EP0663540B1 - Synchronizer clutch with self-energizing - Google Patents

Synchronizer clutch with self-energizing Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0663540B1
EP0663540B1 EP94309515A EP94309515A EP0663540B1 EP 0663540 B1 EP0663540 B1 EP 0663540B1 EP 94309515 A EP94309515 A EP 94309515A EP 94309515 A EP94309515 A EP 94309515A EP 0663540 B1 EP0663540 B1 EP 0663540B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
blocker
self
energizing
torque
force
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94309515A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0663540A1 (en
Inventor
Richard Alexander Nellums
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eaton Corp
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Eaton Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eaton Corp filed Critical Eaton Corp
Publication of EP0663540A1 publication Critical patent/EP0663540A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0663540B1 publication Critical patent/EP0663540B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H55/00—Elements with teeth or friction surfaces for conveying motion; Worms, pulleys or sheaves for gearing mechanisms
    • F16H55/02—Toothed members; Worms
    • F16H55/08—Profiling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D23/00—Details of mechanically-actuated clutches not specific for one distinct type
    • F16D23/02—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches
    • F16D23/04—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches with an additional friction clutch
    • F16D23/06—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches with an additional friction clutch and a blocking mechanism preventing the engagement of the main clutch prior to synchronisation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D23/00—Details of mechanically-actuated clutches not specific for one distinct type
    • F16D23/02—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches
    • F16D23/04—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches with an additional friction clutch
    • F16D23/06—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches with an additional friction clutch and a blocking mechanism preventing the engagement of the main clutch prior to synchronisation
    • F16D2023/0618—Details of blocking mechanism comprising a helical spring loaded element, e.g. ball
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D23/00—Details of mechanically-actuated clutches not specific for one distinct type
    • F16D23/02—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches
    • F16D23/04—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches with an additional friction clutch
    • F16D23/06—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches with an additional friction clutch and a blocking mechanism preventing the engagement of the main clutch prior to synchronisation
    • F16D2023/065—Means to provide additional axial force for self-energising, e.g. by using torque from the friction clutch
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D23/00—Details of mechanically-actuated clutches not specific for one distinct type
    • F16D23/02—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches
    • F16D23/04—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches with an additional friction clutch
    • F16D23/06—Arrangements for synchronisation, also for power-operated clutches with an additional friction clutch and a blocking mechanism preventing the engagement of the main clutch prior to synchronisation
    • F16D2023/0656—Details of the tooth structure; Arrangements of teeth

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a baulkring-type synchronizer clutch having self-energizing.
  • Baulkring-type synchronizer clutches for use in multi-ratio transmissions are well known.
  • Such clutches include pairs of friction and jaw members for respectively synchronizing and positive clutching a gear to a shaft, pre-energizer assemblies for engaging the friction members in response to initial engaging movement of a shift sleeve, a hub rotatably fixed to the shaft and having external spline teeth slidably receiving intemal spline teeth of the shift sleeve which often defines one of the jaw member pairs, a baulkring having blocker teeth for arresting engaging movement of the shift sleeve until synchronization is reached and for transferring a shift force from the sleeve to increase the engaging force of the friction members.
  • synchronizer clutches may be used to reduce shift time of all or some of the transmission gear ratios. It is also known that the shift effort required by a vehicle operator, i.e., force applied to a shift lever, may be reduced by use of synchronizer mechanisms of the self-energizing type. Since operator shift effort generally increases with vehicle size and weight, synchronizer mechanisms of the self-energizing type are especially important for trucks, particularly for heavy duty trucks.
  • a baulkring-type synchronizer clutch of the self-energizing type may be seen by reference to U.S. Patent 3,548,983.
  • a pin-type synchronizer clutch of the self-energizing type may also be seen by reference to U.S. Patent 5,092,439.
  • An object of this invention is to provide a baulkring-type synchronizer clutch with improved self-energizing.
  • the invention relates to a baulkring-type synchronizer, as disclosed in US-A-3548983 and represented by the precharacterizing part of claim 1, frictionally synchronizes and positive connects first and second drives disposed for relative rotation about a common axis.
  • the synchronizer comprises first jaw means axially movable from a neutral position to an engaged position with second jaw means for positive connecting the drives in response to engaging movement of the first jaw means by an axially directed shift force F o .
  • the first jaw means is defined by a shift sleeve including a central opening affixed against rotation and axial movement relative to the first drive. The central opening has axially extending internal splines.
  • a first baulkring includes a first friction surface axially movable into engagement with a second friction surface in response to the engaging movement of the first jaw means for producing a synchronizing torque.
  • the baulkring is axially movable away from the hub toward the second friction surface.
  • First and second angled blocker surfaces are movable into engagement in response to the engaging movement of the shift sleeve for preventing asynchronous engagement of the jaw means, for transmitting the shift force (F o ) to the first friction surface to effect an engagement force of the friction surfaces, and for producing a torque counter to the synchronizing torque for moving the first and second blocker means out of engagement as synchronization is reached.
  • the first baulkring includes a plurality of the second blocker surfaces.
  • First and second self-energizing means are operative when engaged to react the synchronizing torque for producing an additive axial force (F a ) in the direction of the shift force (F o ) for increasing the engagement force of the friction surfaces.
  • the first and second self-energizing means include means for directing the additive axial force (F a ) to the first friction surface via the blocker surfaces.
  • the first self-energizing means includes a plurality of first self-energizing ramp surfaces defined in the hub outer circumference.
  • the synchronizer clutch according to the invention is characterized by the hub outer circumference defining extemal splines.
  • the shift sleeve internal splines have axially extending flank surfaces slidably mating continuously with axially extending flank surfaces of the hub extemal splines for preventing relative rotation between the intemal and extemal splines.
  • the extemal splines are affixed against rotation and axial movement relative to the first drive.
  • the shift sleeve has an annular radially inwardly opening groove.
  • a torque ring means is mounted in the sleeve groove for limited rotation relative thereto and for no-axial movement relative thereto.
  • the ring means includes a plurality of circumferentially spaces apart first blocker projection extending radially inward therefrom and each defining one of the first blocker surfaces.
  • the ring means also includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart self-energizing projections extending radially inward therefrom and each defining a second angled self-energizing ramp surface of the second self-energizing means. Engagement of the first and second self-energizing ramp surfaces reacts the synchronizing torque and transmits the additive axial force (F a ) to the blocker surfaces via the ring means.
  • synchronizer clutch mechanism shall designate a clutch mechanism utilized to non-rotatably couple a selected ratio gear to a shaft by means of a positive clutch in which attempted engagement of the positive clutch is prevented until members of the positive clutch are brought to substantially synchronous rotation by a synchronizing friction clutch associated with the positive clutch.
  • self-energizing shall designate a synchronizer clutch mechanism which includes ramps or cams or the like to increase the engaging force of the synchronizing clutch in proportion to the synchronizing torque of the friction clutch.
  • Assembly 10 which forms part of a multi-ratio change speed transmission.
  • Assembly 10 includes a shaft 12 mounted for rotation about a central axis 12a, axially spaced apart gears 14,16 supported on the shaft for rotation relative thereto and secured against axial movement relative to the shaft in known manner, and a double-acting synchronizer clutch mechanism 18.
  • the synchronizer clutch mechanism 18 includes annular members 20,22 axially and rotatably affixed to gears 14,16 in known manner, gear friction surfaces 24,26 herein integral with members 20,22, gear jaw teeth 28,30 herein integral with members 20,22, a hub member 32 axially and rotatably affixed at a central opening 32a thereof to shaft 12, a shift sleeve 34, internal spline teeth 36 defined on a central opening of sleeve 34 and in constant mesh with external spline teeth 38 defined on the outer circumference of hub 32, baulkrings 40,42, blocker teeth sets 44,46 ( Figures 2-7) and friction surfaces 48,50 herein integral with baulkrings 40,42, pre-energizer assemblies 52, and self-energizing/blocker assemblies 54 ( Figures 2-5, 8 and 9).
  • the synchronizer includes three circumferentially spaced apart self-energizing/blocker assemblies 54 which cooperate with a like number of blocker teeth on each baulkring, and three circumferentially spaced apart pre-energizer assemblies.
  • Each blocker tooth 44,46 respectively includes angled blocker surfaces 44a,44b,46a,46b and synchronizing torque reaction surfaces 44c,44d,46c,46d.
  • friction surfaces 24,48 and 26,50 pair up to define friction clutches for synchronizing the gears to the shaft prior to engagement of the jaw clutch members.
  • Cone clutches are preferred; however, other types of friction clutches may be used.
  • a wide range of cone angles may be used. Cone angles of seven and one-half degrees are employed herein.
  • the friction surfaces may be defined by any of several known friction materials affixed to the base member, e.g., pyrolytic carbon friction materials such as disclosed in U.S. Patents 4,700,823; 4,844,218 and 4,778,548 may be used.
  • Spline teeth 36,38 have axially extending flank surfaces 36a,38a which continuously mate in close sliding relation so that there is relatively no free play between shift sleeve 34 and shaft 12.
  • Opposite ends of splines 36 define jaw teeth 36b,36c which respectively mate with gear teeth 28,30 to positive clutch the gears to the shaft.
  • the flank sides of jaw teeth 36b,36c and of gear jaw teeth 28,30 are provided with an antibackout or locking angle feature to prevent inadvertent disengagement of the teeth. Details of this feature may be seen by reference to U.S. Patent 4,727,968. As may be seen in Figure 5, when jaw teeth 36c and 30 are fully engaged there remains a substantial engaged length of flank surfaces 36a,38a to distribute forces from transmitted torque and thereby minimize wear.
  • Each pre-energizer assembly 52 which is known in the art, includes a helical compression spring 58 and plunger 60 disposed in a radially extending blind bore in hub 32 and biasing a roller or ball 62 (herein a roller) into a detent groove 63a in a torque ring 63 retained in an annular groove 34a in shift sleeve 34.
  • the groove is sized to allow rotation of the ring relative to the sleeve and prevents relative axial movement.
  • the ring may be formed of a single solid member, a single member having a small section removed, or of several segments, e.g., three segments disposed end-to-end and defining a ring of substantially 360 degrees.
  • Pre-energizer assembly 52 resiliently positions roller 62 in the neutral position shown in Figures 1 and 2. Rollers 62 are axially spaced between abutment surfaces 64a,66a of a plurality of tabs 64,66 (herein three) formed integral with baulkrings 40,42.
  • an appropriate and unshown shift mechanism such as disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,920,815 moves shift sleeve 34 axially via a partially shown shift fork 68 along the axis of shaft 12 either left to couple gear 14 or right to couple gear 16.
  • the shift mechanism may be manually moved by an operator through a linkage system, may be selectively moved by an actuator, or may be moved by means which automatically initiate shift mechanism movement and which also controls the magnitude of the force applied by the shift mechanism.
  • pre-energizer assemblies apply a pre-energizer force proportional to the force applied by the operator to the shift sleeve.
  • the force is applied to the shift sleeve in an axial direction and is proportional to the force F o in Figure 10.
  • the pre-energizer force depending on direction of shift sleeve movement by the shift force (F o ), moves either friction surface 48 or 50 into initial engagement with its associated friction surface to clock the associated baulkring to a position relative to hub 32 for positioning the self-energizing/blocker assemblies 54 in a manner explained hereinafter.
  • Self-energizing/blocker assemblies 54 each comprise circumferentially spaced apart projections 70,72 extending radially outward from the outer circumference of hub 32 and including self-energizing or boost ramp surfaces 70a,70b,72a,72b extending oblique to the rotational plane of hub 32, a diamond shaped projection 74 extending radially inward from torque ring 63 and into the hourglass shaped recess defined by the boost ramps of projections 70,72, the blocker teeth 44,46, and circumferentially spaced apart blocker projections 76,78 having the blocker teeth reaction surfaces 44c,44d,46c,46d disposed therebetween.
  • Projection 74 includes self-energizing or boost ramp surfaces 74a,74b,74c,74d respectively parallel to boost surfaces 70a,70b,72a,72b.
  • Projections 76,78 respectively include blocker surfaces 76a,76b,78a,78b respectively parallel to blocker surfaces 44a,46a,44b,46b.
  • Projections 76,78 also include reaction surfaces 76c,78c extending normal to the rotational plane of the hub and parallel to reaction surfaces 44c,44d,46c,46d.
  • Projections 70,72 also include non-boost surfaces 70c,72c extending normal to the rotational plane and engagable with parallel non-boost surfaces 74e,74f when shift sleeve 34 is in the neutral position of Figures 1 and 2.
  • the non-boost surfaces when engaged, prevent unwanted activation of the self-energizing ramp surfaces in the event there is some amount of torque produced by one of the cone clutches, e.g., viscous shear of oil between the cone clutch friction surfaces may produce a torque that could otherwise activate the self-energizing ramp surfaces.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a "neutral position" of all synchronizer components. However, at the start of a shift blocker teeth 44,46 may be circumferentially positioned any place between blocker projections 76,78.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a "blocking/self-energizing position" wherein cone clutch torque due to pre-energizing has rotated baulkring 42 and torque ring 63 enough to engage blocker surfaces 44a,76a, self-energizing surfaces 70a,74a and reaction surfaces 44c,76c. When these surfaces are engaged, operator shift force F o applied to shift sleeve 34 is transmitted across blocker surfaces 76a,44a, thereby engaging friction surfaces 26,50 with force F o for producing a synchronizing torque T o . The angle of the blocker surfaces produce an unblocking torque counter to and less than the synchronizing torque T o .
  • Figure 10 graphically illustrates the sum of the axial forces F o plus F a engaging the clutch friction surfaces and the sum of the synchronizing torques T o plus T a produced by the clutch friction surfaces.
  • the magnitude of the axial additive force is preferably a function of the angle of the engaged self-energizing ramp surfaces. This angle is preferably great enough to produce an additive force F a of magnitude sufficient to increase synchronizing torque and decrease synchronizing time in response to a given moderate shift effort by the operator.
  • this angle is also preferably low enough to produce a controlled axial additive force F a , i.e., the force F a should increase or decrease in response to the force F o increasing or decreasing. If the ramp angle is too great, the ramps are self-locking rather than self-energizing; hence, once initial engagement of the cone clutch is effected, the force F a will rapidly and uncontrollably increase independent of the force F o , thereby driving the cone clutch toward lockup. Self-locking rather than self-energizing decreases shift quality or shift feel, may over stress synchronizer components, may cause over heating and rapid wear of the cone clutch surfaces, and may even override operator movement of the shift lever.
  • the ramp surfaces for the up or downshift may be made parallel to the splines.
  • the ramp surfaces for the up or downshift may be made parallel to the splines. For example, if ramp surface 70b,74a are made parallel to splines 38, no additive force F a is provided (for a shift in that direction).
  • the main variables for calculating self-energizing ramp angles and for providing additive axial forces F a , which increase or decrease in proportion to operator forces F o are cone clutch angle, cone clutch coefficient of friction, mean radii ratio of the cone clutch and of the self-energizing ramps, and ramp coefficient of friction. Further details for calculating and controlling self-energizing or boost forces may be obtained by reference to U.S. Patent 5,092,439.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a "boosted/unblocked position" which occurs immediately after unblocking torque has separated the blocking surfaces.
  • Self-energizing which occurs in this position may be due to inertia of baulkring 42 and/or while there is less than complete disengagement of the cone clutch.
  • This self-energizing phenomenon provides an axial assist force acting on shift sleeve 34 in the direction of shift force F o .
  • the assist force helps to restart axial engaging movement of jaw teeth 36c toward engagement with jaw teeth 30 as unblocking occurs and helps move the jaw teeth into engagement when the V-shaped ends of teeth 36c and 30 engage.
  • the assist force lessens what is known as shift notchiness by decreasing the need for the operator to move the shift lever with extra effort to finish a shift as unblocking occurs, i.e., the assist force facilitates smooth and relatively effortless completion of shifts.
  • Figure 5 illustrates a full "engaged position" of jaw teeth 36c,30.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Operated Clutches (AREA)
EP94309515A 1993-12-27 1994-12-19 Synchronizer clutch with self-energizing Expired - Lifetime EP0663540B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US172776 1993-12-27
US08/172,776 US5425437A (en) 1993-12-27 1993-12-27 Synchronizer with self-energizing

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0663540A1 EP0663540A1 (en) 1995-07-19
EP0663540B1 true EP0663540B1 (en) 1997-10-15

Family

ID=22629189

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94309515A Expired - Lifetime EP0663540B1 (en) 1993-12-27 1994-12-19 Synchronizer clutch with self-energizing

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US5425437A (ja)
EP (1) EP0663540B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP3577609B2 (ja)
KR (1) KR100272204B1 (ja)
CN (1) CN1070587C (ja)
AT (1) ATE159327T1 (ja)
BR (1) BR9405462A (ja)
CA (1) CA2137947C (ja)
DE (1) DE69406261T2 (ja)
ES (1) ES2109619T3 (ja)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9324756D0 (en) * 1993-12-02 1994-01-19 Eaton Corp Synchronizer with self-energizing
US5544727A (en) * 1993-12-27 1996-08-13 Eaton Corporation Synchronizer with self-energizing
DE4444380A1 (de) * 1994-12-14 1996-06-20 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen Selbstverstärkende Synchronisierung
GB9612778D0 (en) * 1996-06-19 1996-08-21 Eaton Corp System and method for preventing gear hopout in a compound transmission
SE506984C2 (sv) * 1996-06-24 1998-03-09 Volvo Ab Synkroniseringsanordning i en fordonsväxellåda
US5819900A (en) * 1997-01-13 1998-10-13 Eaton Corporation Pin-type synchronizer
DE19733518A1 (de) * 1997-08-02 1999-02-04 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen Schaltkupplung
DE19833397A1 (de) * 1998-07-24 2000-02-10 Daimler Chrysler Ag Reibschlußverbindung für ein Getriebe eines Kraftfahrzeuges
GB2357125A (en) * 1999-12-08 2001-06-13 Eaton Corp Synchronizer with a resilient force limiting ramp members and blocker teeth
BR0006745A (pt) * 2000-11-27 2002-07-09 Eaton Corp Sincronizador
GB0116676D0 (en) * 2001-07-07 2001-08-29 Eaton Corp Synchronizer
GB0302850D0 (en) 2003-02-07 2003-03-12 Eaton Corp Synchronizer
DE102006049276A1 (de) * 2006-10-19 2008-04-30 Zf Friedrichshafen Ag Vorrichtung zum drehfesten Verbinden einer Welle mit einem drehbar auf der Welle gelagerten Bauteil
JP2010025293A (ja) * 2008-07-23 2010-02-04 Toyota Motor Corp 車両用手動変速機の同期かみあい装置
CN101956810A (zh) * 2010-10-19 2011-01-26 泰州市海博汽车科技有限公司 一种可减小换档力的汽车同步器
DE102010060967B4 (de) * 2010-12-02 2012-11-15 Hofer Forschungs- Und Entwicklungs Gmbh Schaltgetriebe mit mehrteiligem Servosynchronisationsdruckstück und dazugehöriges Synchronisationsverfahren
KR101274246B1 (ko) * 2011-05-17 2013-06-11 기아자동차주식회사 변속기의 동기치합기구
CN102367839A (zh) * 2011-11-04 2012-03-07 安徽江淮汽车股份有限公司 用于轿车双离合器自动变速箱的同步器
JP6218356B2 (ja) * 2012-02-13 2017-10-25 協和合金株式会社 変速機用同期装置
CN104174656A (zh) * 2014-07-30 2014-12-03 马钢(集团)控股有限公司 一种用于高速线材减定径机组的变速箱离合器装置
CN104747618A (zh) * 2015-04-07 2015-07-01 天津天海同步科技股份有限公司 一种轻卡类增力式同步器
US10174794B2 (en) * 2016-07-28 2019-01-08 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Power take-off assembly having a multiple stage clutch

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US3548983A (en) * 1968-05-15 1970-12-22 Nissan Motor Synchronizing mechanism in the transmission of constant-mesh type in an automotive vehicle
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DE4040330A1 (de) * 1990-12-17 1992-06-25 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen Schaltkupplung mit einer synchronisiereinrichtung
US5097930A (en) * 1990-12-24 1992-03-24 Eaton Corporation Pre-energizer for a synchronizer
US5141087A (en) * 1990-12-24 1992-08-25 Eaton Corporation Self-energizing synchronizer
US5092439A (en) * 1990-12-24 1992-03-03 Eaton Corporation Synchronizer with deep splines & improved boost ramps
DE4224270A1 (de) * 1992-07-23 1994-01-27 Getrag Getriebe Zahnrad Synchronisiereinrichtung für Stufengetriebe von Kraftfahrzeugen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP3577609B2 (ja) 2004-10-13
US5425437A (en) 1995-06-20
ES2109619T3 (es) 1998-01-16
CA2137947C (en) 2000-01-18
CN1070587C (zh) 2001-09-05
DE69406261T2 (de) 1998-05-14
BR9405462A (pt) 1995-08-01
JPH07269596A (ja) 1995-10-17
DE69406261D1 (de) 1997-11-20
ATE159327T1 (de) 1997-11-15
EP0663540A1 (en) 1995-07-19
CN1112992A (zh) 1995-12-06
KR950019307A (ko) 1995-07-22
KR100272204B1 (ko) 2000-12-01
CA2137947A1 (en) 1995-06-28

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