Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q5/00—Preparations for care of the hair
  • A61Q5/12—Preparations containing hair conditioners
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/40—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • A61K8/42—Amides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
  • A61Q17/02—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings containing insect repellants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q5/00—Preparations for care of the hair
  • A61Q5/006—Antidandruff preparations
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q5/00—Preparations for care of the hair
  • A61Q5/02—Preparations for cleaning the hair

Definitions

• the present invention relates to improved shampoo composi ⁇ tions which can comprise various "performance" ingredients and a polyhydroxy fatty acid amide-type surfactant which has now been discovered to be ideally suited for use in such shampoos.
• the present invention represents a departure from most current lines of research into the formulation of shampoos, especially performance shampoos.
• the present invention is based on the discovery that a known class of surfact ⁇ ants, the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, not only provide the rich lather properties so desirable in shampoos, but also exhibit desirable mildness to the eye and can accentuate the benefits of various performance agents.
• N-acyl, N-methyl glucamines for example, are disclosed by J. W. Goodby, M. A. Marcus, E. Chin, and P. L. Finn in "The Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Properties of Some Straight Chain Carbohydrate Amphiphiles," Liquid Crystals, 1988, Volume 3, No. 11, pp 1569-1581, and by A. Muller-Fahrnow, V. Zabel, M. Steifa, and R. Hilgenfeld in "Molecular and Crystal Structure of a Nonionic Detergent: Nonanoyl-N-methylgluca ide,” J. Chem. Soc. Chem.
• N-alkyl polyhydroxyamide surfactants have been of substantial interest recently for use in biochemistry, for example in the dissociation of biological membranes. See, for example, the journal article "N-D-Gluco-N-methyl-alkanamide Compounds, a New Class of Non-Ionic Detergents For Membrane Biochemistry," Biochem. J. (1982), Vol. 207, pp 363-366, by J. E. K. Hildreth.
• N-alkyl glucamides in detergent compositions has also been discussed.
• U.S. Patent 2,965,576, issued December 20, 1960 to E. R. Wilson, and G.B. Patent 809,060, published February 18, 1959, assigned to Thomas Hedley & Co., Ltd. relate to deter ⁇ gent compositions containing anionic surfactants and certain amide surfactants, which can include N-methyl glucamide, added as a low temperature suds enhancing agent.
• These compounds include an N-acyl radical of a higher straight chain fatty acid having 10-14 carbon atoms.
• These compositions may also contain auxiliary materials such as alkali metal phosphates, alkali metal silicates, su fates, and carbonates. It is also generally indicated that additional constituents to impart desirable properties to the composition can also be included in the compositions, such as fluorescent dyes, bleaching agents, perfumes, etc.
• U.S. Patent 2,703,798, issued March 8, 1955 to A. M. Schwartz relates to aqueous detergent compositions containing the condensation reaction product of N-alkyl glucamine and an aliphatic ester of a fatty acid.
• the product of this reaction is said to be useable in aqueous detergent compositions without further purification.
• PCT International Application WO 83/04412, published December 22, 1983, by J. Hildreth relates to a phiphilic compounds con ⁇ taining polyhydroxy! aliphatic groups said to be useful for a variety of purposes including use as surfactants in cosmetics, drugs, shampoos, lotions, and eye ointments, as emulsifiers and dispensing agents for medicines, and in biochemistry for solubilizing membranes, whole cells, or other tissue samples, and for preparation of liposo es.
• R'C0N(R)CH 2 R" and R"C0N(R)R' wherein R is hydrogen or an organic grouping, R' is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group of at least three carbon atoms, and R M is the residue of an aldose.
• European Patent 0 285 768 published October 12, 1988, H. Kelkenberg, et al., relates to the use of N-polyhydroxy alkyl fatty acid amides as thickening agents in aqueous detergent systems. Included are amides of the formula R 1 C(0)N(X)R 2 wherein R x is a C 1 -C 17 (preferably C 7 -C 17 ) alkyl, R 2 is hydrogen, a Cj-C ⁇ (preferably Cj-C ⁇ ) alkyl, or an alkylene oxide, and X is a polyhydroxy alkyl having four to seven carbon atoms, e.g., N- methyl, coconut fatty acid glucamide.
• the thickening properties of the amides are indicated as being of particular use in liquid surfactant systems containing paraffin sulfonate, although the aqueous surfactant systems can contain other anionic surfactants, such as alkylaryl sulfonates, olefin sulfonate, sulfosuccinic acid half ester salts, and fatty alcohol ether sulfonates, and nonionic surfactants such as fatty alcohol polyglycol ether, alkylphenol polyglycol ether, fatty acid polyglycol ester, polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide mixed polymers, etc.
• anionic surfactants such as alkylaryl sulfonates, olefin sulfonate, sulfosuccinic acid half ester salts, and fatty alcohol ether sulfonates
• nonionic surfactants such as fatty alcohol polyglycol ether, alkylphenol polyglycol ether,
• Paraffin sulfonate/ N-methyl coconut fatty acid glucamide/nonionic surfactant shampoo formulations are exemplified.
• the N-polyhydroxy alkyl fatty acid amides are said to have superior skin tolerance attributes.
• U.S. Patent 2,982,737, issued May 2, 1961, to Boettner, et al. relates to detergent bars containing urea, sodium lauryl sulfate anionic surfactant, and an N-alkylglucamide nonionic surfactant which is selected from N-methyl,N-sorbityl lauramide and N-methyl, N-sorbityl myristic acid amide.
• glucamide surfactants are disclosed, for example, in DT 2,226,872, published December 20, 1973, H. W. Eckert, et al., which relates to washing compositions comprising one or more surfactants and builder salts selected from polymeric phosphates, sequestering agents, and washing alkalis, improved by the addition of an N-acylpolyhydroxy-alkyl-amine of the formula R 1 C(0)N(R 2 )CH 2 (CH0H) n CH 2 0H, wherein R t is a C ⁇ Ca alkyl, R 2 is a C 10 -C 22 alkyl, and n is 3 or 4.
• the N-acylpolyhydroxyalkyl-amine is added as a soil suspending agent.
• U.S. Patent 3,654,166, issued April 4, 1972, to H. W. Eckert, et al. relates to detergent compositions comprising at least one surfactant selected from the group of anionic, zwitterionic, and nonionic surfactants and, as a textile softener, an N-acyl, N-alkyl polyhydroxy!alkyl compound of the formula R ! N(Z)C(0)R 2 wherein Rj is a C 10 -C 22 alkyl, R 2 is a C 7 -C 21 alkyl, Rj and R 2 total from 23 to 39 carbon atoms, and Z is a polyhydroxyalkyl which can be -CH 2 (CH0H) m CH 2 0H where m is 3 or 4.
• U.S. Patent 4,021,539 issued May 3, 1977, to H. M ⁇ ller, et al., relates to skin treating cosmetic compositions containing N-polyhydroxylalkyl-amines which include compounds of the formula R 1 N(R)CH(CHOH) n ⁇ R 2 wherein R x is H, lower alkyl, hydroxy-lower a kyl, or aminoalkyl, as well as heterocyclic aminoalkyl, R is the same as R x but both cannot be H, and R 2 is CH 2 0H or COOH.
• French Patent 1,360,018, April 26, 1963, assigned to Commer- cial Solvents Corporation, relates to solutions of formaldehyde stabilized against polymerization with the addition of amides of the formula RC(0)N(Rj)G wherein R is a carboxylic acid functionality having at least seven carbon atoms, Rj. is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group, and G is a glycitol radical with at least 5 carbon atoms.
• German Patent 1,261,861, February 29, 1968, A. Heins relates to glucamine derivatives useful as wetting and dispersing agents of the formula N(R)(R ! )(R 2 ) wherein R is a sugar residue of glucamine, Rj is a C 10 -C 20 alkyl radical, and R 2 is a C j -Cs acyl radical.
• G.B. Patent 745,036, published February 15, 1956, assigned to Atlas Powder Company, relates to heterocyclic amides and carboxylic esters thereof that are said to be useful as chemical intermediates, emulsifiers, wetting and dispersing agents, deter ⁇ gents, textile softeners, etc.
• the compounds are expressed by the formula N(R)(Ri)C(0)R 2 wherein R is the residue of an anhydrized hexane pentol or a carboxylic acid ester thereof, R x is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical, and -C(0)R 2 is the acyl radical of a carboxylic acid having from 2 to 25 carbon atoms.
• U.S. Patent 3,312,627 discloses solid toilet bars that are substantially free of anionic detergents and alkaline builder materials, and which contain lithium soap of certain fatty acids, a nonionic surfactant select ⁇ ed from certain propylene oxide-ethylenediamine-ethylene oxide -condensates, propylene oxide-propylene glycol-ethyle ⁇ e oxide condensates, and polymerized ethylene glycol, and also contain a nonionic lathering component which can include polyhydroxyamide of the formula RC(0)NR-*(R 2 ) wherein RC(0) contains from about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms, and R 1 and R 2 each are H or Ci-C 6 alkyl groups, said alkyl groups containing a total number of carbon atoms of from 2 to about 7 and a total number of substituent hydroxyl groups of from 2 to about 6.
• RC(0)NR-*(R 2 ) wherein RC(0) contains from about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms, and R 1 and R 2 each
• compositions optionally comprising one or more adjunct surfactants (especially, anionic surfactants), optional thickening agents and fluid carrier, said composition comprising at least about 1% by weight of a polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactant.
• adjunct surfactants especially, anionic surfactants
• Preferred compositions herein are those wherein said polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactant is of the formula R 2 C(0)NR 1 CH 2 (CH 2 0H) 4 CH 2 0H, wherein R 2 is C -C 17 alkyl and R 1 is methyl.
• Preferred conditioning compositions according to this invention are those wherein the hair conditioning agent is a silicone.
• the silicone conditioning agent is most preferably used in conjunction with a thickening agent, especially ethylene glycol distearate.
• Preferred antidandruff compositions according to the invention are those wherein the antidandruff agent is selected from metal pyridinethione salts (especially zinc salts) and selenium salts.
• Preferred styling compositions according to this invention are those wherein the hair styling agent is selected from the group consisting of nonsilicone polymers, as described hereinafter.
• Preferred pediculicide compositions according to this invention are those wherein the anti-lice agent is selected from pyrethrins, pyrethroids and mixtures thereof.
• the present invention also encompasses a method for enhancing the deposition of a member selected from the group consisting of: (a) hair conditioning agents;
• the present invention employs various ingredients, many of which can be illustrated by reference to the extensive cosmetics literature, and it is to be understood that the manufacture of such ingredients per se forms no part of this invention. However, the following nonlimiting exemplifications will assist the formulator in obtaining the appropriate ingredients for formulating the compositions herein.
• compositions herein comprise at least about 1%, typically from about 5% to about 50%, preferably from about 7% to about 20%, of the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactant described below.
• the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactant component of the present invention comprises compounds of the structural formula:
• R 1 is H, Cj-C 4 hydrocarbyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, 2-hydroxy propyl, or a mixture thereof, preferably C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl, more preferably Cj or C 2 alkyl, most preferably C x alkyl (i.e., methyl); and R 2 is a C 5 -C 31 hydrocarbyl moiety, preferably straight chain C 7 -C 19 alkyl or alkenyl, more preferably straight chain C 9 -C 17 alkyl or alkenyl, most preferably straight chain c ⁇ i"Ci 5 alkyl or alkenyl, or mixture thereof; and Z is a polyhydroxyhydrocarbyl moiety having a linear hydrocarbyl chain with at least 3 hydroxyls directly connected to the chain, or an alkoxylated derivative (preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated) thereof.
• Z preferably will be derived from a reducing sugar in a reductive amination reaction; more preferably Z is a glycityl moiety.
• Suitable reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, annose, and xylose.
• high dextrose corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, and high maltose corn syrup can be utilized as well as the individual sugars listed above. These corn syrups may yield a mix of sugar components for Z. It should be understood that it is by no means intended to exclude other suitable raw materials.
• Z preferably will be selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 -(CH0H) n -CH 2 0H, -CH(CH 2 OH)-(CHOH) n . 1 -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -(CH0H)2(CH0R')(CH0H)-CH20H, where n is an integer from 3 to 5, inclusive, and R' is H or a cyclic or aliphatic monosaccharide, and alkoxylated derivatives thereof. Most preferred are glycityls wherein n is 4, particularly -CH 2 -(CH0H) 4 -CH 2 0H.
• R 1 can be, for example, N-methyl, N-ethyl, N-propyl , N-isopropyl, N-butyl, N-2-hydroxy ethyl, or N-2-hydroxy propyl .
• R 2 -C0-N ⁇ can be, for example, cocamide, steara ide, oleamide, lauramide, myristamide, caprica ide, palm ta ide, tallowa ide, etc.
• Z can be 1-deoxyglucityl, 2-deoxyfructityl, 1-deoxymaltityl, 1-deoxylactityl, 1-deoxygalactityl, 1-deoxymannityl, 1-deoxymalto- triotityl, etc.
• Methods for making polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known in the art.
• compositions containing polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are disclosed, for example, in G.B. Patent Specification 809,060, published February 18, 1959, by Thomas Hedley & Co., Ltd., U.S. Patent 2,965,576, issued December 20, 1960 to E. R. . Wilson, and U.S. * Patent 2,703,798, Anthony M. Schwartz, issued March 8, 1955, and U.S. Patent 1,985,424, issued December 25, 1934 to Piggott, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• N-deoxyglycityl fatty acid amides wherein the glycityl component is derived from glucose and the N-alkyl or N-hydroxyalkyl functionality is N-methyl, N-ethyl, N-propyl, N-butyl, N-hydroxyethyl, or N-hydroxypropyl
• the product is made by reacting N-alkyl- or N-hydroxyalkyl-gluca ine with a fatty ester selected from fatty methyl esters, fatty ethyl esters, and fatty triglycerides in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of trilithium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, pentapotassium tripolyphosphate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate
• the amount of catalyst is preferably from about 0.5 mole % to about 50 mole %, more preferably from about 2.0 mole % to about 10 mole %, on an N-alkyl or N-hydroxyalkyl-glucamine molar basis.
• the reaction is preferably carried out at from about 138 * C to about 170 * C for typically from about 20 to about 90 minutes.
• the reaction is also preferably carried out using from about 1 to about 10 weight % of a phase transfer agent, calculated on a weight percent basis of total reaction mixture, selected from saturated fatty alcohol polyethoxylates, alkylpolyglucosides, linear glucamide surfactant, and mixtures thereof.
• this process is carried out as follows:
• N-linear glucosyl fatty acid amide product is added to the reaction mixture, by weight of the reactants, as the phase transfer agent if the fatty ester is a triglyceride. This seeds the reaction, thereby increasing reaction rate.
• polyhydroxy "fatty acid” amide materials used herein also offer the advantages to the shampoo formulator that they can be prepared wholly or primarily from natural, renewable, nonpetro- chemical feedstocks and are degradable. They also exhibit low toxicity to aquatic life.
• the processes used to produce them will also typically produce quantities of nonvolatile by-product such as esteramides and cyclic polyhydroxy fatty acid amide.
• the level of these by-products will vary depending upon the particular reactants and process conditions.
• the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide incorporated into the shampoo compositions herein will be provided in a form such that the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide contains less than about 10%, preferably less than about 4%, of cyclic polyhydroxy fatty acid amide.
• the preferred processes described above are advantageous in that they can yield rather low 5 levels of by-products, including such cyclic amide by-product.
• conditioning agents are designed to enhance the fullness (or "body”), manage- 10 ability or “combability”, softness, luster and overall attractive appearance .and handling properties of the hair. It is to be understood that any such conditioning agents can be employed herein, according to the desires of the for ulator, but that two types of conditioning agents - the silicones and the cationics - 15 are conveniently available for such use. Silicone hair condition ⁇ ing agents are especially preferred.
• Silicone fluids are a suitable nonvolatile silicone that may be used in the pr-esent composition.
• U.S. Patent 3,742,855 can be referred to for details of various silicones used in performance " shampoos.
• the nonvolatile silicone fluid may be either an insoluble polyalkyl siloxane, a polyaryl siloxane, a polyalkylaryl siloxane or a polyether siloxane copolymer. Mixtures of these fluids may also be used and are preferred in certain executions.
• the essentially nonvolatile polyalkyl siloxane fluids that may be used include, for example, polydi ethyl siloxanes with
• the viscosity ranges from about 350 centistokes to about 100,000 centistokes.
• the essentially nonvolatile polyalkylaryl siloxane fluids that may be used include, for example, polymethylphenylsiloxanes having viscosities of about 15 to 30,000 centistokes at 25*C. These siloxanes are available, for example, from the General Electric Company as SF 1075 methyl phenyl fluid or from Dow Corning as 556 Cosmetic Grade Fluid.
• the essentially nonvolatile polyether siloxane copoly er that may be used is, for example, a polypropylene oxide modified dimethylpolysiloxane (e.g., Dow Corning DC-1248) although ethylene oxide may also be used.
• a polypropylene oxide modified dimethylpolysiloxane e.g., Dow Corning DC-1248
• ethylene oxide may also be used.
• silicone gums are described by Petrarch and others including U.S. Patent 4,152,416, May 1, 1979 to Spitzer et al, and Noll, Walter, Chemistry and Technology of Sil icones, New York: Academic Press 1968. Also describing silicone gums are General Electric Silicone Rubber Product Data Sheets SE 30, SE 33, SE 54 and SE76. All of these described references are incorporated herein by reference. "Silicone gum” materials denote high molecular weight polydi- organosiloxanes having a mass molecular weight of from about 200,000 to about 1,000,000.
• polydi- methylsiloxane examples include polydi- methylsiloxane, (polydimethylsiloxane) (methylvinylsiloxane) copolymer, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (diphenyl) (methylvinylsiloxane) copolymer and mixtures thereof.
• Silicone hair conditioning agents are typically used in composition of the present type at levels from at least about 0.05% to about 10% (wt.), preferably from about 0.2% to about 7%, even more preferably from about 0.5% to about 5%, and in some compositions at preferred levels of from about 1% to about 2%. Silicones are typically used in combination with suspending agents, as disclosed more fully hereinafter.
• hair conditioning agents useful herein include various quaternary ammonium and amine compounds well-known to formulators of shampoos and hair conditioners.
• Nonlimiting examples of such materials include tri long chain alkyl mono short chain alkyl quaternary ammonium salts and tri long chain amines.
• long is meant having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms while “short” includes alkyIs having from about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms.
• a preferred material is tricetyl methyl ammonium chloride.
• Other halides such as bromide and iodide or organic groups such as methyl sulfate may be used to form the salt.
• Other specific compounds include tri C 8 . 10 methyl ammonium chloride, tri(isodecyl)amine and tri C 13 amine.
• Quaternary compounds or amine are used at a level of from about 0.1% to about 4%, preferably from about 0.25% to about 2%.
• Antidandruff Agents Various materials have been suggested in the literature for use to remove or to prevent the formation of the flaking, some ⁇ times itchy, condition generally known as dandruff. It is to be understood that any such antidandruff agents can be employed herein, according to the desires of the for ulator. Currently, antidandruff agents based on pyridinethione salts and selenium compounds are in rather wide use, and such materials are preferred herein. Pyridinethione salts are especially preferred for use in the practice of this invention.
• the present invention can use, for example, heavy metal or magnesium or aluminum salts of l-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione. Depending, of course, on the valence of the metal involved there may be more than one of the pyridinethione rings in the compound. Suitable heavy metals include zinc, tin, cadmium and zirconium. Especially preferred platelet forms of such materials are disclosed in U.S. Patents 4,379,753 and 4,345,080.
• Nonlimiting examples of pyridinethione materials include various selenium compounds, especially inorganic selenium compounds such as selenium sulfide. Commercial materials such as
• 0CT0PIR0X can also be used.
• Antidandruff agents are typically used in compositions of the present type at levels from at least about 0.1% to about 4% (wt.), preferably from about 0.2% to about 2.0%, and in some compositions at preferred levels from about 1% to about 2%. Mixtures of antidandruff agents can also be used herein.
• Hair styling agents comprise a class of materials which are designed to assist the user in having the shampooed hair retain a particular shape. In general, style retention may be accomplished by either permanent chemical alteration of the hair structure
• Styling agents used herein comprise shampoo-compatible polymers which, in general, are homopolymers or copolymers of hydrophobic monomers.
• hydrophilic polymers useful as styling agents herein can be a copolymer of a hydrophilic monomer and a hydrophobic monomer, or mixtures thereof.
• a wide variety of hair setting polymers are known for use as styling agents and can be used herein.
• Many polymers said to be useful in hair styling products are multicomponent polymers which combine three, four and even more different monomers into the polymer chains. Frequently, one of the monomer components is vinyl pyrrolidone.
• Examples of such complex polymer systems are found in U.S. Patent 3,222,329 to Grosser et al., issued December 7, 1965; U.S. Patent 3,577,517 to Kubot et al., issued May 4, 1971; U.S. Patent 4,012,501 to Farber, issued March 15, 1977; U.S. Patent 4,272,511 to Papantoniou and Mondet, issued June 9, 1981; and U.S.
• Other polymers said to be useful for hair styling composi ⁇ tions have been disclosed, such as block polymers. Examples of such block polymer systems are found in U.S. Patent 3,907,984 to Calvert et al., issued September 23, 1975; U.S. Patent 4,030,512 to Papantoniou et al., issued June 21, 1977; and U.S. Patent 4,283,384 to Jacquet et al., issued August 11, 1981.
• certain preferred styling polymers having water-solubilities within a certain range provide optimum hair styling benefits when delivered from a shampoo.
• Such unique styling polymers are of relatively low water-solubility. More specifically, these polymers have a solubility parameter, 8 , of between about 8.5 and about 12.0 (£ units equal (cal/cm 3 ) 1 / 2 ), preferably from about 9.5 to about 11.5, most preferably from about 11 to about 11.5.
• solubility parameter is defined in the Polymer Handbook 3rd Ed. (John Wiley and Sons, New York), J. Brandrup and E.H. Immergut, Chapter VII, pp. 519-559, as the square root of the cohesive energy density and describes the attractive strength between molecules of the material. Solubility parameters may be determined by direct measurement, correlations with other physical properties, or indirect calculation. The solubility parameters of such polymers can be determined by indirect calculations of group contributions as described in section 2.3 on p. 524-526 of the cited reference.
• Styling polymers having water solubilities within this range can be dispersed with the polymer solvent, as described infra, in shampoo compositions as a dispersed fluid phase. Formulation in this way provides maximum deposition of styling polymer out of the shampoo composition and onto hair. Styling polymers having solubility parameters at the upper end of this range would be soluble by themselves in the present shampoo compositions. When these polymers are combined with the polymer solvents of the present invention (as defined infra) and then dispersed in the shampoo composition, they remain in the composition as a dispersed fluid phase.
• Styling polymers preferred herein comprise at least one polymerizable hydrophobic monomer.
• the polymer may be a homo- polymer or a copolymer of hydrophobic monomers.
• styling polymers may be a copolymer of a hydrophilic monomer and a hydrophobic monomer, or mixtures thereof.
• hair styling polymers comprise from 0% to about 30% of a polymerizable hydrophilic monomer (MA) or mixtures thereof, and from about 70% to about 100% of a polymerizable hydrophobic monomer (MB), or mixtures thereof.
• MA polymerizable hydrophilic monomer
• MB polymerizable hydrophobic monomer
• the styling polymer comprises both MA monomer and M ⁇ monomer, then the monomers must be copoly erizable with each other.
• the polymer comprises a hydrophilic monomer, then the following relationship must hold true as well:
• MA is the hydrophilic monomer and s is the solubility parameter of the polymer solvent component (as described infra) .
• % M is calculated as less than zero, then no hydrophilic monomer is included in the copolymer.
• the relation ⁇ ship is as follows:
• Preferred hydrophilic monomers in such styling polymers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, methacrylamide, N-t-butyl aer 1amide, maleic acid, aleic anhydride and its half esters, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, acrylamide, acrylate alcohols, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl ethers (such as methyl vinyl ether), malei ides, vinyl pyridine, vinyl imida- zole, other polar vinyl heterocyclics, styrene sulfonate, allyl alcohol, vinyl alcohol (produced by the hydrolysis of vinyl acetate after polymerization), vinyl caprolactam, and mixtures thereof.
• Preferred hydrophobic monomers in such styling polymers include acrylic or methacrylic acid esters of Ci-Ci ⁇ alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-l-propanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl- 1-butanol, 1-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-methyl-1- pentanol, 2-methyl-l-pentanol, 3-methyl-l-pentanol, t-butanol, cyclohexanol, neodecanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, 3-heptanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-octanol, 6-methyl-l-heptanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 3,5-dimethyl-l-hexanol, 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-he
• Optimum performance of such hair styling polymers in terms of style hold occurs when the weight average molecular weight of the styling polymer is between about 5,000 and about 1,000,000, preferably between about 10,000 and about 100,000, and the glass transition temperature, Tg, (i.e., the temperature at which the polymer changes from a brittle vitreous state to a plastic state) of the styling polymer is greater than about -20*C, preferably between about 0*C and about 80 a C, and most preferably between about 20 * C and about 60'C.
• Tg glass transition temperature
• Specific styling polymers which provide the desired deposition/styling benefits out of a shampoo system are as follows: vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers (at ratios of up to about 30%, by weight, vinyl pyrrolidone); vinyl acetate homopolymer; t-butyl acrylate homopoly er; t-butyl styrene/ ethyl hexyl methacrylate copolymer (50/50, by weight); dimethyl acrylamide/ t-butyl acrylate/ethyl hexyl methacrylate copolymer (10/45/45); ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (12.5/87.5); allyl alcohol/styrene copolymer (19/81); vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer (83/17 and lower); vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate copolymer (10/78/12 and 10
• the polymer styling agent is present in the shampoos of the present invention at a level of from about 0.2% to about 20%, preferably at a level of from about 2% to about 6%. At levels below about 0.2% styling polymer, the desired hair style hold benefits cannot be achieved; at levels above about 20% styling polymer, interference with shampoo in-use characteristics may occur.
• the styling polymers formulated in the present shampoo compositions provide hair styling benefits. Such benefits include ease of style achievement and style maintenance.
• the compositions also provide some degree of restyling benefits. That is, after the hair is shampooed and styled, the hair "remembers" the style after being subjected to a force, such as combing, brushing or simply flattening of the hair.
• An additional component used in shampoos with polymeric styling agents is a solvent or diluent for the styling polymer.
• the solvent is used to dilute the polymer so that it can be dispersed in the shampoo composition.
• the solvent also aids in delivering style achievement by making polymer deposited on the hair more tacky through the hair drying and styling process.
• the polymer solvent must have a low solubility, in water, comparable with the water solubility of the polymer.
• the particular polymer chosen for use in the present shampoo composi ⁇ tions must be soluble in the particular solvent utilized. This enables the dispersion of the polymer/solvent mixture as a dis ⁇ persed fluid phase in the shampoo composition and maintenance of that dispersed second phase.
• the polymer solvents have a solu- bility parameter, $s, of between about 7 and about 12.5, prefer ⁇ ably between about 8 and about 10.
• the solubility parameters of solvents are usually determined by direct measurement. (Values fork ' s for the solvents of the present invention are taken from Table 3.1 and 3.2 in the Polymer Handbook reference cited above.) The upper end of this solubility range covers solvent materials which, if dispersed in the shampoo base alone, would be soluble. However, when these solvents are pre ixed with the preferred polymers of the above-mentioned type, prior to dispersion in the shampoo composition, they will remain in the polymer phase, i.e., unsolubilized in the shampoo base.
• the polymer solvent must also be volatile. Upon deposition of the polymer/solvent mixture on the hair, the solvent is vola- tilized leaving only the styling polymer on the hair, thus pro ⁇ viding the maximum styling benefits.
• the polymer solvents have boiling points of less than or equal to about 300*C.
• the polymer solvent must not interact with the polymer styling agent in such a way that would substantially reduce the ability of the polymer to provide styling benefits to hair under ordinary use situations.
• the solvents must, of course, be of sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to render them suitable for administration to human hair.
• Specific polymer solvent materials that have been found to be useful in the present invention include isopropanol, butyl alco ⁇ hol, amyl alcohol, phenyl ethanol, benzyl alcohol, phenyl pro- panol, ethyl butyrate, isopropyl butyrate, diethyl phthalate, phenyl ethyl dimethyl carbinol, ethyl-6-acetoxyhexanoate, and methyl(2-pentanyl-3-oxy)cyclopentylacetate, and mixtures thereof.
• Preferred solvents for use herein are diethyl phthalate, phenyl ethyl dimethyl carbinol, ethyl-6-acetoxyhexanoate, and mixtures thereof.
• the amount of solvent to be used in the present shampoo compositions is an amount sufficient to solubilize the polymer and disperse it as a separate fluid phase in the shampoo composition. Generally, from about 0.2% to about 20%, preferably from about 2% to about 6%, polymer solvent is used. At levels below about 0.2% solvent, the polymer cannot be sufficiently diluted; at levels above about 20% solvent, shampoo in-use characteristics may be negatively affected.
• the ratio of polymer to solvent in the present composition is from about 10:90 to about 80:20, preferably from about 40:60 to about 60:40. 5.
• Pediculicides Pediculicides can be added to shampoo compositions to provide control of lice infestations which can be ubiquitous under circumstances where regular shampooing or other conditions have allowed the infestation to occur. It is to be understood that any such anti-lice agents can be employed herein, according to the desires of the formulator.
• Biologically active agents for the control of lice are well known in the art. Lindane (gamma-benzene hexachloride), syner- ° gized natural pyrethrins, and synthetic derived compounds known as pyrethroids have all been used as pediculicides in lice treatment compositions. However, since lindane has a poor safety profile and lice have developed a significant degree of resistance to it, natural pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids are now routinely 5 chosen for use in pediculicide and ovicide compositions.
• Natural pyrethrins are made from extracts of naturally in- secticidal chrysanthemum flowers and have been used since the early 1930's.
• European Patent Application 191,236 published August 20, 1986; European Patent Application 262,885, published April 6, 1988; and British Patent Specification 1,593,601, pub ⁇ lished July 22, 1981, all disclose the use of natural pyrethrins for treating lice.
• Synthetic pyrethroids became popular during World War II when chrysanthemum flowers became nearly impossible to get. Besides being available at lower prices, they were also somewhat more stable than the natural product.
• aryl siloxane polymers are an essential component in the Allan compo- sitions in order to achieve some degree of compositional stability.
• hair treatment compo ⁇ sitions such as shampoos, lotions and conditioners at temperatures over 38 * C. This is a particular problem in tropical areas where lice infestation is most prevalent. Once the actives separate, they cannot be reincorporated back into the lotion, shampoo or conditioner, thereby, negatively affecting the compositions' safety and effectiveness.
• Preferred pediculicides * for use herein comprise: (a) a synthetic pyrethroid; and (b) a natural pyrethrin; and wherein the weight ratio of pyrethroid to pyrethrin is from about 6:1 to about 10:1, preferably from about 7:1 to about 9:1; most preferably about 9:1. At these ratios, the hair treatment compositions remain stable particularly at the high storage temperatures.
• Natural pyrethrins which are derived from chrysanthemum flower heads, are the esters formed by the combination of cyclo- pentenolone alcohols (pyrethrolone, cinerolone and jas olone) with chrysanthemic acid or pyrethric acid.
• the natural pyrethrins are invariably dextroro ⁇ tatory isomers of the trans form of the carboxylic acids.
• the natural pyrethrin active consists essentially of six different esters: Cinerin I, Cinerin II, Pyrethrin I, Pyrethrin II, Jasmolin I and Jasmolin II.
• Pyrethrin I and Pyrethrin II comprise about 70% of the esters found in said active.
• Their chemical structures are: wherein Pyrethin I has R • » CH 3 and Pyrethrin II has R » C00CH 3 .
• synthetic pyrethroids The synthetic analogues of the natural pyrethrins are herein called synthetic pyrethroids. These synthesized organic compounds are made by combining phenylacetic acid esters and esters of the 0 dichlorovinyl analogues of chrysanthemic acid. Preferred synthetic pyrethroids include Phenothrin, Permethrin and mixtures thereof. These compounds have the basic chemical structure:
• Phenothrin has R ⁇ CH 3 and Permethrin has.R « Cl.
• the aforesaid mixtures are typically used in the present o shampoos at levels from about 0.1% to about 2.5% (wt.), preferably from about 0.25% to about 1.5%, most preferably about 0.5%
• piperonyl butoxide may optionally be included with the mixed actives at levels from about 1% to about 5%.
• Piperonyl butoxide is a known additive included with the actives 5 to inhibit development of resistance to said actives by lice.
• Suspending Agents As noted hereinabove, various performance ingredients used in the present shampoo compositions are advantageously used in combination with a thickening agent. Indeed, the suspension of materials such as zinc pyridinethione platelets, silicone parti ⁇ cles or drops, and the like, in the shampoos in a substantially uniform suspension assists in providing the desirable performance attributes associated with these ingredients. Said suspending agents are typically used to bring the viscosity of the co posi- tions to from about 8,000 cp to about 20,000 cp as measured with a Wells-Brookfield viscometer, Model RVT DV-CP-2, DV-11, Model Cone CP-52 using 1/2 ml at 1 rpm at 26.7*C for 1 minute.
• a Wells-Brookfield viscometer Model RVT DV-CP-2, DV-11
• Model Cone CP-52 using 1/2 ml at 1 rpm at 26.7*C for 1 minute.
• Xanthan gum is a suspending agent which can be used in the present compositions to suspend, for example, the silicone fluid.
• This biosynthetic gum material is commercially available and is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of greater than 1 million. It contains D-glucose, D-mannose and D-glucuronate in the molar ratio of 2.8:2.0:2.0. The polysaccharide is partially acetylated with 4.7% acetyl. This information and other is found in Whistler, Roy L. Editor Industrial Gums - Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives New York: Academic Press, 1973.
• Kelco a Division of Merck & Co., Inc. offers xanthan gum as KELTROL.
• the gum is typically used at a level of from about 0.4% to about 3%, preferably from about 0.6% to about 1.2% in the compositions of the present invention.
• suspending agent useful in the present compositions is any of several long chain acyl derivatives materials or mixtures of such materials. Included are ethylene glycol esters of fatty acids having from about 16 to about 22 carbon atoms. Preferred are the ethylene glycol stearates, both mono and distearate (“EGDS”) but particularly the distearate containing less than about 7% of the mono stearate. Other suspending agents found useful are alkanol amides of fatty acids, having from about 16 to about 22 carbon atoms, preferably about 16 to 18 carbon atoms.
• Preferred alkanol amides are stearic monoethanolamide, stearic diethanolamide, stearic monoisopropanolamide and stearic monoethanolamide stearate.
• Still other suitable nonacyl derivative suspending agents are alkyl(C 16 - 22 )dimethy1 amine oxides such as stearyl dimethyl amine oxide.
• the acyl or nonacyl suspending agent or mixtures of agents is typically used at a level of from about 0.4% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 3.0%.
• the suspending agent especially EGDS, serves to assist in suspending silicone materials and to give a pearlescent appearance to the product.
• Optional Ad.iunct Surfactants The shampoos herein will optionally, but preferably, contain surfactants in addition to the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide. A wide variety of surfactants have been suggested in the literature for use in shampoos, and any such surfactants can be used herein, according to the desires of the formulator. Reference can be made to standard texts, such as the "McCutcheon's Index" for listings, so an exhaustive listing is not provided here.
• adjunct surfactants can be mentioned: soaps, including sodium potassium and triethanolammonium salts of C 12 -C 20 fatty acids; sodium potassium and triethanolammonium salts of C 12 -C 20 alkyl sulfates, alkyl ethoxy sulfates, and alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates; nonionic surfactants, especially coconut alcohol ethoxylates; al yl betaines and the like.
• Especially preferred adjunct surfactants herein are the C 12 -C l ⁇ ethoxylated alkylether sulfates with at least 2, preferably 3 or more ethoxy units.
• coconutalkyl (E0) 3 sulfate, ammonium salt is especially preferred.
• the adjunct surfactant is typically used at levels from about 5 1.0% to about 20% (wt.), preferably from about 3% to about 9% of the shampoo compositions.
• Preferred weight ratios of the adjunct surfactant to polyhydroxy fatty acid amide range from about 5:1 to about 1:2.
• compositions herein can be in the form of liquids, thickened liquids or gels. Water is generally used as the carrier fluid and will typically be present at levels from about 20% to about 95% (wt.)
• the shampoos herein can contain a variety of nonessential optional components suitable for rendering such compositions more acceptable.
• Such conventional optional ingredients are well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., preservatives such as benzyl alcohol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and imidazolidinyl urea; other cationic surfactants such as lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, stearyldimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and di(partially hydrogenated tallow) dimethylammonium chloride; thickeners and viscosity modifiers such as a diethanolamide of a long chain fatty acid (e.g., Cocamide MEA), amine oxides, block polymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide such as Pluronic F88 offered by BASF Wyandotte, fatty alcohols such as cetearyl alcohol, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, polyvinyl alcohol, and e
• Another optional ingredient and one preferred for use in certain of the compositions of this invention is a volatile silicone or a water-insoluble hydrocarbon.
• volatile silicone or a water-insoluble hydrocarbon are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,472,375, September 18, 1984 to R. E. Bolich, Jr., incorporated herein by reference. These agents help disperse the higher molecular weight nonvolatile silicones in the product when such silicones are used. These agents are used at levels of from about 0.1% to about 5%.
• the pH of the present compositions can be in the range of from 4 to about 10.
• a typical synthesis is as follows, and exemplifies a process for making a N-methyl-N-glucosyl lauramide surfactant for use in the present shampoo compositions.
• one suitable apparatus for use herein comprises a three-liter four-necked flask fitted with a motor-driven paddle stirrer and a thermometer of length sufficient to contact the reaction medium.
• the other two necks of the flask are fitted with a nitrogen sweep and a wide-bore side-arm (caution: a wide-bore side-arm is important in case of very rapid methanol evolution) to which is connected an efficient collecting condenser and vacuum outlet.
• a 500 watt heating mantle with a variable transformer temperature controller (“Variac”) used to heat the reaction is so placed on a lab-jack that it may be readily raised or lowered to further control temperature of the reaction.
• Variac variable transformer temperature controller
• N-methylglucamine 195 g., 1.0 mole, Aldrich, M4700-0
• methyl laurate Procter & Gamble CE 1270, 220.9 g., 1.0 mole
• the reaction product is cooled and solidifies.
• the alkyl N-methyl glucamide product comprises C 11 H 23 C(0)N(CH 3 )CH 2 (CH0H) 4 CH 2 0H and is typical of the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactants used herein.
• a conditioning shampoo is as follows. The method of manufacture noted is generally acceptable for preparing the other shampoo compositions herein. However, shampoo for ulators will appreciate that variations in manufacturing methods are possible. Component Weight %
• Tricetyl methyl ammonium chloride 0.50 Cetyl alcohol 0.42
• a pre ix containing the silicone hair conditioning agent is prepared.
• the premix com prises alkylethoxy!ated sulfate heated to 170 * F (77*C) +10' to which is added a portion of the stearyl alcohol at the same temperature, to which is then added a portion of the cetyl alcohol at the same temperature, with mixing for a minimum of about 20 minutes.
• the temperature is then increased to 180 * F (82*C) before silicone addition.
• the silicone is then added at 180'F (82*C) +5" and mixed for 60 minutes.
• a mix is prepared " using water at 170*F (77*C) +10* to which is added the fatty acid polyhydroxy amide surfactant at the same temperature, to which is subsequently added a portion of the cetyl alcohol and a portion of the stearyl alcohol, respectively, at the same temperature, followed by addition of the ethylene glycol distearate at that temperature, followed by the addition of the tricetyl methyl ammonium chloride, at which time the system is mixed for a minimum of about 11 minutes + 3 minutes, typically over a range from about 8 minutes to about 35 minutes.
• the silicone premix is added at 170*F (77'C) +10*.
• the preservative is then added at the same temperature and mixing is continued for
• EXAMPLE III An antidandruff shampoo is as follows. Component Coconutalkyl N-methyl glucamide 1 Ammonium C 12 - 18 alkyl sulfate Ammonium C 14 . 18 alkyl (E0) 3 sulfate Ethylene glycol distearate Zinc pyridinethione 2 1.0
• a hair styling shampoo is as follows.
• Tricetyl methyl ammonium chloride 0.5 Polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (5/95) 4.0
• This product of Example IV is prepared by first dissolving the polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (5/95) copolymer in the phenyl ethyl dimethyl carbinol. The remaining components are combined in a separate vessel with heating and stirring. The polymer/solvent mixture is then added to the remaining components either hot or after they have been cooled.
• An anti-lice shampoo composition of the present invention is as follows. Component Weight %
• Example V The composition of Example V is applied to the hair with water and the hair is shampooed in standard fashion. The suds is allowed to remain on the hair for 5-30 minutes, after which time it is removed by rinsing.
• Example VI The composition of Example II is modified by dispersing 0.7% (wt.) of zinc pyridinethione platelets therein to proyide a mixed conditioning/antidandruff shampoo. In an alternate mode, selenium sulfide is employed at the 1.5% level as the antidandruff agent.
• EXAMPLE VII An alternate method for preparing the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides used herein is as follows. A reaction mixture consisting of 84.87 g. fatty acid methyl ester (source: Procter & Gamble methyl ester CE1270), 75 g. N-methyl-D-glucamine (source: Aldrich Chemical Company M4700-0), 1.04 g. sodium methoxide (source: Aldrich Chemical Company 16,499-2) and 68.51 g. methyl alcohol is used.
• the reaction vessel comprises a standard reflux set-up fitted with a drying tube, condenser and stir bar. In this procedure, the N-methyl glucamine is combined with methanol with stirring under argon and heating is begun with good mixing (stir bar; reflux).
• the ester and sodium methoxide catalyst are added. Samples are taken periodically to monitor the course of the reaction, but it is noted that the solution is completely clear by 63.5 minutes. It is judged that the reaction is, in fact, nearly complete at that point.
• the reaction mixture is maintained at reflux for 4 hours. After removal of the methanol, the recovered crude product weighs 156.16 grams. After vacuum drying and purification, an overall yield of 106.92 grams purified product is recovered. However, percentage yields are not calculated on this basis, inasmuch as regular sampling throughout the course of the reaction makes an overall percentage yield value meaningless.
• the reaction can also be carried out at 80% and 90% reactant concentrations.
• compositions herein with improved suds qualities can be formulated using a suds-enhancing amount (typically, from about 0.5% to about 10%, preferably about 2.5% to about 4% by weight of the final composition) of an alkyli inodipropionate or "alkyl- amphodiacetate" (e.g., lauroa phocarboxyglycinate) (alkyl typically in the C 12 -C 18 range in both instances) surfactant.
• a suds-enhancing amount typically, from about 0.5% to about 10%, preferably about 2.5% to about 4% by weight of the final composition
• an alkyli inodipropionate or "alkyl- amphodiacetate” e.g., lauroa phocarboxyglycinate
• Such materials are commercially available as DERIPHAT 160 and MIRANOL H2M.
• such surfactants are of the known classes of amphoteric surfactants which include alkylaminoalkanoates of the type R-NH(CH 2 ) n C00M and alkyliminodialkanoates of the type R-N[(CH 2 ) m C00M] 2 and mixtures thereof; wherein n and m are integers from 1 to 4, R is C ⁇ -C 22 alkyl or alkenyl, and M is hydrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium or alkanolammonium.
• amphoteric surfactants include n-alkylamino-propionates and n-alkyliminodipropionates. Such materials are sold under the tradename DERIPHAT by Henkel and MIRATAINE by Miranol, Inc. Most preferred for use in the present compositions are N-lauryl-beta-amino propionic acid or salts thereof, and N-lauryl-beta-imino-dipropionic acid ("lauroiminodi- propionate") (DERIPHAT 160C) or salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. The "cocoamphodiacetates" are also useful herein.
• the total level of anionic surfactant plus amphoteric surfactants in the present compositions is preferably from about 5% to about 20%, preferably from about 9% to about 18%.
• the ratio of anionic surfactant to amphoteric surfactant in the present compositions is generally from about 0.5:1 to about 5:1.
• the following Example illustrates a composition of this type.
• EXAMPLE VIII Ingredient % Active fwt . l Zinc pyrithione 1.0 Ammonium laureth-3 sulfate 8.47 Lauroiminodipropionate 3.5
• composition can also contain 0.55% of ammonium xylene sulfonate.
• polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are, by virtue of their amide bond, subject to some instability under highly basic or highly acidic conditions. While some decomposition can be tolerated, it is preferred that these materials not be subjected to pH's above about 11, preferably 10, nor below about 3 for unduly extended periods. Final product pH (liquids) is typically 7.0-9.0.
• the detergent formulator will recognize that it is a simple and convenient matter to use an acid which provides an anion that is otherwise useful and desirable in the finished detergent composition.
• citric acid can be used for purposes of neutralization and the resulting citrate ion (ca. 1%) be allowed to remain with a ca. 40% polyhydroxy fatty acid amide slurry and be pumped into the later manufacturing stages of the overall detergent-manufacturing process.
• the acid forms of materials such as oxydisuccinate, nitrilotriacetate, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, tartrate/succinate, and the like, can be used similarly.
• the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides derived from coconut alkyl fatty acids (predominantly C 12 -C 14 ) are more soluble than their tallow alkyl (predominantly C 16 -C 18 ) counterparts. Accordingly, the C 12 -C 1 materials are somewhat easier to formulate in liquid compositions, and are more soluble in cool-water laundering baths. However, the C 16 -C 18 materials are also quite useful, especially under circumstances where warm-to-hot wash water is used.
• the C 16 -C 18 materials may be better detersive surfactants than their C 12 -C 14 counterparts. Accordingly, the formulator may wish to balance ease-of-manufacture vs. performance when selecting a particular polyhydroxy fatty acid amide for use in a given formulation.
• solubility of the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides can be increased by having points of unsaturation and/or chain branching in the fatty acid moiety.
• materials such as the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides derived from oleic acid and iso-stearic acid are more soluble than their n-alkyl counterparts.
• polyhydroxy fatty acid amides prepared from disaccharides, trisaccharides, etc. will ordinarily be greater than the solubility of their monosaccharide-derived counterpart materials. This higher solubility can be of particular assistance when formulating liquid compositions.
• the manufacture of a polyhydroxy fatty acid amide derived from maltose is described hereinafter.
• the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides can be manufactured not only from the purified sugars, but also from hydrolyzed starches, e.g., corn starch, potato starch, or any other convenient plant-derived starch which contains the mono-, di-, etc. saccharide desired by the formulator. This is of particular importance from the economic standpoint. Thus, "high glucose” corn syrup, "high maltose” corn syrup, etc. can conveniently and economically be used.
• De-lignified, hydrolyzed cellulose pulp can also provide a raw material source for the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides.
• polyhydroxy fatty acid amides derived from the higher saccharides such as maltose, lactose, etc.
• the more soluble polyhydroxy fatty acid amides can help solubilize their less soluble counterparts, to varying degrees.
• the formulator may elect to use a raw material comprising a high glucose corn syrup, for example, but to select a syrup which contains a modicum of maltose (e.g., 1% or more).
• the resulting mixture of polyhydroxy fatty acids will, in general, exhibit more preferred solubility properties over a broader range of temperatures and concentrations than would a "pure" glucose- derived polyhydroxy fatty acid amide.
• the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides prepared from mixed sugars can offer very substantial advantages with respect to performance and/or ease-of-formulation.
• the formulator electing to use such mixtures may find it advantageous to select polyhydroxy fatty acid amide mixtures which contain ratios of monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) to di- and higher saccharides (e.g., maltose) from about 4:1 to about 99:1.
• the manufacture of preferred, uncyclized polyhydroxy fatty acid amides from fatty esters and N-alkyl polyols can be carried out in alcohol solvents at temperatures from about 30 ⁇ C-90 * C, preferably about 50 * C-80 * C. It has now been determined that it may be convenient for the formulator to conduct such processes in 1,2-propylene glycol solvent, since the glycol solvent need not be completely removed from the reaction product prior to use in the finished detergent formulation. The formulator may also find it convenient to run the process at 30 * C-90 * C in solvents which comprise ethoxylated alcohols, such as the ethoxy!ated (EO 3-8) C 12 -C 14 alcohols, such as those available as NEODOL 23 E06.5 (Shell). When such ethoxy!ates are used, it is preferred that they not contain substantial amounts of unethoxylated alcohol and, most preferably, not contain substantial amounts of ono- ethoxylated alcohol.
• EO 3-8 ethoxy!ated
• the industrial scale reaction sequence for prepar ⁇ ing the preferred acyclic polyhydroxy fatty acid amides will comprise: Step 1 - preparing the N-alkyl polyhydroxy amine derivative from the desired sugar or sugar mixture by formation of an adduct of the N-alkyl amine and the sugar, followed by reaction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst; followed by Step 2 - reacting the aforesaid polyhydroxy amine with, preferably, a fatty ester to form an amide bond.
• Step 2 of the reaction sequence can be prepared by various art-disclosed processes, the following process is convenient and makes use of economical sugar syrup as the raw material. It is to be understood that, for best results when using such syrup raw materials, the manufacturer should select syrups that are quite light in color or, preferably, nearly colorless ("water-white").
• the Gardner Color for the adduct is much worse as the temperature is raised above about 30 * C and at about 50'C, the time that the adduct has a Gardner Color below 7 is only about 30 minutes.
• the temperature should be less than about 20 * C.
• the Gardner Color should be less than about 7, and preferably less than about 4 for good color glucamine.
• the time is at least about three hours.
• the combination of amine:sugar ratio; reaction temperature; and reaction time is selected to achieve substantially equilibrium conversion, e.g., more than about 90%, preferably more than about 95%, even more preferably more than about 99%, based upon the sugar, and a color that is less than about 7, preferably less than about 4, more preferably less than about 1, for the adduct.
• the MMA adduct color (after substantial equilibrium is reached in at least about two hours) is as indicated.
• the starting sugar material must be very near colorless in order to consistently have adduct that is acceptable.
• the sugar has a Gardner Color of about 1, the adduct is sometimes acceptable and sometimes not accept ⁇ able.
• Gardner Color When the Gardner Color is above 1 the resulting adduct is unacceptable. The better the initial color of the sugar, the better is the color of the adduct.
• Gardner Color of 1 or less is hydrogenated according to the following procedure.
• the above procedure is repeated with about 23.1 g of Raney Ni catalyst with the following changes.
• the catalyst is washed three times and the reactor, with the catalyst in the reactor, is purged twice with 200 psig H 2 and the reactor is pressurized with H 2 at 1600 psig for two hours, the pressure is released at one hour and the reactor is repressurized to 1600 psig.
• the adduct is then pumped into the reactor which is at 200 psig and 20*C, and the reactor is purged with 200 psig H 2 , etc., as above.
• the resulting product in each case is greater than about 95% N-methyl glucamine; has less than about 10 ppm Ni based upon the glucamine; and has a solution color of less than about Gardner 2.
• the crude N-methyl glucamine is color stable to about 140'C for a short exposure time.
• adduct that has low sugar content (less than about 5%, preferably less than about 1%) and a good color (less than about 7, preferably less than about 4 Gardner, more preferably less than about 1).
• adduct is prepared starting with about 159 g of about 50% methylamine in water, which is purged and shielded with N 2 at about 10-20 * C. About 330 g of about 70% corn syrup (near water-white) is degassed with N 2 at about 50 * C and is added slowly to the methylamine solution at a temperature of less than about 20'C. The solution is mixed for about 30 minutes to give about 95% adduct that is a very light yellow solution.
• About 190 g of adduct in water and about 9 g of United Catalyst G49B Ni catalyst are added to a 200 ml autoclave and purged three times with H 2 at about 20'C.
• the H 2 pressure is raised to about 200 psi and the temperature is raised to about 50'C.
• the pressure is raised to 250 psi and the temperature is held at about 50-55'C for about three hours.
• the product, which 0 is about 95% hydrogenated at this point, is then raised to a temperature of about 85"C for about 30 minutes and the product, after removal of water and evaporation, is about 95% N-methyl glucamine, a white powder.
• N-methyl glucamine in this reaction is about 100 ppm as compared to the less than 10 ppm in the previous reaction.
• a 200 ml autoclave reactor is used following typical procedures similar to those set forth above to make adduct and to run the hydrogen reaction at various temperatures.
• Adduct for use in making glucamine is prepared by combining 25 about 420 g of about 55% glucose (corn syrup) solution (231 g glucose; 1.28 moles) (the solution is made using 99DE corn syrup from CarGill, the solution having a color less than Gardner 1) and about 119 g of 50% methylamine (59.5 g MMA; 1.92 moles) (from Air Products).
• the adduct is used for the hydrogen reaction right after making, or is stored at low temperature to prevent further degradation.
• the glucamine adduct hydrogen reactions are as follows:
• EXAMPLE IX The preparation of the tallow (hardened) fatty acid amide of N-methyl maltamine for use in compositions according to this invention is as follows. Step 1 - Reactants: Maltose monohydrate (Aldrich, lot 01318KW); methylamine (40 wt% in water) (Aldrich, lot 03325TM); Raney nickel, 50% slurry (UAD 52-73D, Aldrich, lot 12921LW).
• the reactants are added to glass liner (250 g maltose, 428 g methylamine solution, 100 g catalyst slurry - 50 g Raney Ni) and placed in 3 L rocking autoclave, which is purged with nitrogen (3X500 psig) and hydrogen (2X500 psig) and rocked under H 2 at room temperature over a weekend at temperatures ranging from 28 ⁇ C to 50'C.
• the crude reaction mixture is vacuum filtered 2X through a glass microfiber filter with a silica gel plug.
• the filtrate is concentrated to a viscous material.
• the final traces of water are azetroped off by dissolving the material in methanol and then removing the methanol/water on a rotary evaporator.
• Step 2 Reactants: N-methyl maltamine (from Step 1); hardened tallow methyl esters; sodium methoxide (25% in methanol); absolute methanol (solvent); mole ratio 1:1 amine:ester; initial catalyst level 10 mole % (w/r maltamine), raised to 20 mole %; solvent level 50% (wt.).
• a silica gel slurry in 100% methanol is loaded into a funnel and washed several times with 100% methanol.
• a concentrated sample of the product (20 g in 100 ml of 100% methanol) is loaded onto the silica gel and eluted several times using vacuum and several methanol washes.
• the collected eluant is evaporated to dryness (rotary evaporator). Any remaining tallow ester is removed by trituration in ethyl acetate overnight, followed by filtration. The filter cake is then vacuum dried overnight.
• the product is the tallowalkyl N-methyl malta ide.
• Step 1 of the foregoing reaction sequence can be conducted using commercial corn syrup comprising glucose or mixtures of glucose and, typically, 5%, or higher, maltose.
• the resulting polyhydroxy fatty acid amides and mixtures can be used in any of the compositions herein.
• Step 2 of the foregoing reaction sequence can be carried out in 1,2-propylene glycol or NE0D0L.
• the propylene glycol or NEODOL need not be removed from the reaction product prior to its use to formulate shampoo compositions.
• the methoxide catalyst can be neutralized by citric acid to provide sodium citrate, which can remain in the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide.
• the fatty acid glucamide surfactant can be replaced by an equivalent amount of the malt- amide surfactant, or mixtures of glucamide/ altamide surfactants derived from plant sources.
• the use of ethanolamides appears to help cold temperature stability of the finished formulations.
• the use of sulfobetaine (aka "sultaine”) surfactants provides superior sudsing.
• compositions where especially high sudsing compositions are desired it is preferred that less than about 5%, more prefer ⁇ ably less than about 2%, most preferably substantially no C i4 or higher fatty acids be present, since these can suppress sudsing. Accordingly, the formulator of high sudsing compositions will desirably avoid the introduction of suds-suppressing amounts of such fatty acids into high sudsing compositions with the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, and/or avoid the formation of C 14 and higher fatty acids on storage of the finished compositions.
• One simple means is to use C 12 ester reactants to prepare the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides herein.

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=27416565

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (17)

Cited By (5)

Families Citing this family (66)

Family Cites Families (4)

• 1991
  • 1991-09-25 CA CA002092191A patent/CA2092191A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1991-09-25 WO PCT/US1991/007024 patent/WO1992005764A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 1991-09-25 BR BR919106921A patent/BR9106921A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1991-09-25 DE DE69125721T patent/DE69125721T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1991-09-25 AU AU88547/91A patent/AU662717B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1991-09-25 AT AT91918416T patent/ATE151629T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1991-09-25 DK DK91918416.8T patent/DK0550656T3/da active
  • 1991-09-25 JP JP3517919A patent/JPH06501699A/ja active Pending
  • 1991-09-25 ES ES91918416T patent/ES2100239T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1991-09-25 EP EP91918416A patent/EP0550656B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1991-09-26 AR AR91329771A patent/AR244082A1/es active
  • 1991-09-27 CN CN91108025A patent/CN1039281C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1991-09-28 MY MYPI91001787A patent/MY107823A/en unknown
  • 1991-09-30 NZ NZ240034A patent/NZ240034A/en unknown
  • 1991-09-30 MX MX9101358A patent/MX9101358A/es not_active IP Right Cessation
• 1993
  • 1993-03-24 NO NO93931073A patent/NO931073L/no unknown
  • 1993-03-26 FI FI931366A patent/FI931366A/fi unknown

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events