EP0555487A1 - Elektroviskose flüssigkeit - Google Patents

Elektroviskose flüssigkeit Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0555487A1
EP0555487A1 EP92916525A EP92916525A EP0555487A1 EP 0555487 A1 EP0555487 A1 EP 0555487A1 EP 92916525 A EP92916525 A EP 92916525A EP 92916525 A EP92916525 A EP 92916525A EP 0555487 A1 EP0555487 A1 EP 0555487A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
fluid
hydroxyl group
group
solid particles
electroviscous
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EP92916525A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0555487A4 (en
Inventor
Tetsuo Tonen Corp. Corp. Res.And Miyamoto
Hiroshi Tonen Corp. Corporate Res. Nakanishi
Hirotaka Tonen Corp. Corp. Res. And Tomizawa
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Tonen General Sekiyu KK
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Tonen Corp
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Priority claimed from JP19217391A external-priority patent/JPH0532993A/ja
Priority claimed from JP19217491A external-priority patent/JPH0532994A/ja
Application filed by Tonen Corp filed Critical Tonen Corp
Publication of EP0555487A1 publication Critical patent/EP0555487A1/de
Publication of EP0555487A4 publication Critical patent/EP0555487A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
    • C10M171/001—Electrorheological fluids; smart fluids
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    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2203/06—Well-defined aromatic compounds
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    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
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    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
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    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
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    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
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    • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/225—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
    • C10M2215/226—Morpholines
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    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
    • C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2219/085—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing carboxyl groups; Derivatives thereof
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    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electroviscous fluid, in which viscosity can be controlled by applying voltage and which can be used for electrical control of vibration control machines and devices such as variable damper, engine mount, bearing damper, clutch, valve shock absorber, precision machine, accoustic machine and also of display element, and in particular, it relates to an electroviscous fluid with improved dispersion property.
  • Electroviscous fluid (or electro-rheological fluid), in which viscosity of fluid changes when voltage is applied has been known since many years (Duff, A. W. Physical Review, Vol. 4, No. 1, (1896), 23). Early study on electroviscous fluid was concentrated on a system containing liquid only, and the effect was also insufficient. Subsequent studies have been performed on electroviscous fluid of solid dispersion system, and it has become possible to obtain considerable electroviscous effect.
  • Winslow proposed an electroviscous fluid using paraffin, silica gel powder, and also water to turn the system to slightly electroconductive. (Winslow, W.M., J. of Applied Physics, Vol. 20 (1949), 1137). By this study of Winslow, the electroviscous effect of the electroviscous fluid is called "Winslow effect”.
  • specific gravity of electrically insulating fluid as base oil is normally 0.78 - 0.92 (15°C), while specific gravity of solid particle, e.g. silica gel powder, is about 2.2. If there is big difference in specific gravity, it is not desirable for keeping ER effect constant because electroviscous effect varies or deteriorated during operation due to high sedimentation of dispersoid even if dispersing agent is used.
  • the electroviscous fluid of the present invention comprises solid particles dispersed in electrically insulating fluid, said solid particles have specific gravity equal to or higher than that of the electrically insulating fluid and have hydroxyl group on the surface thereof, said hydroxyl group is bonded by covalent bond to non-ionic surface active agent having hydroxyl group and/or -NH group as hydrophilic group by using silane coupling agent.
  • the electroviscous fluid of the present invention comprises solid particles dispersed in electrically insulating fluid, said solid particles have specific gravity equal to or higher than that of the electrically insulating fluid and have hydroxyl group on the surface thereof, and polystyrene and/or polyisoprene with polymerization degree of 5 - 320 is bonded to said hydroxyl group by covalent bond.
  • dispersing agent When silica particles for example are dispersed in electrically insulating fluid in an electroviscous fluid, dispersing agent is normally used. In such electroviscous fluid, dispersing agent is physically adsorbed on silica particles, and it appears that dispersing effect is generated by repellent action between the adsorbed dispersing agents themselves. In this case, the stability of dispersion is low, and sedimentation of silica particles decreases electroviscous effect.
  • the dispersoid in the present invention has specific gravity equal to or higher than that of the electrically insulating fluid, and solid particles having hydroxyl group on the surface are bonded by covalent bond to non-ionic surface active agent having hydroxyl group and/or -NH group as hydrophilic group by using silane coupling agent, or it is bonded to polystyrene by covalent bond, and this provides stable dispersion property in the electrically insulating fluid.
  • the electrically insulating fluid there is no specific restriction on the electrically insulating fluid.
  • mineral oil and synthetic lubricating oil may be used. More concretely, paraffin type mineral oil, naphthene type mineral oil, and oils such as poly- ⁇ -olefine, polyalkylene glycol, silicone, ester, diester, polyol ester, phosphoric acid ester, silicon compound, fluorine oil, alkylbenzene, alkyldiphenyl ether, alkylbiphenyl, alkylnaphthalene, polyphenyl ether, synthetic hydrocarbon, etc may be used. The substance having viscosity of 5 to 300 cSt at 40°C can be used.
  • Solid particle should have specific gravity equal to or higher than that of the electrically insulating fluid and should have hydroxyl group on the surface. More concretely, silica gel, zeolite, etc. may be used. For example, silica gel particle having specific gravity of 2.2 (15°C), particle size of 0.01 to 200 ⁇ m, surface area of 100 to 700 m2/g (BET method), and silanol group density of 1 to 10 SiOH/100 ⁇ 2 can be used.
  • the non-ionic surface active agent bonded to the surface of the solid particle by covalent bond must have hydroxyl group and/or -NH group as hydrophilic group. More concretely, polyalkenyl succinimide, succinimide ester, polyoxyethylenealkyl ether, polyoxyethylenealkylaryl ether, or fatty acid ester of polyhydric alcohol having hydroxyl group may be used.
  • R1 is an olefin oligomer group having 30 or more carbon atoms
  • R2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms
  • m represents an integer of 1 to 10.
  • polyolefine polymer given by R1 has 30 or more carbon atoms, or more preferably 40 to 400 carbon atoms with average molecular weight of 500 to 5,000.
  • ⁇ -olefin having 2 to 8 carbon atoms such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-hexene, 2-methylpentene-1,1-octene, etc. can be used.
  • Polyolefin polymer is preferably polypropylene, or polyisobutyrene.
  • polyalkylenepolyamine the substance having m (repeating unit number) of 1 to 10 in the above formula is preferably used.
  • Polyethylenepolyamine, polypropylenepolyamine, polybutyrenepolyamine, etc. are used, and polyethylenepolyamine is particularly preferable.
  • silane coupling agent are mixed in a solvent by 50 - 400 weight parts, or more preferably 80 to 200 weight parts, to 100 weight parts of silica particles to bond silane coupling agent to silanol group in the silica particles. Further, under reflux condition, the product of the above reaction and polyalkenyl succinimide are mixed by 100 to 1,000 of polyalkenyl succinimide, or more preferably, by 200 to 800 weight parts to 100 weight parts of silica particles. Thus, polyalkenyl succinimide can be bonded to silica particles by using silane coupling agent.
  • quantity of polyalkenyl succinimide bound to silica particles can be increased by adding alcohol such as n-butanol or phenol as catalyst.
  • alcohol such as n-butanol or phenol
  • catalyst may be added by 20 to 300 weight parts, or more preferably by 50 to 200 weight parts, to 100 weight parts of polyalkenyl succinimide.
  • silane coupling agent it is appropriate to use ⁇ -chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyl-trimethoxysilane, ⁇ -glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, ⁇ -isocyanate propyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ -glycidoxypropyl-methyldiethoxysilane, etc.
  • silica particles and thionyl chloride are treated to chlorinate silanol group in silica particles.
  • n-butyl lithium and styrene are polymerized by anionic polymerization to prepare anionic polystyrene, and this anionic polystyrene and chlorinated silica particles prepared above react in solvent.
  • Chain length of polystyrene can be easily controlled by adjusting reaction temperature, and polymerization degree of polystyrene in the present invention is 5 to 320, or more preferably 130 to 280.
  • polymerization degree is less than 5, it is not desirable because lipophilic property is too low and silica particles. If it is more than 320, aggregate lipophilic property decreases.
  • the percentage of polystyrene in dispersoid depends upon the quantity of silanol group and it is normally 14 to 16 weight %. In the above, description has been given to the case where styrene is used, but the same applies to isoprene. When polyisoprene is bonded to silica particles by covalent bond, the effect similar to the case of polystyrene can be obtained. Also, polystyrene and polyisoprene may be mixed and used.
  • the dispersoid (solid particles) thus prepared is used by 0.1 to 50 weight % to the entire electroviscous fluid.
  • polyhydric alcohol or its partial derivative in the electroviscous fluid of the present invention, as polarization promoting agent which promotes polarization of solid particles and increases electroviscous effect.
  • dihydric or trihydric alcohol such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, etc. may be used.
  • partial derivative of polyhydric alcohol partial derivative of polyhydric alcohol having at least hydroxyl group, partial ether, in which some of terminal hydroxyl groups of the above polyhydric alcohol are substituted by methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, alkyl-substituted phenyl group (The number of carbon atoms in alkyl group substituted with phenyl group is 1 to 25.), and partial ester, in which some of terminal hydroxyl groups are esterized by acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, etc.
  • polyhydric alcohol or its partial derivative by 1 to 100 weight % of dispersoid, or more preferably by 2 to 80 weight %. If it is added by more than 1 weight %, ER effect is low. If it exceeds 100 weight %, it is not desirable because electric current easily flows. It is needless to say that water may be used together with the polyhydric alcohol in such degree as not to hinder ER effect.
  • acid, salt or basic component may be added.
  • acid component inorganic acid such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, chromic acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, etc. or organic acid such as acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valerianic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, etc. may be used.
  • compound comprising metal or basic radical (such as NH4+, N2H5+) and acid radical can be used.
  • metal or basic radical such as NH4+, N2H5+
  • acid radical can be used.
  • the compound which is dissolved and dissociated in a system of polyhydric alcohol or partial derivative of polyhydric alcohol, e.g. the compound to form typical ionic crystal such as halide of alkali metal or alkali earth metal, or alkali metal salt of organic acid.
  • the salt of this type there are LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, BaCl2, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, MgBr2, LiI, NaI, KI, AgNO3, Ca (NO3)2, NaNO2, NH4NO3, K2SO4, Na2SO4, NaHSO4, (NH4)2SO4, or alkali acid metal salt of formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, etc.
  • hydroxide of alkali metal or alkali earth metal, carbonate of alkali metal, amines, etc. are used, and it is preferable to use the compound, which is dissolved and dissociated in a polyhydric alcohol, partial derivative of polyhydric alcohol or in a system of polyhydric alcohol and/or partial derivative of polyhydric alcohol and water.
  • a polyhydric alcohol partial derivative of polyhydric alcohol or in a system of polyhydric alcohol and/or partial derivative of polyhydric alcohol and water.
  • Acid, salt and base are to increase polarizing effect.
  • the polarizing effect can be increased more, and these substances may be used by 0.01 to 5 weight % to the entire electroviscous fluid. If it is less than 0.01 weight %, ER effect is too low. If it exceeds 5 weight %, it is not desirable because electric current easily flows and power consumption increases.
  • acid, salt or base component is added to the electroviscous fluid of the present invention, it is necessary that partially esterized compound of polyhydric alcohol is not hydrolyzed.
  • antioxidant To the electroviscous fluid of the present invention, antioxidant, corrosion inhibitor, anti-wear agent, extreme pressure agent, defoaming agent, etc. are added as additives when necessary.
  • the purpose of adding the antioxidant is to prevent oxidation of the electrically insulating fluid, and also to prevent oxidation of polyhydric alcohol, partial derivative of polyhydric alcohol, etc. used as polarization promoting agent.
  • the antioxidant the compound inactive to polarization promoting agent, dispersoid, etc., and phenol type or amine type antioxidant commonly used may be used. More concretely, phenol type antioxidant such as 2,6-di-t-butylparacresol, 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2,6-di-t-butylphenol), 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, or amine type antioxidant such as dioctyldiphenolamine, phenyl- ⁇ -naphthylamine, alkyldiphenylamine, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, etc. may be used.
  • phenol type antioxidant such as 2,6-di-t-butylparacresol, 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2,6-di-t-butylphenol), 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, or amine type antioxidant such as dioctyldiphenolamine, phenyl- ⁇ -naphthylamine, alky
  • Such substance can be added to the electroviscous fluid by 0.01 to 10 weight %, or more preferably by 0.1 to 2.0 weight %. If it is less than 0.01 weight %, there is no antioxidation effect. If it exceeds 10 weight %, problems arise such as hue change, generation of turbidity or sludge, increase of consistency, etc.
  • Corrosion inhibitor may be added, and it is advised to use the substance inactive to polarization promoting agent, dispersoid, etc. More concretely, nitrogen compound such as benzotriazole and its derivative, imidazoline, pyrimidine derivative, etc. and the compound containing sulfur and nitrogen such as 1,3,4-thiadiazole polysulfide, 1,3,4-thiadiazoril-2,5-bisdialkyldithiocarbamate, 2-(alkyldithio)-benzoimidazole, etc., or ⁇ -(o-carboxybenzylthio)-propion-nitrile or propionic acid may be used.
  • nitrogen compound such as benzotriazole and its derivative, imidazoline, pyrimidine derivative, etc. and the compound containing sulfur and nitrogen such as 1,3,4-thiadiazole polysulfide, 1,3,4-thiadiazoril-2,5-bisdialkyldithiocarbamate, 2-(alkyldithio)
  • Such substance is used by 0.001 to 10 weight %, or more preferably by 0.01 to 1.0 weight %, to the entire electroviscous fluid. If it is less than 0.001 weight %, there is no corrosion inhibitive effect. If it exceeds 10 weight %, problems arise such as hue change, generation of turbidity or sludge, increase of consistency, etc.
  • a mixture containing 10 g of silica particles (particle size: 1.4 ⁇ m), 20 ml of water, and 200 ml of dioxane is mixed for 60 hours in a ball mill. Then, 10 ml of ⁇ -glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was added, and the mixture was further mixed for 12 hours.
  • Solid particles were centrifuged (14,000 rpm; 60 min.) and were added to 300 ml of dioxane, and this was mixed for 5 hours in a ball mill. Then, 100 ml of dioxane was removed by distilling for 30 minutes.
  • silica particles were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, etc. to confirm that polyalkenyl succinimide was bonded to silica particles.
  • Electroviscous fluid having the following composition was prepared and was used as the specimen oil 1 (viscosity: 40 cSt (40°C)): (1) Alkylbenzene (viscosity: 25 cSt (40°C); specific gravity 0.88) 92.5 weight parts (2) Dispersoid prepared in the above 5.5 weight parts (3) Triethylene glycol 2.0 weight parts
  • Dispersoid was prepared by the same procedure as in Example 1, except that ⁇ -chloropropyltrimethoxysilane was used in the same quantity instead of ⁇ -glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and electroviscous fluid (specimen oil 2) was prepared by the same procedure as in Example 1.
  • Silica particles were centrifuged (14,000 rpm; 60 min.) and were added to 300 ml of dioxane, and this was mixed for 5 hours in a ball mill. Then, 100 ml of dioxane was removed by distilling for 30 minutes.
  • silica particles were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography, and it was confirmed that polyalkenyl succinimide was bonded to silica particles.
  • electroviscous fluid (specimen oil 3) was prepared by the same procedure as in Example 1.
  • Electroviscous fluid [viscosity 40 cSt (40°C)] having the following composition was prepared, and this was regarded as the comparative oil 1: (1) Alkylbenzene (viscosity: 25 cSt (40°C); specific gravity 0.88) 89.0 weight parts (2) Silica gel (particle size: 1.4 ⁇ m) 4.0 weight parts (3) Triethylene glycol 2.0 weight parts (4) Succinimide 5.0 weight parts
  • electroviscous fluid of the present invention is by no means inferior to the comparative oil in responsiveness, reproducibility, durability and thickening effect.
  • chlorinated silica particles prepared in the above were mixed, and this was allowed to react for 18 hours. After reaction has been completed, small quantity of methanol was added to deactivate macromonomer.
  • reaction dispersion system thus obtained was washed by three times by centrifugation using benzene to remove unreacted substances, and the particles were dried under reduced pressure. Invert ratio was 88%.
  • particle size was examined under electron microscope, and it was the same before and after the reaction.
  • silica particles were analyzed by IR and combustion TCD detection method, and it was confirmed that polystyrene was bonded to silica particles.
  • Electroviscous fluid having the following composition was prepared, and this was used as the specimen oil 4 (viscosity: 45 cSt (40°C)): (1) Alkylbenzene (viscosity: 25 cSt (40°C); specific gravity 0.88) 91.5 weight parts (2) Dispersoid prepared in the above 6.5 weight parts (3) Triethylene glycol 2.0 weight parts
  • Electroviscous fluid having the following composition (viscosity 45 cSt (40°C)) was prepared, and this was used as the comparative oil 2: (1) Alkylbenzene (viscosity: 25 cSt (40°C); specific gravity 0.88) 86.5 weight parts (2) Silica gel (particle size 1.4 ⁇ m) 5.5 weight parts (3) Triethylene glycol 2.0 weight parts (4) Succinimide 6.0 weight parts
  • the electroviscous fluid of the present invention is very low in sedimentation quantity and has superb dispersion property.
  • the electroviscous fluid is by no means inferior to the comparative oil in responsiveness, reproducibility, thickening effect and durability.
  • the electroviscous fluid of the present invention is an electroviscous fluid with improved dispersion property and can be applied in electrical control of vibration control machines and devices such as variable damper, engine mount, bearing damper, clutch, valve, shock absorber, precision machine, accoustic machine, etc. or electrical control of display element.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)
EP19920916525 1991-07-31 1992-07-31 Electroviscous fluid Withdrawn EP0555487A4 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP19217391A JPH0532993A (ja) 1991-07-31 1991-07-31 電気粘性流体
JP19217491A JPH0532994A (ja) 1991-07-31 1991-07-31 電気粘性流体
JP192174/91 1991-07-31
JP192173/91 1991-07-31

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EP0555487A1 true EP0555487A1 (de) 1993-08-18
EP0555487A4 EP0555487A4 (en) 1993-09-08

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0661379A1 (de) * 1993-12-15 1995-07-05 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Elektroviskose flüssige Zusammensetzung
EP0692531A1 (de) * 1994-01-31 1996-01-17 Tonen Corporation Elektrovisköses fluid

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3397147A (en) * 1968-01-10 1968-08-13 Union Oil Co Electroviscous fluid composition

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH03119098A (ja) * 1989-10-02 1991-05-21 Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd 電気粘性流体
JPH03137196A (ja) * 1989-10-23 1991-06-11 Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd 電気粘性流体
JP3041831B2 (ja) * 1989-11-20 2000-05-15 株式会社リコー 電場応答性流体
JPH03170600A (ja) * 1989-11-29 1991-07-24 Tonen Corp 電気粘性流体

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3397147A (en) * 1968-01-10 1968-08-13 Union Oil Co Electroviscous fluid composition

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO9303124A1 *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0661379A1 (de) * 1993-12-15 1995-07-05 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Elektroviskose flüssige Zusammensetzung
US6096235A (en) * 1993-12-15 2000-08-01 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Electrorheological fluid composition comprising an electrically insulating oil and dielectric particles of polymer grafted carbon black dispersed thereon
EP0692531A1 (de) * 1994-01-31 1996-01-17 Tonen Corporation Elektrovisköses fluid
EP0692531A4 (de) * 1994-01-31 1996-11-20 Tonen Corp Elektrovisköses fluid

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Publication number Publication date
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WO1993003124A1 (en) 1993-02-18

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