plurality of beams, each beam formed from a single piece of sheet metal bent lengthwise along four parallel lines to form a triangular cross-section having a base, two sides and two wings, one wing corresponding to each side extending from an apex of the triangular cross-section and having a height less than a length of the each side, the beam having a first length, an inner beam surface and an outer beam surface, each of the outer and inner beam surfaces having five planar segments defined by the base, the two sides and the two wings; a plurality of connectors for connecting a first beam of the plurality of beams to a construction material having a second length and a plurality of exterior planar surfaces, each connector of the plurality of connectors having a connection point with the construction material; and a plurality of fastening means for fastening the plurality of connectors to the construction material at the connection point, the connection point having a connection width much less than each of the first and second length so that
  • brackets may be used which are constructed in a similar manner as the beams, with triangular cross-sectional inserts or sleeves which fit within or over the beam, depending on the relative dimensions of the bracket's triangle and the beam's triangle.
  • the brackets have a single triangle with an extended wing providing a gusset which is inserted between the two wings of one of the beams to be attached, and fastened in place by screws, bolts, or other fastening means.
  • the triangular portion of the bracket is inserted into the end of the second beam, or slid over the end, depending on whether the dimensions of the bracket triangle are less than or greater than those of the beam triangle.
  • the brackets have a triangle formed at two or more edges, to create a single wing extending between the triangles. The triangles are inserted into or slid over the ends of the beams to be joined, then fastened.
  • a telescoping fitting consisting of a triangle with outer dimensions that are slightly smaller than the inner dimensions of the triangle of the beam is used by inserting the telescoping connector into the end of each of the two beams to be connected and driving fasteners through the beams and the telescoping connector.
  • a triangle of slightly larger dimensions can be used as a connector by sliding the connector over the ends of the beams to be joined.
  • the assembly procedure i.e., piecing, sizing, cutting, is the same as that for a standard wood truss or frame, except that angle cuts on the ends of the beams are not required to assemble the steel truss according to the present invention.
  • the cutting of angles at the ends of the beams is eliminated by using brackets with built-in angles.
  • the beams and connectors can also be configured for use as wall studs for framing, door and window headers, and mobile home trusses.
  • Modifications to the basic beam can be used to create a number of different brackets for interconnecting multiple beams, to attach the beams to wood studs, or to provide means for suspending other beams, studs or sheets of building materials from a support structure constructed from the lightweight metal construction system.
  • the sheet steel of which the beams and brackets are formed can be selected according to weight requirements for a particular structure, with most common construction applications using material ranging from 24 gauge to 8 gauge steel.
  • Other materials such as other metals (e.g., aluminum or titanium) or high strength plastics, may be used according to the purpose of the structure.
  • Wallboard or plywood can be nailed or screwed to the base of the triangle, which is comparable in width to the edge of a two-by-four. Wood, plastic or other materials may also be inserted into the beam between the wings, to facilitate attachment of other construction materials.
  • the wings of the beam and the brackets can be pre-drilled so that the fastener need only be inserted through the appropriate holes to achieve the desired connection.
  • components of the inventive lightweight metal construction system are described as having tops, bottoms and sides for reference only. These designations are not intended to limit the construction system to use in such an orientation.
  • the basic lightweight steel beam 2 is triangular in shape with a pair of wings 4 and 6 extending from the apex 8 of the triangle 10.
  • the triangle 10 is created by bending a sheet of cold formed steel at four places: bottom corners 12 and 14 and shoulders 16 and 18 so that the edges of wings 4 and 6 are generally even.
  • the triangle 10 is symmetrical around a line drawn from the apex 8 perpendicular to the base.
  • the bottom corners 12 and 14 are slightly rounded to avoid weakening the metal at the bends. No welding or other fastening operation is performed on the beam 2, so the wings 4 and 6 are unattached. Holes may be pre-drilled in the beam to facilitate insertion of fasteners for connecting beams together.
  • a first type of brackets for connecting two or more beams together are formed in a procedure similar to that used for the beams.
  • the brackets 20 and 30 are formed by bending a sheet of cold formed steel to form a triangle at at least one edge of the sheet. Describing bracket 20, the edges 22 and 24 of bracket are bent inward so that they end at the apex 26 or 27 of the triangle without forming a second wing as in the beams.
  • the sheet is pre-cut so that the edges have the desired angles. In this illustration, the sheet steel would be trapezoidal in shape.
  • the dimensions of the bracket's triangles are preferably slightly smaller than those of the beam so that they closely fit within the beam's triangle.
  • bracket's triangles may be larger than those of the beam, with the beam being inserted into the bracket.
  • a single wing 25 extends between the two triangles 21 and 23, unlike the two wings created in formation of the beams. This allows the brackets to be formed from a single sheet with the fewest number of bends possible, making their manufacture simple and economical. No fastening of the bracket itself is required, the only fasteners being applied when the beams and brackets are assembled.
  • the assembly of a bracket 20 with two beams 2 and 2' is illustrated in Figure 4.
  • Fasteners 40 are shown as sheet metal screws, but may also be welds, rivets or bolts.
  • the brackets may be pre-drilled with holes to facilitate assembly.
  • Bracket 30 for forming the peak in a roof or similar angled construction by attaching two beams 2 and 2'. While the angle shown is relatively large, the bracket 30 can be formed to provide virtually any angle required. As described above for bracket 20, the sheet of cold formed steel is pre-cut to the desired angle, in this case forming a hexagon. A notch 33 is made at the apex 35 to allow the triangles to be formed independently of each other. The triangles 31 and 31' are formed by creating three folds parallel to the angle-cut edges 32 and 34, with the edges at the apex 35. The triangles 31 and 31' have sides slightly smaller than the inner dimensions of the triangle of a beam.
  • the dimensions of the triangles 31 and 31' can be larger than the outer dimensions of the beams so that the bracket is fined over the outside of the end of the beam to be joined.
  • the bracket 30 and beams 2 and 2' are attached as shown in Figure 6, with fasteners being driven through the wings of the respective beams and through single wing 36 of the bracket.
  • the pieces may be welded together. Holes may be pre-drilled for the desired fasteners.
  • Three beams may be joined together using a bracket of the configuration shown in Figure 7. Edges 42 and 44 of the sheet metal are cut at the desired angles, then folded inward to form triangles 43 and 45. Edge 46 is also folded inward to form triangle 47. As with bracket 30, notches are cut between the individual triangles. The ends of the beams to be joined are slid over the appropriate triangle and fastened as above. The angles may be varied as needed by pre-cutting the sheet metal.
  • Two beams may be attached together end-to-end by either inserting a telescoping-type connector bracket into the ends of each beam 2 and 2' or inserting the ends of the beams into the telescoping connector.
  • a connection of the former type is shown in Figure 8.
  • the telescoping connector bracket 62 consists of a triangular tube formed by bending a single piece of sheet steel along three longitudinal lines into dimensions that are slightly smaller than the interior dimensions of the beam triangle 10. Alternatively, the dimensions of the triangular tube can be larger than the outer dimensions of the beam triangle 10 so that the bracket is fined over the ends of the beams to be joined.
  • the bracket 62 should fit closely within the triangle 10 to provide optimal support.
  • Fasteners 50 or welds are then used to attach each beam 2 and 2' to the connector 62. As illustrated, the fasteners are driven through the respective wings of the connector and beams. Where the ends of the beams are inserted into the telescoping connector, the triangle of the connector has dimensions slightly larger than the outer dimensions of the beams.
  • the connector or end joint illustrated in Figure 9 provides a means for directly attaching a beam to a wood stud (or other construction material) according to an aspect of the present invention.
  • the triangular portion 63 can be either a beam itself, or a connector which telescopes with a beam, similar to the embodiment of Figure 8. In either case, the triangular portion 63 is formed in the same manner as the beam of Figure 2. Near the end of the beam, a section of the triangle is cut away by making a lengthwise cut along each of the lower corners 65 of the triangle, leaving only the base of the triangle. This creates an extension 64 which is generally flat (except for curvature at the edges 66 corresponding to the lower corners of the triangle).
  • extension 64 For a 2 x 4 stud, the end of extension 64 is bent upward to create a space of 2 inches between the location of the cut 66 and the upwardly bent end 68. The 2 x 4 stud is then fined within the space, and fasteners such as nails or wood screws are used to attach the beam to the stud.
  • the extension 64 provides additional support and stability for a composite structure made of beams and other construction material, such as, in this example, wood studs.
  • the space may be adapted to fit any construction material by adjusting the location of the cut 66 and the bend 67.
  • FIG 10. An alternative embodiment of the end joint of Figure 9 is illustrated in Figure 10. This embodiment differs from that of Figure 9 in that the triangular portion 72 is formed after the extensions are defined.
  • a flat sheet of stainless steel is cut with two end sections 73 and 74 width L1 and a center of width L2 which equals L1 plus the outer width of the triangular portion 72 (shown unfolded by the dashed lines).
  • a lengthwise cut is made in from the ends along a line that will be the first corner 75 of the triangular section 72, leaving extension 76 and 77 with width L3.
  • the metal sheet is then folded lengthwise to create corner 75.
  • the center portion is folded lengthwise again to form corner 78 and bent at line 79 to form a lip 80.
  • End tabs 81 and 82 are folded inward, against the ends of triangular section 72 to provide additional strength and to provide means for attachment to one side of a 2 x 4 stud or other construction materials.
  • tab 82 is shown with wood screws through it for attachment to stud 84 (shown in dashed lines). Stud 84 fits within a space between tab 82 and extension end 86, which is bent upward to be parallel to tab 82.
  • Fasteners may be driven through the outside of end 86 into stud 84. (As in other components, holes may be pre-drilled in the metal to facilitate assembly.)
  • Extension 76 is shown without an upwardly bent end. In this configuration, attachment to a wood stud (not shown) can be accomplished by driving fasteners upwardly through extension 76 and outwardly through tab 81. By not bending up the end, connection can be made to a large beam or other large dimension structure, e.g., the edge of a concrete block.
  • the combination of tab 81 and extension 76 can also be bent to create a curved contact surface for attachment to pipes or other rounded surfaces.
  • An end joint configured as that shown in Figure 10 retains the advantages of high strength and simple manufacture of the triangular beam while providing versatility for adaptation to other building surfaces.
  • the bracket 90 illustrated in Figure 11, is formed from a strip of sheet steel and may be of any length for use in connecting two neighboring beams.
  • the metal is bent laterally to conform to the outer shape and dimensions of the beams to be joined.
  • both beams 92 and 94 are oriented in the same direction, with bases 96 and 97 facing downward.
  • the ends of bracket 90 are bent to conform with the sides of the beams 92 and 93 and then bent downward at the center to wrap around the wings 98 and 99 of the beams.
  • Fasteners, here, machine screws 100 are driven through the bracket and wings of each beam.
  • bracket 90 It is possible to join a string of beams by continuing the extension 93 of bracket 90 for whatever length is needed, bending the bracket to conform to the upper profiles of the beams for each beam to be joined. For example, if a third beam were to be attached between beams 92 and 94, three lateral bends would be made in the center of extension 90 to conform to the wings and sides of the third beam.
  • Bracket 102 is used to join two beams which have their wings 104 pointed toward each other (only one beam is shown). Similar to previous brackets, bracket 102 is formed by making lateral bends in a strip of sheet steel. Each of the ends 106 and 107 of bracket 102 wrap around the side 108 and base 109 of the beam 103 with a lip 110 extending partially up side 111, so that each end 106 and 107 will cradle the beam.
  • a fastener 112 here, a sheet metal screw, may be driven through the bracket 102 and wings 104 to secure their relative positions.
  • the extension 105 between the two triangular sections may be whatever length is needed to span the two beams.
  • FIG 13 a means of reinforcing a lengthy beam according to an aspect of the present invention is illustrated.
  • forces on the ends of the beam may cause the beam to gape at the canter.
  • This gaping can be alleviated by cutting a section 112 in one wing 114 and folding to over the other wing 116, thereby providing means for holding the wings together without requiring additional fasteners.
  • wing 114 is longer than wing 116 to facilitate this reinforcement procedure.
  • a notch can be made in wing 116 to allow section 112 to be folded over when wings 114 and 116 are the same length.
  • FIG. 22 and 23 Another means for reinforcing a lengthy beam according to an aspect of the present invention is illustrated in Figures 22 and 23.
  • a generally U-shaped cut 204 is made through both wings 200 and 201 of the beam to form a tongue 202.
  • the tongues 202 from each wing are pressed together through both cut-outs and bent back around the outer side of the wing, as shown in Figure 23.
  • the inner tongue (as illustrated, the tongue on the right wing) can be cut off and the remaining tongue bent across as shown.
  • the shape of the cut-out is not limited to a U-shape, but can be any cut which creates a tongue-like protrusion in one wing which may be bent through the cut-out in the adjacent wing to hold the two wings together.
  • FIG. 24 A third means for longitudinally reinforcing the beam according to an aspect of the present invention is shown in Figure 24.
  • grooves 210 are formed in the sides 212 and base 214 of the triangle to provide additional strength against bending or gaping. By pressing or bending the metal surfaces. For ease of manufacture, the grooves are formed before the triangle itself is created. This way, large sheets of corrugated metal can be formed, then cut as needed to make the triangular beams.
  • Bracket 118 is a strip of sheet steel which is bent laterally five times to form a generally triangular cross-section at its upper portion, including an open slot 124 into which the wings 126 of beam 122 fit.
  • the two extensions 128 of bracket 122 can be as long or as short as needed to permit proper spacing between the stud 120 and beam 122.
  • Screws 130, or other fastening means are used to fix the stud 120 within the bracket 118. Stud 120 need not actually be suspended from beam 122, but can merely be supported at its upper end by the beam 122 and bracket 118.
  • Bracket 132 shown in Figure 15 is used for attaching construction materials (not shown) within space 134 to a beam (not shown), the top of which fits within generally triangular section 136, similar to the relationship between the beam and connector shown in Figure 14.
  • Bracket 132 is formed in the same general manner as other brackets.
  • Space 134 may be expanded to accept a wood stud or other materials, a fastener (not shown) may be driven through extensions 138 to affix the material to the connector 132, similar to that shown in Figure 14.
  • the end joint 140 may be a separate connecting piece or may be a modified end of a full beam which allows one beam to be directly attached perpendicular to a second beam.
  • End joint 14 is of the same construction as is the basic beam (as in Figure 2). Lengthwise cuts are made along the lower corners 142, 143 of the triangle and the wing portions above the triangle are removed.
  • the side flaps 144, 145 are bent away from the extended base 146 at the same angle as the side of a beam.
  • beam 148 shown in dotted lines, illustrates the relationship between the bent-back side flaps and the side of the beam to which the end joint 140 attaches.
  • Extended base 146 supports the bottom (base) of beam 148, while the side flaps 144 and 145 contact the side 150 of the beam 148.
  • Fasteners (not shown) may be driven through the base 146 and the side flaps 144 and 145 into beam 148 to firmly attach the end joint 140 perpendicular to the side of the beam 148.
  • no beam is shown, but the flaps 144' and 145' and base extension 146 are ready to be attached to another beam which will then be parallel to beam 148.
  • the end joint shown in Figure 17 may be formed either in a separate connector or at the end of a beam.
  • the joint is shown formed at the end of beam 152 which is to be attached perpendicular to beam 154.
  • a basic beam is cut with a lengthwise cut 158 into the centor of the base 156 for a distance approximately equal to the height of beam 154. Adjacent the lower part of the cut, the corners 157 are bent away from the base 156 to create a triangular opening corresponding to the cross-section of beam 154, with flaps 153 abutting sides 161 of beam 154.
  • a second cut 159 is made laterally across both wings 160 and the lower corners 162 are bent outward to create a triangular opening corresponding to the cross-section of beam 154 with flaps 163 abutting sides 161 of beam 154.
  • the beam 152 is fitted down over beam 154 making sure that the wings 164 are fully seated within cut 158.
  • Fasteners 165 may be driven through the flaps 153 and 163 and into sides 161.
  • Figures 18 and 19 illustrate an alternate joint for attaching the end of one beam to the top of another.
  • This joint differs from that of Figure 17 in that the wings of the two beams do not meet. Instead, the wings of the beam to which the beam 170 is to be joined are inserted into slots 174. Slots 174 are formed by cutting lengthwise in from the beam end into sides 170 and bending the corners of the slots 174 back to create flaps 176 and 178. The flaps 176 and 178 are bent back to create a triangular opening with dimensions corresponding to the triangular cross-section of a basic beam, such as shown in Figure 2.
  • fasteners may be driven through flaps 176 and 178 into the sides of the adjoining beam to provide a strong connection between the beams.
  • Figures 20 and 21 show a support brace 180 which may be used to add strength to a structure which has extended lengths of beams.
  • Brace 180 is a strip of metal with L-shaped ends 182 which wrap around the beams 184 and 186 and are fastened to each of the beams, generally located about half between the ends of the beams.
  • Figure 20 illustrates a section of frame in which the inventive beams provide the vertically running portions (beams 184 and 186) attached to a 2 x 4 wood stud 188 at the base by the end joint 192, as in Figure 9.
  • a third metal beam 190 which is attached using the end joint 194 as in Figure 17.
  • the width of the base of triangle 10 of a beam is comparable to that of a two-by-four stud, so that anything that would have required support from the edge of a stud, such as wallboard, plywood or roofing material, will be similarly supported by the beam 2.
  • the inventive beams may be substituted for the stud. Nails or other fasteners may be driven through any side of the triangle 3 to attach material which is to be supported. Other building materials may also be inserted between the wings 4 and 6 and into a beam. For example, a two-by-four stud can be inserted by spreading the triangle to provide a wood surface for nails. Similarly, plastics or composite building materials may also inserted into the beams. Where appropriate, different size beams can be used which are larger than or smaller than the dimensions of a typical 2 x 4.
  • the combination of beams illustrated in Figure 25 is an alternative to a 2 x 4 wood stud (or other standard wood construction beam), possessing the features that will allow other construction materials to be directly attached.
  • This "metal 2 x 4" is formed from two asymmetrically bent triangular beams 220 and 222 which have legs 221 and 223 extending from the apexes to form a flat surface 226 comparable to the 2 inch edges of a 2 x 4 wood stud into which fasteners may be driven to support other construction materials.
  • the two beams 220 and 222 are joined together by a generally L-shaped connector 228 which is attached to the inside wing 230 of each beam by welding or some other fastening means (welds are shown but not labeled).
  • fasteners may be driven through the bases 232 and 234 of the two triangles.
  • this "metal 2 x 4" it may be used to replace the wood stud 84 illustrated in Figure 10.
  • Leg 221 of the "metal 2 x 4" would be attached by fasteners to extension 77, and screw can be driven through end tab 82 into base 232.
  • the material of which the beams and various brackets are made can be adapted to fit the demands of the construction project.
  • Cold formed steel ranging from 24 gauge to 8 gauge can be used, as well as other metals such as aluminum, titanium and numerous steel alloys. For most common construction purposes, steel will likely be the material of choice.
  • brackets described above permit the formation of virtually any angle required for building a structure without requiring angle cuts to be made in the ends of the beams. This is of particular importance where the training level of the construction personnel is such that angle cuts are a frequent source of errors.
  • the inventive beams, brackets and assembly method can be substituted for traditional two-by-four framing studs, door and window headers, and any number of other applications for which wood framing is traditionally used.
  • Actual I-beams can be formed by joining two beams together along their entire length using a long gusset, allowing the inventive system to be used as a substitute for traditional metal framing as well.
  • the lightweight steel beam system is inexpensive to manufacture and is as easy to assemble and handle as traditional wood construction.
  • the use of steel beams as an alternative to wood addresses an issue that has had significant impact on the construction industry, providing a high quality, environmentally safe material. Further, the steel beams are immune to many of the problems of wood construction, since insect damage and wood rot are not of concern.

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Claims (15)

  1. Leichtmetallkonstruktionssystem mit einer Vielzahl von Trägern, wobei jeder Träger (2) aus einem einzelnen Blechteil gebildet ist, das entlang von vier parallelen Linten (12, 14, 16, 18) der Länge nach gebogen ist, um einen dreieckigen Querschnitt (10) mit einer Basis, zwei Seiten und zwei Flügeln (4, 6) zu bilden, je ein einer Seite zugeordneter Flügel erstreckt sich von einer Spitze (8) des dreieckigen Querschnitts (10) und weist eine Höhe auf, die geringer als eine Länge jeder Seite ist, der Träger (2) weist eine erste Länge, eine innere Trägerfläche und eine äußere Trägerfläche auf, jede der inneren und äußeren Trägerflächen weist fünf ebene Segmente auf, die von der Basis, den beiden Seiten und den beiden Flügeln bestimmt werden; einer Vielzahl von Verbindern (63, 78, 118, 132) zum Verbinden eines ersten Balkens (122) der Vielzahl von Balken mit einem Konstruktionselement (84, 120) mit einer zweiten Länge und eine Vielzahl von äußeren ebenen Flächen, jeder Verbinder (63, 78, 118, 132) der Vielzahl von Verhindern (63, 78, 118, 132) weist einen Verbindungspunkt (64, 68, 76, 77, 81, 82, 86, 128, 138) mit dem Konstruktionselement auf; und einer Vielzahl von Befestigungsmitteln (130) zum Befestigen der Vielzahl von Verhindern (63, 78, 118, 132) mit dem Konstruktionselement (84, 120) am Verbindungspunkt (64, 68, 76, 66, 81, 82, 86, 128, 138), der Verbindungspunkt (64, 68, 76, 77, 81, 82, 86, 128, 136) weist eine Verbindungsbreite auf, die sehr viel kleiner als jede der ersten und zweiten Länge ist, so daß mit Ausnahme am Verbindungspunkt (64, 68, 76, 77, 81, 82, 86, 128, 138) zwischen dem ersten Träger und dem Konstruktionselement ein Raum vorliegt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zumindest einer der Vielzahl von Verbindern (63, 78, 118, 132) ein Endverbindungsstück ist, das durch zumindest einen Längsschnitt in ein Ende des ersten Trägers gebildet wird, wobei der zumindest eine Längsschnitt eine Verbindungsöffnung (64, 66, 67) schafft, die so ausgebildet ist, daß es dem ersten Ende des ersten Trägers (64, 68, 77, 86, 76, 81) gestattet ist, mit zumindest einem seiner fünf ebenen Segmente mit zumindest zwei äußeren ebenen Flächen des Konstruktionselements (84, 120) in Kontakt zu treten.
  2. Leichtmetallkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vielzahl von Verbindern (63, 78, 118, 132) ferner eine Vielzahl von Klammern (118, 132) zum Verbinden von zumindest einem der Träger (122) mit einem Konstruktionselement (120) einschließt, wobei jede Klammer (118, 132) einen Blechstreifen mit zumindest einer lateralen Biegung (124, 136) darin umfaßt, um den Streifen an zumindest zwei der ebenen Segmente der äußeren Trägerflächen und an zumindest eine Verlängerung anzupassen, um an zumindest zwei äußeren ebenen Flächen des Konstruktionselements anzuliegen.
  3. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Klammer (118, 132) drei laterale Biegungen aufweist, um den Streifen an die zumindest zwei äußeren ebenen Flächen des Konstruktionselements (120) anzupassen.
  4. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Klammer (118, 132) ferner zwei längliche Verlängerungen (128, (138) mit einem Abstand dazwischen aufweist, um eine Breite des Konstruktionselements (120) zu überspannen.
  5. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vielzahl von Verhindern ferner eine Vielzahl von dreieckigen, teleskopierbaren Verbindern (20, 30, 43, 45, 47, 62) aufweist, um zwei Träger (2, 2') der Vielzahl von Trägern mit ihren Enden zu verbinden.
  6. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der dreieckige teleskopierbare Verbinder (30, 43, 45, 47) in einem Winkel (32, 34, 42, 44, 46) gebogen ist.
  7. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Konstruktionselement ein zweiter Träger (154) der Vielzahl von Trägern ist und das Endverbindungsstück (152) einen Längsschnitt (158) in der Basis (156) umfaßt, wobei die beiden Seiten (163) und die beiden Flügel (160, 162) von der Spitze nach außen gebogen sind, um an die beiden Seiten (161) des zweiten Trägers (154) angepaßt zu werden.
  8. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Konstruktionselement ein zweiter Träger (148) der Vielzahl von Trägern ist und das Endverbindungsstück (140) einen Längsschnitt entlang jeder Ecke (142, 143) zwischen der Basis (146) und den beiden Seiten (144, 145) aufweist, wobei die beiden Seiten von der Spitze nach außen gebogen sind, um an die Basis und eine der beiden Seiten (150) des zweiten Trägers (148) angepaßt zu sein.
  9. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Konstruktionselement eilt zweiter Träger der Vielzahl von Trägern ist und das Endverbindungsstück (170) einen Längsschnitt (174) in jeder der beiden Seiten (176, 178) umfaßt, wobei die beiden Seiten (176, 178) von dem Längsschnitt (174) weggebogen sind, um an die beiden Seiten und ihre entsprechenden beiden Flügel des zweiten Trägers angepaßt zu werden.
  10. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Konstruktionselement ein Holzständer ist und das Endverbindungsstück (63) ein Längeschnitt entlang jeder Ecke zwischen der Basis und den beiden Selten und einen lateralen Schnitt (66) quer über die beiden Seiten und die beiden Flügel aufweist, um eine Abschnitt jeder Seite und der entsprechenden beiden Flügel des ersten Balkens (163) zu entfernen.
  11. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Basis (64) in einem Abstand von dem lateralen Schnitt (65) entsprechend der Breite des Holztänders um 90° lateral umgebogen ist.
  12. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Konstruktionselement ein Metallständer mit im wesentlichen rechteckigem Querschnitt ist und das Endverbindungsstück einen Längsschnitt entlang jeder Ecke zwischen der Basis und den beiden Seiten sowie einen lateralen Schnitt (66) quer über die beiden Seiten und die beiden flügel umfaßt, um eine Abschnitt jeder Seite und ihrer entsprechenden Flügel des ersten Trägers (63) zu entfernen.
  13. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Trägerverstärkungsmittel vorgesehen sind, wobei die Trägerverstärkungsmittel ein Paar von lateralen Schnitten quer über einen der Flügel (114, 116) umfassen, um ein Flügelsegment (112) zu bilden, das über den anderen Flügel (116) des Trägers gebogen ist.
  14. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Trägerverstärkungsmittel vorgesehen ist, wobei das Trägerverstärkungsmittel ein Paar von Im allgemeinen U-förmigen Schnitten (204) in jedem der Flügel (200, 201) umfaßt, um ein Zunge (202) in einem der Flügel (200) zu bilden, die durch den im allgemeinen U-förmigen Schnitt (204) im anderen Flügel (201) gedrückt und über eine äußere Fläche des anderen Flügels (201) gebogen ist.
  15. Leichtmetalkonstruktionssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Trägerverstärkungsmittel vorgesehen ist, das eine Vielzahl von Längsnuten (210) umfaßt, die in der Basis (214) und den Seiten (212) dem Trägers ausgebildet sind.
EP94914749A 1993-03-31 1994-03-30 Leichtmetallgitterträger und rahmensystem Expired - Lifetime EP0692053B1 (de)

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US4049493A 1993-03-31 1993-03-31
US40494 1993-03-31
US8298993A 1993-06-25 1993-06-25
US82989 1993-06-25
US08/190,643 US5499480A (en) 1993-03-31 1994-02-02 Lightweight metal truss and frame system
US190643 1994-02-02
PCT/US1994/003508 WO1994023149A1 (en) 1993-03-31 1994-03-30 Lightweight metal truss and frame system

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JP (1) JPH08508798A (de)
AT (1) ATE196787T1 (de)
AU (1) AU685117B2 (de)
BR (1) BR9405803A (de)
CA (1) CA2159492A1 (de)
CZ (1) CZ251395A3 (de)
DE (1) DE69426073T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0692053T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2152978T3 (de)
GR (1) GR3035186T3 (de)
HU (1) HUT72379A (de)
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RU2653209C1 (ru) * 2017-05-02 2018-05-07 Александр Суренович Марутян Плоскоовальный гнутозамкнутый профиль
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RU2641333C1 (ru) * 2017-03-21 2018-01-17 Александр Суренович Марутян Гнутозамкнутый профиль
RU2653209C1 (ru) * 2017-05-02 2018-05-07 Александр Суренович Марутян Плоскоовальный гнутозамкнутый профиль
RU2651741C1 (ru) * 2017-05-15 2018-04-23 Александр Суренович Марутян Треугольный гнутозамкнутый профиль
RU2645317C1 (ru) * 2017-05-26 2018-02-20 Александр Суренович Марутян Полукруглый гнутозамкнутый профиль
RU2645318C1 (ru) * 2017-06-06 2018-02-20 Александр Суренович Марутян Пятиугольный гнутозамкнутый профиль
RU2655056C1 (ru) * 2017-07-06 2018-05-23 Александр Суренович Марутян Трапециевидный гнутозамкнутый профиль
RU2656297C1 (ru) * 2017-08-31 2018-06-04 Александр Суренович Марутян Клиновидный гнутозамкнутый профиль
RU2686762C1 (ru) * 2018-07-23 2019-04-30 Александр Суренович Марутян Двутавровый гнутосварной профиль

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ATE196787T1 (de) 2000-10-15
CA2159492A1 (en) 1994-10-13
PL320748A1 (en) 1997-10-27
DE69426073D1 (de) 2000-11-09
ES2152978T3 (es) 2001-02-16
EP0692053A1 (de) 1996-01-17
WO1994023149A1 (en) 1994-10-13
NZ265766A (en) 1997-09-22
JPH08508798A (ja) 1996-09-17
AU6699294A (en) 1994-10-24
PT692053E (pt) 2001-01-31
DE69426073T2 (de) 2001-05-10
AU685117B2 (en) 1998-01-15
SK122095A3 (en) 1997-09-10
BR9405803A (pt) 1995-12-12
HU9502853D0 (en) 1995-11-28
DK0692053T3 (da) 2001-01-29
GR3035186T3 (en) 2001-04-30
CZ251395A3 (en) 1996-05-15
HUT72379A (en) 1996-04-29

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