EP0592360B1 - Machine pour la coulée continue verticale dans un champs magnétique - Google Patents

Machine pour la coulée continue verticale dans un champs magnétique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0592360B1
EP0592360B1 EP93810672A EP93810672A EP0592360B1 EP 0592360 B1 EP0592360 B1 EP 0592360B1 EP 93810672 A EP93810672 A EP 93810672A EP 93810672 A EP93810672 A EP 93810672A EP 0592360 B1 EP0592360 B1 EP 0592360B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
water
guide surface
casting machine
cooling
cooling water
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP93810672A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0592360A1 (fr
Inventor
Georges Berclaz
Bertrand Carrupt
Miroslaw Plata
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
3A Composites International AG
Original Assignee
Alusuisse Lonza Services Ltd
Alusuisse Technology and Management Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alusuisse Lonza Services Ltd, Alusuisse Technology and Management Ltd filed Critical Alusuisse Lonza Services Ltd
Publication of EP0592360A1 publication Critical patent/EP0592360A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0592360B1 publication Critical patent/EP0592360B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/01—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths without moulds, e.g. on molten surfaces
    • B22D11/015—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths without moulds, e.g. on molten surfaces using magnetic field for conformation, i.e. the metal is not in contact with a mould
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B22D11/049—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds for direct chill casting, e.g. electromagnetic casting

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a casting machine according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention further relates to a method for cooling a Stranges in a casting machine.
  • a casting machine is, ever according to the number of cast strands, with accordingly equipped with many lowerable approach floors, which are fixed are connected to a casting table.
  • the metal begins to solidify on the approach floors. This are cooled and lowered at such a speed that the solidus line of solidifying metal always remains within the mold frame.
  • the most important parameters of continuous casting include a properly controlled lowering speed as well as the Cooling the metal in the right place and with the right one Intensity. These parameters have a strong impact on the surface of the ingot. With poor control the parameters can segregation, leakage of melt through the frozen shell, tearing or lime binding occur.
  • Magnetic field casting is based on complete elimination mechanical contact between the mold and the solidifying metal.
  • the liquid metal is through controllable electromagnetic forces exactly in the cross-sectional shape of the strand kept.
  • the EMC process can not only be a homogeneous internal Structure, but also a smooth surface of the cast Achieve metal, resulting in better physical and chemical properties of the press or forged bolts as well as rolled bars. Costly post-treatments, such as the removal of the surface skin or the edge bumping, are no longer necessary with the EMC process.
  • the starting phase is very important in magnetic field casting because the solidification front in a narrow height range of the mold of about 10 mm. This is necessary because at an EMC mold the magnetic forces the metallostatic Compensate for melt pressure above the solidification front have to. That is why complete control is required cooling, especially during the start-up phase, essential.
  • the lowering speed and the cooling a certain alloy and ingot dimensions be optimized based on time.
  • a casting machine of the type mentioned at the outset is known from EP-A-0229589 known.
  • a vertically displaceable counter screen is cooled inside. The one used for internal cooling Cooling water emerges from the counter screen through coolant passages and is directed to the strand. By the shift of the counter screen also changes the impact height this additionally coolant jets directed onto the strand. The bulk of the coolant is passed through a the shield trained guide surface directed to the strand. The amount of coolant applied to the strand can in this case via dielectric intermediate pieces or Coolant chicanes are regulated.
  • EP-A-0372947 discloses a conventional continuous casting mold with a swivel deflector for the Coolant for changing the impact height of the coolant on the strand.
  • the inventors set themselves the task of a casting machine of the type mentioned at the beginning, which thanks simpler design and less electromagnetic losses Energy of the molds in relation to both Manufacturing and operating costs more economical is.
  • the mold should be flexible in the application of cooling water and be cooled with a process that is more gentle can be applied as previous.
  • the mold housing consists of a expediently about 3 mm thick perforated plate.
  • the one consisting of an insulating material according to the invention Guide surface for the cooling water of the mold is preferred the surface of a separately and appropriately replaceable used baffle.
  • the constant intense Cooling allows production from plastic, which is also a technically simple and extremely cheap Embodiment is.
  • the baffle is preferred slidable and / or pivotable.
  • the baffle can be in their position adjusted by means known per se will.
  • the cooling water hitting in an unchangeable direction can be redirected in a certain angular range will. In other words, the impact height is on this Guide surface formed, sprayed on the strand curtain adjustable, for example over a range of 5 to 20 mm with non-adjustable mold height.
  • the uniform formation of a water film on the guide surface the baffle can be improved that longitudinal grooves are formed. Under longitudinal the direction of flow of the cooling water is understood here.
  • Hard aluminum alloys for example, become lower Lowering speed is poured, doing so less cooling water needed.
  • the water hits with smaller amounts of coolant with too little pressure on the guide surface Cooling water runs off without film formation and can on the anyway even sensitive strands do not have an optimal cooling effect unfold.
  • the mold can therefore under the baffle or a support plate under the emerging cooling water be formed, which is longer compared to the baffle is trained, i.e. leads closer to the strand.
  • the cooling water is sprayed onto the support plate, with less
  • the baffle of the baffle becomes little or no pressure not wetted.
  • the surface facing the baffle the one made of the same material as the baffle Support plate is also used as a guide surface for cooling water educated.
  • This is preferably interchangeable like the baffle Carrier plate is also preferably displaceable and / or swiveling, expediently with the same Drive elements such as the baffle. Only with a moving one Carrier plate can be the level of the hitting the strand Cooling water curtain can be varied.
  • the support plate can have holes in sensitive metal strands or have slots for draining cooling water. Because the cooling water discharged in this way never on the hot strand hits, the cooling effect can be further reduced.
  • the deflection and the support plate at least partially between the inductor and the electromagnetic shield are arranged, they can not by the electromagnetic Heat exposure, they consist of one insulating material, preferably made of plastic, for example Polyethylene or polypropylene. In any case the limescale formation is significantly lower than on a guide surface a previously known type of shielding.
  • the active area of the inductor is U-shaped or V-shaped bent, through which cooling water flows, i.e. internally cooled Shielding plate arranged, which like the outside of the active area of the inductor preferably consists of stainless steel.
  • a silver insert or coating is advisable 0.05 to 0.2 mm thick, made of copper 0.2 to 0.4 mm and made of brass 0.5 to 2 mm, according to the specific absorbency, the thickness of this layer being continuous or can gradually increase from bottom to top.
  • the stands out Solution of the task according to the invention characterized in that the water-loaded guide surface continuously in a predetermined Rhythm shifted back and forth and / or panned and thereby the Water curtain on the strand over a certain height is moved up and down.
  • the water is applied Guide surface preferably moved sinusoidally, in particular with a time period of 1 to 3 seconds per half wave.
  • the curtain of water on the line is preferred an up and down movement of 5 to 20 mm.
  • the movement of the water-loaded takes place Guide surface preferably with pneumatic, hydraulic or electromagnetic drive, from a microprocessor controlled.
  • the cooling water is expedient with constant, in Sprayed in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 bar, beginning with the lowering of the approach floor, which is about 0 to 3 min after the start of pouring. Because especially the Starting phase is critical, moving the water-loaded Guide surface, while in practice mostly 3 to 7 min. Of course, moving the guide surface only set if this is sensitivity of the alloy.
  • the strand can be electromagnetic during cooling be vibrated, especially continuously.
  • the inventive design of the mold housing than from a sheet, especially from a Perforated sheet made of stainless steel is not inevitable to the guide surface for the cooling water and the internally cooled Shield bound, just as little as that of the active Area of electromagnetic shielding in the form of a U or V-shaped sheet made of stainless steel an insert or coating.
  • Fig. 1 shows a known basic principle of a casting machine for vertical magnetic field continuous casting.
  • a casting machine may comprise one or more molds 10.
  • An inductor 12 for a medium frequency power system creates a magnetic field and thereby that force in the strand 14 which prevents the cast Metal touches the mold inner wall 16.
  • a wedge-shaped electromagnetic shield 18 shields partially off the inductor 12, thereby reducing the magnetic field in the upward direction. Finally, the shield determines 18 the zone in which the cooling water 20 in the form a cooling water curtain 22 sprayed onto the strand 14.
  • a start-up floor 24 is on a not visible casting table assembled.
  • the approach floor 24 forms during the starting phase the foot 26 of the cast strand 14 and supports it during the whole casting phase.
  • This basic principle of continuous magnetic field casting according to 1 is according to the invention with respect to the guide surface 28 for the cooling water 20, the active area 30 of the electromagnetic Shield 18 and the molded, solidly formed Chill mold housing 32 improved, but otherwise in retained essentially unchanged.
  • the 2 is an approximately 3 mm thick stainless steel sheet 34 (INOX) for producing a mold housing 32 shown.
  • the Steel sheet 34 already includes a holes 36 of about 10 mm in diameter of about 3 mm, which later the outlet of the cooling water to serve.
  • the mold 10 of a casting machine shown in FIG. 3 comprises a mold housing 32 a stainless steel sheet 34.
  • the interior formed is filled with cooling water 20 and with a water distribution block 38 provided from plastic.
  • An electromagnetic shield 18 made of stainless steel has two inner grooves 42 for Inserting front edges of the mold housing 32.
  • the mold housing 32 and the water distributor block 38 are made of plastic by a bolt 44 penetrated, on which a screw 46 in the electromagnetic Shield 40 attacks and the water distribution block 38 and thus the mold housing 32 tightens.
  • the water distribution block 38 has a proportionate deep groove 50 from which at regular intervals a (Fig. 2) cooling water channels 52 are formed, which in a Open hole 36 in sheet steel 34.
  • the direction of the exiting Cooling water 20 is determined by the direction of the cooling water channels 52 determined.
  • a screwed-on bracket 54 and a bevel 56 are two interlocking, molded plastic blocks 58, 60 connected to the mold housing 22.
  • the inductor 12 in the present case made of copper, is with the plastic block 58 with the interposition of a temperature-resistant Insulation layer 62 screwed, which in the present Case is made of copper.
  • a plastic baffle 66 In a recess of the plastic block 60 is the adjustment and Mechanism of movement of a plastic baffle 66 arranged for the cooling water 20.
  • An inflatable Bellows 68 moves a sealing washer 70 depending on the pressure with a corresponding hole in the plastic block 60 and the bevel 56 penetrating push rod 72.
  • the baffle 66 On this Push rod 72, the baffle 66 is articulated.
  • Spring 74 With one also attached to the push rod 72 deflects the baffle 66 against the U-shape Shield plate 76 of the electromagnetic shield 18 pivoted.
  • the electromagnetic shielding device 18 is at least in the area of the U-shaped shielding plate 76 internally cooled with water 78 because the cooling water 20 for the Strand 14 is not in external contact with the electromagnetic Shielding 18, in particular shielding plate 76, occurs.
  • the cooling water 20 hits in one acute angle on the guide surface 80 of the baffle 66, flows along this guiding surface, forming a water film, forms a homogeneous when detached from the baffle Cooling water curtain 22, which in turn is to be cooled Line 14 acted upon.
  • the baffle 66 is in two extreme positions drawn.
  • the water curtain can h from 5 to 20 mm, in particular 5 to 10 mm, in each adjustable Position on strand 14 occur. So that's it Mold 10 even with rigid electromagnetic shielding very flexible.
  • the water curtain can also be continuous be raised and lowered, for example in shape a sinusoidal movement.
  • This support plate 82 from Plastic is used to distribute low-pressure outflows Cooling water 20, for example with less than 0.05 bar. The cooling water reaches the baffle 80 66 not. So that as a film on the guide surface 84th the cooling plate 20 flowing off the support plate 82 the strand 14 reached, the support plate 82 is longer than the baffle 66 trained and extends into the nearer area of Strands 14
  • Holes 86 or slots are formed in the support plate 82, so that part of the cooling water can be drained off, without reaching strand 14.
  • An insert plate 88 made of copper is clamped in the shielding plate 76, which has a high degree of absorption for that from the inductor Has 12 generated magnetic field. Are in the upper area two copper sheets by soldering, riveting or gluing together connected, making it more shielded in this area becomes.
  • a flange 90 On the water distribution block 38 is a flange 90 with a Fixed inlet opening 92 for the cooling water 20, for example with screws. This creates a large chamber 93 and one identical to the groove 50 in the water distributor block 38 small chamber for the cooling water 20 is formed. With the Flange 90 allows the cooling water 20 to flow more smoothly into the cooling water channels 52 will be introduced.
  • Figure 5 shows a detail regarding the active zone of the shield 18, which is bent by the U-shaped, on the shielding body attached shielding plate 76 is formed. There are 0.3 mm on the two legs of the shielding plate 76 thick coatings 94 of copper applied, which differ are long. This creates a graded effective electromagnetic shielding, which - as in conventional embodiments - is stronger than above below.
  • FIG. 6 A variant is shown in Fig. 6.
  • On part of the Shielding plate 76 is a thicker one from bottom to top Coating 94 applied, which one from below shielding effect continuously increasing above.
  • Fig. 7 is an insert sheet bent up to the longitudinal center 88 for a U- or V-shaped shield plate 76 (Fig. 3, 4).
  • the effect on electromagnetic Shielding is equivalent to Fig. 5.
  • Fig. 8 are two superimposed, bent insert sheets 88, which is a finer compared to FIG. 7 Gradation result.

Claims (13)

  1. Machine pour la coulée continue comportant au moins une lingotière (10) refroidie à l'eau pour la coulée continue d'une billette verticale (14) dans le champ magnétique d'un inducteur (12) partiellement protégé d'en haut par un blindage électromagnétique (18, 76), comportant des canaux (52) d'eau de refroidissement orientés sous un angle aigu au-dessus d'au moins une surface de guidage (28, 80, 84) pour former un film d'eau sur la billette continue (14) et comportant, par lingotière (10), une fausse billette (24) qui peut s'abaisser,
       caractérisée par le fait que
       la surface de guidage/les surfaces de guidage, constituée(s) d'un matériau électriquement isolant, prévue(s) pour modifier la hauteur d'incidence (h) de l'eau de refroidissement (20) sur la billette continue (14) peut/peuvent coulisser et/ou pivoter, et que le blindage électromagnétique (18, 76) est refroidi intérieurement.
  2. Machine pour la coulée continue selon la revendication 1, caractérisée par le lait que le carter de lingotière (32) est constitué d'une tôle perforée d'acier inoxydable avec des parois latérales soudées.
  3. Machine pour la coulée continue selon la revendication 2, caractérisée par le lait que des arêtes frontales du carter de lingotière (32) sont insérées dans des encoches intérieures appropriées (42) du blindage (18) et que le carter de lingotière est vissé avec le blindage, de préférence par l'intermédiaire d'un bloc (38) de répartition de l'eau façonné et inséré, les canaux d'eau de refroidissement (52) prévus pour l'eau de refroidissement (20) étant usinés dans le bloc (38) de répartition de l'eau, constitué de préférence de plastique.
  4. Machine pour la coulée continue selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée par le fait que la surface de guidage (80) est la surface d'une plaque déflectrice (66) qui peut coulisser et/ou pivoter.
  5. Machine pour la coulée continue selon la revendication 4, caractérisée par le fait que la plaque déflectrice (66), qui peut s'échanger, est constituée de plastique et que sa surface de guidage (80) présente des sillons qui guident l'eau de refroidissement, de préférence selon la direction des canaux (52) d'eau de refroidissement.
  6. Machine pour la coulée continue selon la revendication 4 ou 5, caractérisée par le fait qu'à la place, ou en dessous, de la plaque déflectrice (66) est disposée une plaque support (82), qui peut également coulisser et/ou pivoter et présente la surface de guidage (84).
  7. Machine pour la coulée continue selon la revendication 6, caractérisée par le fait que la plaque support (82) présente des trous (86) ou des fentes pour la dérivation de l'eau de refroidissement (20).
  8. Machine pour la coulée continue selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée par le fait que le blindage électromagnétique (18) est conçu, dans la zone active de l'inducteur, sous forme d'une tôle de blindage (76), en acier inoxydable, d'épaisseur de préférence de 1 à 2 mm, pliée en forme de U ou de V et parcourue par de l'eau (78), une garniture insérée (88) ou un revêtement (94) s'affaiblissant de façon croissante en allant vers le haut l'action magnétique de l'inducteur (12).
  9. Machine pour la coulée continue selon la revendication 8, caractérisée par le fait que sur la tôle de blindage (76) est disposée une tôle insérée (88) qui devient plus épaisse, par échelons ou de façon continue, en allant de bas en haut, ou bien une couche (94) qui devient plus épaisse en allant de bas en haut.
  10. Machine pour la coulée continue selon la revendication 8 ou 9, caractérisée par le fait que la garniture insérée (88) ou le revêtement (94) est en argent, de préférence d'épaisseur 0,05 à 0,2 mm, en cuivre de préférence d'épaisseur 0,2 à 0,4 mm, ou en laiton de préférence d'épaisseur 0,5 - 2 mm.
  11. Procédé pour le refroidissement d'une billette continue (14) dans une machine pour la coulée continue selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10 dans lequel l'eau de refroidissement (20) est projetée sous un angle aigu sur la surface de guidage (80, 84), et se forme un film d'eau régulier qui est pulvérisé sur la billette continue (14) sous forme d'un rideau d'eau (22),
       caractérisé
       par le fait que la surface de guidage (80,84), sur laquelle arrive l'eau, coulisse et/ou pivote selon un rythme prescrit et que le rideau d'eau (22) se déplace sur la billette continue (14) en monte et baisse sur une hauteur (h).
  12. Procédé selon la revendication 11, caractérisé par le fait que la surface de guidage (80, 84), sur laquelle arrive l'eau, se déplace selon une sinusoïde, de préférence avec une période de 1 à 3 secondes par demi-onde et avec un mouvement de monte et baisse du rideau d'eau (22) sur la billette continue (14) sur une hauteur (h) de 5 à 20 mm, de préférence de 5 à 10 mm.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 11 ou 12, caractérisé par le fait que la surface de guidage (80, 84), se déplace, de préférence sous la commande d'un programme, au moyen d'un mécanisme d'entraínement pneumatique, hydraulique ou électromagnétique.
EP93810672A 1992-10-06 1993-09-22 Machine pour la coulée continue verticale dans un champs magnétique Expired - Lifetime EP0592360B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH3116/92 1992-10-06
CH03116/92A CH688129A5 (de) 1992-10-06 1992-10-06 Giessmaschine fuer das vertikale Stranggiessen in einem Magnetfeld.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0592360A1 EP0592360A1 (fr) 1994-04-13
EP0592360B1 true EP0592360B1 (fr) 1998-08-12

Family

ID=4248961

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93810672A Expired - Lifetime EP0592360B1 (fr) 1992-10-06 1993-09-22 Machine pour la coulée continue verticale dans un champs magnétique

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US5390725A (fr)
EP (1) EP0592360B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH06210405A (fr)
AT (1) ATE169532T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU662244B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2107187A1 (fr)
CH (1) CH688129A5 (fr)
CZ (1) CZ207193A3 (fr)
DE (1) DE59308858D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2119880T3 (fr)
HU (1) HU215428B (fr)
IS (1) IS1718B (fr)
NO (1) NO302220B1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2113931C1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA937029B (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE512774C2 (sv) * 1998-03-06 2000-05-08 Abb Ab Anordning för gjutning av metall
JP3420966B2 (ja) * 1999-03-03 2003-06-30 新日本製鐵株式会社 溶融金属の連続鋳造装置
WO2002040199A2 (fr) * 2000-11-15 2002-05-23 Alcan International Limited Procede et appareil de refroidissement de lingots lors de la coulee de metaux en premiere fusion
DE102005042370A1 (de) * 2005-09-07 2007-03-15 Sms Demag Ag Bauteil für eine Stranggießkokille und Verfahren zur Herstellung des Bauteils
JP5668426B2 (ja) * 2010-11-18 2015-02-12 大同特殊鋼株式会社 Ｓｍ−Ｆｅ−Ｎ系磁石用薄帯の製造方法
CN110976799A (zh) * 2019-11-15 2020-04-10 芜湖新兴铸管有限责任公司 冷却段密封板装置及降低滴落水量对冷却段影响的方法
CN111286576A (zh) * 2020-03-26 2020-06-16 山东泰山钢铁集团有限公司 一种弧度倒角结晶器连铸机生产不锈钢板坯的方法
WO2022010724A1 (fr) * 2020-07-10 2022-01-13 Wagstaff, Inc. Appareil et procédé pour motif de pulvérisation d'eau de refroidissement de coulée à refroidissement direct

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2914246C2 (de) * 1979-03-07 1981-11-12 Schweizerische Aluminium AG, 3965 Chippis Elektromagnetische Stranggießkokille
ZA821828B (en) * 1981-04-02 1983-02-23 Alusuisse Process for cooling a continuously cast ingot during casting
FR2530510B1 (fr) * 1982-07-23 1985-07-05 Cegedur Procede de coulee electromagnetique de metaux dans lequel on fait agir au moins un champ magnetique different du champ de confinement
AU589704B2 (en) * 1985-11-25 1989-10-19 Swiss Aluminium Ltd. Device and process for the continuous casting of metals
JPH01215439A (ja) * 1988-02-25 1989-08-29 Sumitomo Light Metal Ind Ltd 電磁場鋳造法
CA1320334C (fr) * 1988-12-08 1993-07-20 Friedrich Peter Mueller Point d'impact controlable pour moule de coulage par refroidissement intense et direct

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH688129A5 (de) 1997-05-30
US5390725A (en) 1995-02-21
EP0592360A1 (fr) 1994-04-13
AU662244B2 (en) 1995-08-24
NO302220B1 (no) 1998-02-09
JPH06210405A (ja) 1994-08-02
DE59308858D1 (de) 1998-09-17
HUT66151A (en) 1994-09-28
ES2119880T3 (es) 1998-10-16
ZA937029B (en) 1994-05-05
NO933514L (no) 1994-04-07
IS4070A (is) 1994-04-07
RU2113931C1 (ru) 1998-06-27
CZ207193A3 (en) 1994-06-15
HU9302811D0 (en) 1994-01-28
CA2107187A1 (fr) 1994-04-07
IS1718B (is) 1999-05-07
HU215428B (hu) 1998-12-28
ATE169532T1 (de) 1998-08-15
NO933514D0 (no) 1993-10-01
AU4741393A (en) 1994-04-21

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