EP0609682B1 - Oxidations- und korrosionsbeständige Legierung auf der Basis von dotiertem Eisenaluminid und Verwendung dieser Legierung - Google Patents
Oxidations- und korrosionsbeständige Legierung auf der Basis von dotiertem Eisenaluminid und Verwendung dieser Legierung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0609682B1 EP0609682B1 EP94100485A EP94100485A EP0609682B1 EP 0609682 B1 EP0609682 B1 EP 0609682B1 EP 94100485 A EP94100485 A EP 94100485A EP 94100485 A EP94100485 A EP 94100485A EP 0609682 B1 EP0609682 B1 EP 0609682B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- oxidation
- corrosion
- boron
- iron
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- UJXVAJQDLVNWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Al].[Al].[Al].[Fe] Chemical compound [Al].[Al].[Al].[Fe] UJXVAJQDLVNWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 229910021326 iron aluminide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910017372 Fe3Al Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical group [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-BJUDXGSMSA-N Aluminum-26 Chemical compound [26Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000967 As alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000002767 Daucus carota Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000000626 Daucus carota Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000856 hastalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001293 incoloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
Definitions
- Oxidation and corrosion-resistant alloys based on doped iron aluminide Fe 3 Al can be used in parts of thermal machines that are subjected to high thermal stress and are subject to oxidizing and / or corrosive effects. There, they are expected to increasingly replace oxide dispersion-hardened steels and nickel-based superalloys.
- the invention is based on an oxidation and corrosion-resistant alloy after the introductory part of Claim 1.
- an oxidation and corrosion-resistant alloy after the introductory part of Claim 1.
- a known alloy contains 24 to 28 at% as components Aluminum, 0.1 to 2 at% niobium, 0.1 to 10 at% chromium, 0.1 to 1 At% boron, 0.1 to 2 at% silicon and the balance iron.
- the known alloy stands out in the temperature range between 300 and 700 ° C due to its high resistance to oxidation and corrosion as well as sufficient heat resistance. At At room temperature, this alloy also has one for many Applications sufficient ductility.
- the invention as set out in claim 1 lies based on the task of an alloy based on to develop doped iron aluminide, which is characterized by a high resistance to oxidation and corrosion Temperatures above 700 ° C.
- Object of the invention is also a suitable application of this alloy.
- the alloy according to the invention is characterized by an oxidation and corrosion resistance which generally far exceeds that of prior art alloys.
- the alloy according to the invention can be produced very inexpensively by casting or by casting and rolling.
- Another advantage of the alloy according to the invention is that its constituents exclusively contain metals which are comparatively inexpensive and are available independently of strategic and political influence.
- the alloy according to the invention moreover has a comparatively low density of only 6.5 g / cm 3 for certain applications in thermal turbomachines with sufficient strength and ductility.
- the only figure shows a diagram in which the Oxidation and corrosion behavior of an alloy I according to Invention and three alloys II, III and IV according to the state the technology at 1200 ° C as a function of time is.
- Alloy II (under the trademark "Incoloy” and the name MA 956 commercially available, oxidation and corrosion-resistant alloy with good properties at high temperatures): 20% by weight chromium, 4.5% by weight aluminum, 0.5% by weight titanium, 0.5 wt% yttrium oxide Y 2 O 3 , balance iron
- Alloy IV (under the trademark "Hastelloy” and the Designation X commercially available, oxidation and corrosion-resistant alloy with good properties high temperatures): 22% by weight chromium, 18.5% by weight Fe, 1.5% by weight cobalt, 9% by weight molybdenum, 0.6% by weight tungsten, 0.5% by weight manganese, 0.5% by weight silicon, 0.1% by weight Carbon, balance nickel
- Alloys I and III and an alloy which has the constituents specified for alloy I as well as 300 ppm C and 100 ppm Zr were melted in an arc furnace under argon as a protective gas.
- the individual elements with a degree of purity of more than 99% served as starting materials.
- the melt was poured into a cast body of approximately 60 mm in diameter and approximately 80 mm in height.
- the cast body was melted again under vacuum and also under vacuum in the form of round bars with a diameter of approx. 12 mm and a length of approx. 150 mm or in the form of carrots with a minimum diameter of approx. 12 mm and a maximum diameter of approx. 30 mm and a length of approx. 120 mm.
- Test specimens for tensile tests and platelets with a surface area of a few cm 2 and a thickness of approximately 1-2 mm were produced from this and from alloys II and IV.
- the platelets of alloys I, II, III and IV produced from the castings were heated to 1200 ° C. in air.
- the mass loss or mass increase caused by oxidation and / or corrosion of each of the platelets was determined thermogravimetrically after certain time steps, in particular after approximately 15, 30, 108, 130, 145 and 500 h .
- the mass loss - ⁇ W [mg] or the mass increase ⁇ W [mg], based on the size of the surface A 0 [cm 2 ] of each of the platelets, is then a measure of the oxidation and corrosion resistance of alloys I to IV.
- the oxidation and corrosion behavior of the alloys I to IV simulated by the quotient ⁇ W / A 0 is shown as a function of the time t [h] at an ambient temperature of 1200 ° C. From this it can be seen that at 1200 ° C the alloy IV is strongly oxidized and / or corroded after only a few hours. After 500 h, the alloy III is already twice as strongly oxidized and / or corroded as the alloy I designed according to the invention, whereas the comparatively expensive alloy II, which is difficult to process because of its non-castability, has an oxidation and / or corrosion resistance comparable to that of the alloy I. 1200 ° C.
- a corresponding oxidation and corrosion resistance is even with an alloy designed according to the invention, which has the same components as alloy I, but additionally 300 ppm carbon and 100 ppm zirconium contains. This alloy stands out additionally by slightly increased strength and improved Weldability.
- the aluminum content is at least 24 and at most 28 at%. Sinks Aluminum content below 24 at%, so the deteriorates Resistance to oxidation and corrosion of the inventive Alloy. If the aluminum content is greater than 28 at%, so the alloy becomes increasingly brittle.
- the hardness and the Strength of the alloy according to the invention increased.
- the Elasticity elongation at break
- too Tungsten and / or tantalum with a share of 0.1 to 2 at% be alloyed.
- a proportion of 0.1 to 2 at% silicon improves the Castability of the alloy according to the invention and acts favorable for their resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Silicon also increases hardness.
- the oxidation and corrosion resistance of the alloy according to the invention is considerably improved. This is primarily due to the fact that finely divided titanium diboride TiB 2 then forms in the alloy.
- a protective layer predominantly containing aluminum oxides forms on the surface of the alloy according to the invention.
- the titanium diboride phase contributes to a substantial stabilization of this protective layer by the titanium diboride phase engaging in the protective layer, for example in the form of acicular crystallites from the alloy, and thereby causing the protective layer to adhere particularly well to the underlying alloy.
- the proportion of boron should not be more than 5 at% and that of titanium should not be more than 2 at%, since otherwise too much titanium diboride will form and the alloy will become brittle. If the boron content is below 0.1 at% and that of titanium below 0.01 at%, the oxidation and corrosion resistance of the alloy according to the invention deteriorates considerably. A boron content of more than 1 at%, but not more than 5 at%, has proven very successful.
- alloy according to the invention with the following alloy components: aluminum 26 to 28 at% niobium 0.5 to 1.5 at% chrome 3 to 7 at% Silicon 0.5 to 1.5 at% boron 2 to 4 at% titanium 0.5 to 1.5 at% Iron and optionally 100-500 ppm carbon and / or 50 to 200 ppm zirconium as the rest.
- the alloy according to the invention is preferred for components suitable, which at high temperatures and low mechanical loads oxidizing and corrosive Effects are exposed.
- Such components can with serve a particular advantage of guiding a hot gas flow and approximately as the inner lining of a combustion chamber, in particular for a gas turbine.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
Description
| Bestandteil | Gew.% | At% |
| Aluminium | 16,38 | 28 |
| Niob | 2,01 | 1 |
| Chrom | 5,64 | 5 |
| Silicium | 0,61 | 1 |
| Bor | 0,74 | 3,15 |
| Titan | 1,38 | 1,33 |
| Eisen | Rest | Rest |
| Bestandteil | Gew.% | At% |
| Aluminium | 15,92 | 28 |
| Niob | 1,96 | 1 |
| Chrom | 5,48 | 5 |
| Silicium | 0,56 | 1 |
| Bor | 0,11 | 0,5 |
| Eisen | Rest | Rest |
| Aluminium | 26 bis 28 At% |
| Niob | 0,5 bis 1,5 At% |
| Chrom | 3 bis 7 At% |
| Silicium | 0,5 bis 1,5 At% |
| Bor | 2 bis 4 At% |
| Titan | 0,5 bis 1,5 At% |
Claims (6)
- Oxidations- und korrosionsbeständige Legierung auf der Basis von dotiertem Eisenaluminid, welche neben Eisen und Aluminium als weitere Legierungsbestandteile zumindest Niob, Chrom, Silicium und Bor aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie folgende Legierungsbestandteile in Atomprozent enthält:wahlweise 100 - 500 ppm Kohlenstoff und/oder 50 - 200 ppm Zirkonium. Rest Eisen.24 - 28 Aluminium0,1 - 2 Niob, Tantal und/oder Wolfram0,1 - 10 Chrom0,1 - 2 Silicium0,1 - 5 Bor0,1 - 2 Titan
- Legierung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie mehr als 1 At%, höchstens aber 5 At% Bor enthält.
- Legierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie die folgenden Legierungsbestandteile enthält:Rest Eisen.26 - 28 Aluminium0,5 - 1,5 Niob3 - 7 Chrom0,5 - 1,5 Silicium2 - 4 Bor0,5 - 1,5 Titan
- Verwendung der Legierung nach Anspruch 1 in einem bei hohen Temperaturen und geringer mechanischer Belastung oxidierenden und/oder korrodierenden Wirkungen ausgesetzten Bauteil.
- Verwendung nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Bauteil der Führung einer Heissgasströmung dient.
- Verwendung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Bauteil die Innenauskleidung einer Brennkammer, insbesondere für eine Gasturbine, ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4303316A DE4303316A1 (de) | 1993-02-05 | 1993-02-05 | Oxidations- und korrosionsbeständige Legierung auf der Basis von dotiertem Eisenaluminid und Verwendung dieser Legierung |
| DE4303316 | 1993-02-05 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0609682A1 EP0609682A1 (de) | 1994-08-10 |
| EP0609682B1 true EP0609682B1 (de) | 2001-03-28 |
Family
ID=6479708
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP94100485A Expired - Lifetime EP0609682B1 (de) | 1993-02-05 | 1994-01-14 | Oxidations- und korrosionsbeständige Legierung auf der Basis von dotiertem Eisenaluminid und Verwendung dieser Legierung |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5422070A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0609682B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP3420815B2 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE200111T1 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE4303316A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6436163B1 (en) * | 1994-05-23 | 2002-08-20 | Pall Corporation | Metal filter for high temperature applications |
| DE19603515C1 (de) * | 1996-02-01 | 1996-12-12 | Castolin Sa | Spritzwerkstoff auf Eisenbasis zum Herstellen einer korrosionsbeständigen Beschichtung, Herstellungsverfahren für die Beschichtung sowie Verwendung der Schicht |
| DE19634524A1 (de) * | 1996-08-27 | 1998-04-09 | Krupp Ag Hoesch Krupp | Leichtbaustahl und seine Verwendung für Fahrzeugteile und Fassadenverkleidungen |
| US6030472A (en) | 1997-12-04 | 2000-02-29 | Philip Morris Incorporated | Method of manufacturing aluminide sheet by thermomechanical processing of aluminide powders |
| DE19753876A1 (de) * | 1997-12-05 | 1999-06-10 | Asea Brown Boveri | Eisenaluminidbeschichtung und Verfahren zum Aufbringen einer Eisenaluminidbeschichtung |
| DE10332860A1 (de) * | 2003-07-18 | 2005-02-10 | Linde Ag | Gasbrenner |
| US20070280328A1 (en) * | 2006-05-30 | 2007-12-06 | Howmet Corporation | Melting method using graphite melting vessel |
| FI126955B (en) * | 2013-12-11 | 2017-08-31 | Waertsilae Finland Oy | FE-based composition, precursor component and process for producing precursor component |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1990650A (en) | 1932-06-25 | 1935-02-12 | Smith Corp A O | Heat resistant alloy |
| US2768915A (en) * | 1954-11-12 | 1956-10-30 | Edward A Gaughler | Ferritic alloys and methods of making and fabricating same |
| US3856513A (en) * | 1972-12-26 | 1974-12-24 | Allied Chem | Novel amorphous metals and amorphous metal articles |
| US4576653A (en) * | 1979-03-23 | 1986-03-18 | Allied Corporation | Method of making complex boride particle containing alloys |
| US4365994A (en) * | 1979-03-23 | 1982-12-28 | Allied Corporation | Complex boride particle containing alloys |
| US4439236A (en) * | 1979-03-23 | 1984-03-27 | Allied Corporation | Complex boride particle containing alloys |
| US4844865A (en) * | 1986-12-02 | 1989-07-04 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Seawater-corrosion-resistant non-magnetic steel materials |
| EP0413029B1 (de) * | 1988-12-29 | 1995-09-20 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Verfahren zur herstellung einer legierung mit wasserstoffeinlagerung und elektrode aus einer derartigen legierung |
| US4961903A (en) * | 1989-03-07 | 1990-10-09 | Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. | Iron aluminide alloys with improved properties for high temperature applications |
| US5084109A (en) * | 1990-07-02 | 1992-01-28 | Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. | Ordered iron aluminide alloys having an improved room-temperature ductility and method thereof |
| EP0465686B1 (de) * | 1990-07-07 | 1994-09-21 | Asea Brown Boveri Ag | Oxydations- und korrosionsbeständige Legierung für Bauteile für einen mittleren Temperaturbereich auf der Basis von dotiertem Eisenaluminid Fe3Al |
-
1993
- 1993-02-05 DE DE4303316A patent/DE4303316A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1994
- 1994-01-14 DE DE59409701T patent/DE59409701D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-01-14 US US08/181,427 patent/US5422070A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-14 EP EP94100485A patent/EP0609682B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-14 AT AT94100485T patent/ATE200111T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-01-25 JP JP00635294A patent/JP3420815B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5422070A (en) | 1995-06-06 |
| DE59409701D1 (de) | 2001-05-03 |
| ATE200111T1 (de) | 2001-04-15 |
| DE4303316A1 (de) | 1994-08-11 |
| JPH06240415A (ja) | 1994-08-30 |
| JP3420815B2 (ja) | 2003-06-30 |
| EP0609682A1 (de) | 1994-08-10 |
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