EP0588232A1 - Détecteur optique de fumée - Google Patents

Détecteur optique de fumée Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0588232A1
EP0588232A1 EP93114472A EP93114472A EP0588232A1 EP 0588232 A1 EP0588232 A1 EP 0588232A1 EP 93114472 A EP93114472 A EP 93114472A EP 93114472 A EP93114472 A EP 93114472A EP 0588232 A1 EP0588232 A1 EP 0588232A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radiation
optical
scattered
smoke detector
planar
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP93114472A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0588232B1 (fr
Inventor
Kurt Müller
Peter Ryser
Dieter Wieser
Rino Ernst Kunz
Markus Rossi
Michael Thomas Gale
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cerberus AG
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Cerberus AG
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0588232A1 publication Critical patent/EP0588232A1/fr
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G08B17/103—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using a light emitting and receiving device
    • G08B17/107—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using a light emitting and receiving device for detecting light-scattering due to smoke
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G08B17/11—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using an ionisation chamber for detecting smoke or gas
    • G08B17/113—Constructional details

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an optical smoke detector according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Smoke detectors of this type are generally known. They are used in particular as automatic fire detectors for the early detection of fires.
  • Smoke detectors occupy a special position among the multitude of types of automatic fire detectors on the market, since they are best suited to detect fires at such an early stage that countermeasures can still be successfully initiated.
  • ionization smoke detectors there are two main types of smoke detectors: ionization smoke detectors and optical smoke detectors.
  • ionization smoke detectors the accumulation of air ions on smoke particles is used;
  • the second type of smoke detector uses the optical properties of aerosols to detect smoke.
  • extinction detector the weakening of a light beam by smoke
  • scattered light detector the scattering of light on smoke particles. Since the extinction due to smoke is relatively low, the measuring section must be quite long in order to enable reliable detection of smoke; or complex constructive and / or electronic measures must be taken to enable safe detection of damage fires.
  • the latter scattered light detectors are therefore the most widespread, since the measuring path can be so short that they can be designed as so-called "point detectors”.
  • the diaphragms in the measuring chamber of the smoke detector according to EP-A1-0'031'096 are also used in combination with optical converging lenses in front of the light source and the receiver to focus the light beam directed onto the measuring space or the radiation scattered from the measuring space in order to focus reduce the overall length of the smoke detector.
  • a stray radiation smoke detector was proposed in GB-A1-2'236'390 (Matsushita; April 3, 1991), which uses a wired IRED as a radiation source and as an integrated circuit on a printed circuit board Receiver has a photodiode lying flat on the print; a prism with an integrated lens serves as a deflecting and focusing element for concentrating the scattered radiation from the measuring space onto the photodiode.
  • This prism with its integrated lens is relatively expensive; in addition, the exact placement of the lens required is quite complicated.
  • the invention has for its object to provide an optical smoke detector that does not have the disadvantages of the known optical smoke detectors and, in particular, to provide an optical smoke detector which, due to its compact design and reduced number of components for one inexpensive mass production.
  • Another object of the invention is to improve the manufacturing technology, in particular to reduce the manufacturing tolerances to such an extent that the partially. adjustment work that is still required manually is eliminated or is reduced to a minimum.
  • a particular advantage of the smoke detector according to the scattered radiation principle is the expansion of the degrees of freedom State-of-the-art optical smoke detectors through the planar-optical elements (POE), such as holographic-optical elements (HOE), microfresh elements (MFE), such as, for example, microfresh reflectors (MFR) and phase-matched microfresh reflectors (PMFR), according to the present invention and in the evaluation of the polarization of the scattered radiation given improvement in the detection of different fires.
  • POE planar-optical elements
  • HOE holographic-optical elements
  • MFE microfresh elements
  • MFR microfresh reflectors
  • PMFR phase-matched microfresh reflectors
  • the detector is constructed in such a way that it has a very small number of components and an electronic circuit with components lying flat, and that it has a surface-mounted photodiode, SMD photodiode or an integrated circuit ( IC) with integrated photodiode and inexpensive and automatically populated optical elements or a surface-mounted photodiode (SMD photodiode) are used.
  • planar-optical elements as focusing optical deflection elements [holographic-optical elements (HOE), microsfresnel elements (MFE), e.g. Microfresh Reflectors (MFR) and Phase Adjusted Microfresh Reflectors (PMFR)].
  • HOE planar-optical elements
  • MFE microsfresnel elements
  • PMFR Phase Adjusted Microfresh Reflectors
  • planar-optical elements as focusing optical elements
  • HOE holographic-optical elements
  • MFE microsfresnel elements
  • PMFR phase-matched microfresh reflectors
  • microstructures that can be produced, for example, by coherent superposition of two waves (for example, the wavelength 441.6 nm [HeCd laser]) in photoresist or using a computer as a micro-relief. They can be manufactured inexpensively, for example, by replication in plastic. The micro-relief is coated with a reflective layer, for example Au or Ni.
  • Holographic-optical elements (HOE) currently have a rather small one Diffraction efficiency. The reason lies in the underdeveloped manufacturing technology. By embossing in plastic substrates, the holographic-optical elements (HOE) can be mass-produced inexpensively.
  • Microfresh elements are diffractive Fresnel lens structures in microscopic dimensions, as are mentioned as transmissive elements in US-A-4,936,666 (3M-Company; June 22, 90).
  • the production of such microfresh lenses for transmission and reflection in an on-axis configuration is described, for example, by T. Shiono et al. in Optics Letters, Vol. 15, No. 1, 84 (01/01/90).
  • the phase-adapted microfresh reflectors (PMFR) used according to the invention are a planar arrangement of inclined and curved microfaces, which consist of sections of ellipsoids. They are used as surface mirrors and are therefore covered with a reflective layer.
  • the micro surfaces are phase-matched, that is, the optical path from one focal point to the other over each of the micro surfaces always differs by an integral multiple of the light wavelength.
  • the optical smoke detectors according to the invention have the advantage that they are less sensitive to chromatic aberration than the holographic optical elements (HOE). Another advantage is that the optical smoke detectors according to the invention are more suitable for mass production.
  • the phase-matched microfresh elements (MFE) and the holographic-optical elements (HOE) are flat optical elements that can be automatically equipped and precisely placed. Both are simply constructed and can therefore be manufactured very inexpensively.
  • optical smoke detectors Another advantage of the optical smoke detectors according to the invention is that the photodiode and the control electronics of the infrared light-emitting diode (IRED) can be integrated into the integrated circuit (IC) of the receiving electronics. Only a few switching elements remain, e.g. the charging capacitor, voltage stabilization and protective elements for the communication lines that cannot be integrated into the IC. This significantly reduces the number and space requirements of the electronic components.
  • IRED infrared light-emitting diode
  • the connecting wires, which otherwise act as antennas, between the photodiode and the first stage for current / voltage conversion are very short. This makes the optical smoke detector significantly less sensitive to interference, which makes it possible to achieve detection reliability equivalent to the previous optical smoke detectors with a smaller, cheaper photodiode area and thus a lower signal level.
  • microfresh elements MFE
  • HOE holographic-optical elements
  • microfresh elements allow a design with two (or more) focal points.
  • a stray light detector of this type maps the stray volume onto two (or more) separate radiation receivers, which can be covered with crossed polarizers.
  • both photodiodes receive radiation from an identical background (assuming that radiation from the background only falls on the photodiodes after several reflections on the labyrinth and thus unpolarized).
  • the so-called basic pulses for each of the two photodiodes therefore remain the same even when the scattered light detector becomes increasingly dirty.
  • the scattered light detector according to the invention can thus be easily expanded into a detector using polarization filters without further optical elements.
  • FIG. 1 shows an optical smoke detector according to the invention, namely a scattered-light smoke detector with two planar optical elements (POE).
  • SMD-IRED surface mounting technology
  • SMD photodiode surface mounting technology
  • a planar-optical element (POE) 5 is arranged above the radiation source (SMD-IRED) 1 or above the radiation receiver (SMD photodiode) 2 in order to deflect the radiation emitted or scattered on aerosol particles.
  • HOE holographic optical elements
  • MFE microsfresnel elements
  • holographic-optical elements HOE
  • microsfresnel elements MFE
  • the surface of the diffraction-optical element acts as a diffuse scattered light source, as a result of which a considerable part of the radiation emitted by the radiation source 1 floods the measuring space 8 as diffuse radiation.
  • This scattered radiation can be a multiple of the light that is scattered on fire aerosol particles.
  • a reduction of the interference radiation requires much more complex mechanical diaphragms than were previously common.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show an embodiment of a scattered light smoke detector according to the invention which is improved compared to the scattered light detector according to FIG. 1, with a wired infrared light-emitting diode 1 without an optical element and with a photodiode 2 on the printed circuit board 9 and a holographic-optical element (HOE) 5 or one phase-matched microfresh reflector (PMFR) 5 shown as a deflecting element.
  • the photodiode serving as the radiation receiver 2 is located in a blackened compartment 16, which is only connected to the interior of the detector by an aperture 4.
  • the interference radiation emanating from the surface of the planar-optical element (HOE or PMFR) as diffuse scattered radiation can largely be eliminated.
  • the diaphragm opening 4 is covered with a radiation-permeable film or a polarization filter in order to keep any dust that may enter the detector from the radiation receiver.
  • a scattering angle of 70 to 110 ° is often used.
  • the use of a polarization filter with an oscillation plane which is perpendicular to the scattering plane causes an adjustment of the sensitivities of the detectors for the detection of open fires which produce aerosols with small particles and of detectors for the detection of smoldering fires which Generate aerosols (smoke) with large particles.
  • two different colored light sources e.g. red and infrared
  • two radiation receivers photodiodes
  • PMFR phase-matched microfresh reflector Due to the achromasia of the phase-adjusted microfresh reflectors (PMFR), no chromatic aberrations are to be expected as a result of the relatively broad spectral distribution of IRED and LED radiation.
  • FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of the scattered light smoke detector according to the invention, but there is no planar-optical element (POE) above the radiation source 1.
  • the radiation source 1 an infrared radiation emitting diode (IRED), is mounted on the printed circuit board 4.
  • the radiation beam 6 of the radiation source 1 is kept narrow by diaphragms 4, and the radiation which is not scattered on smoke particles 12 in the direction of the planar-optical element 5 attached above the radiation receiver 2 disappears in the light sump (labyrinth) 3.
  • FIG. 5 shows a further embodiment of the scattered light detector according to FIG. 4, in which a flat or curved second mirror 13 is mounted above the radiation source 1, through which the light of the radiation beam 6, which is not scattered by smoke particles 12 in the direction of the radiation receiver 2, is deflected sideways into a labyrinth 3 and is absorbed there.
  • This makes it possible to mount the labyrinth 3 in a place where it can take up more space and can therefore be made more effective.
  • FIG. 6 shows the structure of a phase-adapted microfresh reflector (PMFR), as can be used in a scattered light smoke detector according to the invention, seen from above.
  • Figures 7 and 8 show Cuts through the phase-adjusted microfresh reflector (PMFR).
  • the PMFR is called "phase-adjusted" because the optical path li + l'k or li + k + l'i + k from the radiation source 1 to the radiation receiver via each of the ellipsoid micro-areas always differs by a whole multiple of the light wavelength.
  • the structure can be on the front or on the back of the substrate.
  • the latter version is the least sensitive to dust and corrosion, since the mirrored structure can be provided with a protective lacquer.
  • the phase-adjusted microfresh reflector (PMFR) can be manufactured in such a way that the structure is written in photoresist using a laser writing system. A nickel embossing stamp is made and reproduced.
  • PMFR phase-adjusted microfresh reflector
  • phase-adjusted microfresh reflectors are optimized for a wavelength of 880 nm (infrared) and have an active area of e.g. 17 x 12 mm2 varying profile depth of up to approx. 3 ⁇ m ( Figures 7 and 8).
  • the phase-adjusted microfresh reflectors (PMFR) lie on the transition zone between diffractive and purely reflective or refractive elements. Reflection or transmission takes place on the micro-surfaces and diffraction appears at the transition edges between the micro-surfaces with superimposed superposition of the refracted light component in the second focal point.
  • the phase-matched microfresh reflectors also have the advantage that they are less sensitive to chromatic aberration than the holographic optical elements (HOE).
  • FIG. 9 shows a further preferred embodiment of a scattered light detector according to the invention.
  • This scattered light detector has a planar-optical element (POE), which has a structure consisting of (concentric) areas A, B, .., which is arranged and designed such that the radiation emitted by the radiation source 1 is directed onto two different radiation receivers 21 , 22 falls.
  • POE planar-optical element
  • the radiation is deflected by the concentric zones A onto the photodiode 21 and through the zones B onto the photodiode 22; the area ratio of the sum of zones A and the sum of zones B can be chosen freely.
  • Polarization filters 14, 15, preferably those with mutually perpendicular polarization planes, can be arranged above the two radiation receivers 21, 22, which makes it possible to detect the scattered radiation after its polarization; this enables the advantages described above with regard to the adjustment of the sensitivity of the detectors for the detection of open fires and smoldering fires to be achieved.
  • two elements would be required for this, which would also represent two different areas (with different background radiation) of the measurement volume.
  • the planar-optical element (POE) described here forms one and the same area from the measurement volume.
  • the scattered radiation deflected by the planar-optical element (POE) can be divided into a plurality of radiation receivers, for example, with a planar-optical element, as shown in FIG. 11.
  • the deflection of the scattered radiation takes place here by means of a phase-adapted microfresh reflector (PMFR), as shown in FIG. 6, and the distribution of the scattered radiation among the various radiation receivers is carried out by diffraction on a linear grating superimposed on the phase-matched microfresh reflector (PMFR), the grating structure is adapted to the main wavelength of the radiation source.
  • PMFR phase-adapted microfresh reflector
  • the energy distribution within the different diffraction orders can also be selected by a suitable choice of the lattice structure, e.g. a sine grating has the diffraction orders -1, 0, +1, whereby the energy in the orders -1 and / or +1 can be made large by suitable selection of the structure depth or by suitable "blazing".
  • a rectangular grid has many orders.
  • a lattice structure of suitable shape can always be found for a freely selectable number of focal points and a freely selectable energy distribution in the focal points.
  • FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of an optical smoke detector according to the invention in which a planar-optical element (POE) is used as a deflecting mirror 5 is used.
  • the planar-optical element (POE) is shown in FIG.
  • the deflection of the scattered radiation takes place here through the elliptically arranged, phase-adapted micro-surfaces, which alternately belong to ellipsoids with different focal points, and the distribution of the scattered radiation among the different radiation receivers 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 takes place by diffraction at a phase-adapted microfresh reflector ( PMFR) superimposed, linear grating, the grating structure is adapted to the main wavelength of the radiation source.
  • PMFR phase-adapted microfresh reflector
  • the radiation source 1 consists of a radiation in the near infrared emitting diode (IRED) and a red light emitting diode (LED), which are arranged in a common housing.
  • the structure of the linear grating of the mirror 5 is selected so that the radiation is deflected to five different focal points, in which radiation receivers 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 are located.
  • polarization filters 14 with parallel polarization planes are arranged in front of two of the radiation receivers 21, 22, while polarization filters 15, whose polarization planes are perpendicular to the polarization planes of the first two polarization filters 14, are arranged in front of two other radiation receivers 24, 25. There is no polarization filter in front of one of the radiation receivers 23, so that this radiation receiver 23 receives light of all wavelengths and all polarization planes.
  • First radiation receiver 21 infrared light, polarized perpendicularly (to the scattering plane); second radiation receiver 22: red light, vertically polarized; third radiation receiver 23: infrared light and red light, not polarized; fourth radiation receiver 24: red light polarized in parallel; fifth radiation receiver 25: infrared light, polarized in parallel.
  • First radiation receiver 21 infrared light, polarized perpendicularly (to the scattering plane); second radiation receiver 22: red light, vertically polarized; third radiation receiver 23: infrared light and red light, not polarized; fourth radiation receiver 24: red light polarized in parallel; fifth radiation receiver 25: infrared light, polarized in parallel.
  • FIG. 12 shows a cross section through a smoke detector according to the invention based on the extinction principle.
  • a planar-optical one Element (POE) 5 arranged by which the radiation from the radiation source 1 is combined to form an approximately parallel radiation beam 6.
  • a second planar-optical element 23 is arranged in front of a radiation receiver 2, by means of which the radiation which has passed through the measurement volume 8 is focused on the radiation receiver 2.
  • planar-optical elements can also be used, which are arranged at an angle of, for example, 45 ° to the radiation in the measurement volume 8 (cf. FIG. 13).
  • FIG. 14 shows a further embodiment of a scattered light smoke detector according to the invention with a wired diode 1 emitting infrared light without an optical element and with a photodiode 2 on the printed circuit board 9 and an ellipsoid mirror 24 as a deflection element.
  • the photodiode serving as the radiation receiver 2 is located in a blackened compartment 16, which is only connected to the interior of the detector by an aperture 4.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Fire-Detection Mechanisms (AREA)
EP93114472A 1992-09-14 1993-09-09 Détecteur optique de fumée Expired - Lifetime EP0588232B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH2884/92 1992-09-14
CH2884/92A CH684556A5 (de) 1992-09-14 1992-09-14 Optischer Rauchmelder.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0588232A1 true EP0588232A1 (fr) 1994-03-23
EP0588232B1 EP0588232B1 (fr) 1997-07-09

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EP93114472A Expired - Lifetime EP0588232B1 (fr) 1992-09-14 1993-09-09 Détecteur optique de fumée

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Country Link
US (1) US5451931A (fr)
EP (1) EP0588232B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE155272T1 (fr)
CH (1) CH684556A5 (fr)
DE (1) DE59306866D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2106930T3 (fr)

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CN111199628A (zh) 2018-11-20 2020-05-26 海湾安全技术有限公司 烟雾探测器
US10921367B2 (en) 2019-03-06 2021-02-16 Analog Devices, Inc. Stable measurement of sensors methods and systems
US11796445B2 (en) 2019-05-15 2023-10-24 Analog Devices, Inc. Optical improvements to compact smoke detectors, systems and apparatus
USD913135S1 (en) * 2019-05-15 2021-03-16 Analog Devices, Inc. Smoke chamber blocking ensemble
US11238716B2 (en) * 2019-11-27 2022-02-01 Ningbo Weilaiying Electronic Technology Co., Ltd Photoelectric smoke fire detection and alarming method, apparatus and system
EP4078550A1 (fr) * 2019-12-20 2022-10-26 Siemens Schweiz AG Chambre de mesure à monter sur une unité de détection de fumée, comportant un piège à lumière selon le principe d'une lentille étagée de fresnel
CN111308009B (zh) * 2020-03-05 2022-04-29 山东科技大学 矿用高分子材料阴燃耗氧量与产物同步试验分析装置及方法
US11972676B2 (en) * 2021-10-25 2024-04-30 Honeywell International Inc. Initiating a fire response at a self-testing fire sensing device

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Cited By (12)

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EP0813178A1 (fr) * 1996-06-13 1997-12-17 Cerberus Ag Détecteur de fumée optique
WO1999016033A1 (fr) * 1997-09-23 1999-04-01 Robert Bosch Gmbh Detecteur de fumee
WO2000062267A1 (fr) * 1999-04-09 2000-10-19 Texecom Limited Lentille de focalisation a elements de diffraction pour capteur infrarouge
DE10353837B4 (de) * 2003-11-18 2017-05-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Prüfeinrichtung für Brandmelder
EP1855259A1 (fr) * 2006-05-08 2007-11-14 Siemens Schweiz AG Détecteur d'incendie
EP3128493A1 (fr) * 2015-08-06 2017-02-08 Siemens Schweiz AG Detecteur de fumee a ecran diffusant dote d'une chambre de mesure optique logee dans le boitier de detecteur et d'une surface reflechissante sur un cote interieur d'un capot de detecteur en tant que partie du boitier de detecteur
WO2017021217A1 (fr) * 2015-08-06 2017-02-09 Siemens Schweiz Ag Détecteur de fumée à dispersion de lumière pourvu d'une chambre de mesure optique ménagée dans le boîtier du détecteur et d'une surface réfléchissante prévue sur un côté intérieur d'un capot de détecteur faisant partie du boîtier de detecteur
CN107851355A (zh) * 2015-08-06 2018-03-27 西门子瑞士有限公司 有报警器壳体中的光学测量腔和是该壳体一部分在报警器罩内侧处镜面的散射光烟雾报警器
CN107851355B (zh) * 2015-08-06 2020-03-17 西门子瑞士有限公司 有报警器壳体中的光学测量腔和是该壳体一部分在报警器罩内侧处镜面的散射光烟雾报警器
EP3270362A1 (fr) 2017-02-07 2018-01-17 Siemens Schweiz AG Détecteur d'incendie comprenant une chambre de mesure et un support de circuit destiné à disposer ensemble un détecteur d'incendie de la chambre de mesure et au moins un autre capteur destiné à détecter une grandeur de mesure dans l'environnement à l'extérieur du détecteur d'incendie
EP3270362B1 (fr) 2017-02-07 2019-01-02 Siemens Schweiz AG Détecteur d'incendie comprenant une chambre de mesure et un support de circuit destiné à disposer ensemble un détecteur d'incendie de la chambre de mesure et au moins un autre capteur destiné à détecter une grandeur de mesure dans l'environnement à l'extérieur du détecteur d'incendie
US11506590B2 (en) * 2018-09-28 2022-11-22 Siemens Schweiz Ag Scattered light smoke detector having a two-color LED, a photosensor, and a wavelength-selective polarizer connected upstream of the photosensor or connected downstream of the two-color LED, and suitable use of such a polarizer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH684556A5 (de) 1994-10-14
US5451931A (en) 1995-09-19
EP0588232B1 (fr) 1997-07-09
ATE155272T1 (de) 1997-07-15
ES2106930T3 (es) 1997-11-16
DE59306866D1 (de) 1997-08-14

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