EP0490329B1 - System for controlling the light intensity and the behaviour of gas discharge lamps - Google Patents
System for controlling the light intensity and the behaviour of gas discharge lamps Download PDFInfo
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- EP0490329B1 EP0490329B1 EP91121150A EP91121150A EP0490329B1 EP 0490329 B1 EP0490329 B1 EP 0490329B1 EP 91121150 A EP91121150 A EP 91121150A EP 91121150 A EP91121150 A EP 91121150A EP 0490329 B1 EP0490329 B1 EP 0490329B1
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- voltage
- lamp
- brightness
- gas discharge
- control
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/36—Controlling
- H05B41/38—Controlling the intensity of light
- H05B41/39—Controlling the intensity of light continuously
- H05B41/392—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor
- H05B41/3921—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor with possibility of light intensity variations
- H05B41/3922—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor with possibility of light intensity variations and measurement of the incident light
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
- H05B41/282—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices
- H05B41/2825—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices by means of a bridge converter in the final stage
- H05B41/2827—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices by means of a bridge converter in the final stage using specially adapted components in the load circuit, e.g. feed-back transformers, piezoelectric transformers; using specially adapted load circuit configurations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
- H05B41/295—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices and specially adapted for lamps with preheating electrodes, e.g. for fluorescent lamps
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
- H05B41/295—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices and specially adapted for lamps with preheating electrodes, e.g. for fluorescent lamps
- H05B41/298—Arrangements for protecting lamps or circuits against abnormal operating conditions
- H05B41/2981—Arrangements for protecting lamps or circuits against abnormal operating conditions for protecting the circuit against abnormal operating conditions
- H05B41/2983—Arrangements for protecting lamps or circuits against abnormal operating conditions for protecting the circuit against abnormal operating conditions against abnormal power supply conditions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/36—Controlling
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/36—Controlling
- H05B41/38—Controlling the intensity of light
- H05B41/39—Controlling the intensity of light continuously
- H05B41/392—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor
- H05B41/3921—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor with possibility of light intensity variations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/36—Controlling
- H05B41/38—Controlling the intensity of light
- H05B41/39—Controlling the intensity of light continuously
- H05B41/392—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor
- H05B41/3921—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor with possibility of light intensity variations
- H05B41/3925—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor with possibility of light intensity variations by frequency variation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
- H05B47/175—Controlling the light source by remote control
- H05B47/18—Controlling the light source by remote control via data-bus transmission
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to a system for controlling the brightness and the operating behavior of fluorescent lamps.
- Modern electronic ballasts are used to control fluorescent lamps.
- the fluorescent lamps are operated more gently on the one hand and on the other hand the efficiency of such lamp types can be increased.
- An electronic ballast regularly has the following features.
- a supply voltage which can be a direct or alternating voltage, is fed to a rectifier and an intermediate circuit capacitor via a mains input filter. If the device is operated exclusively with DC voltage, the latter rectifier can be omitted.
- a high intermediate circuit voltage U0 is formed on the intermediate circuit capacitor, which is of the order of magnitude of approximately 300 V with a conventional mains voltage supply of 220 V.
- An AC voltage generator is connected to the DC link, which is formed by a half-bridge or full-bridge inverter. It outputs a frequency-variable output voltage to an output load circuit which, unless a half-bridge circuit with an artificial voltage means tap is provided, has a series resonance circuit.
- the discharge path of the gas discharge lamp or fluorescent lamp to be controlled is in series with the series resonant circuit.
- the output frequency of the inverter is approximately 10 kHz - 50 kHz.
- the efficiency of the connected fluorescent lamps is increased compared to operation on the 50 Hz supply network.
- An increased luminous efficiency is achieved with the same electrical power consumption.
- the inductance of the series resonant circuit on the output side of the inverter can be kept small.
- the variable frequency control enables brightness control of the fluorescent lamp, which is difficult to regulate (dimmable) in the normal network.
- An ignition of the fluorescent lamp can also be prepared and initiated via the frequency control.
- the aforementioned ignition process also includes a so-called warm start, in which the heating filaments of the fluorescent lamp are preheated before the lamp is subjected to a high ignition voltage due to resonance phenomena, which leads to ignition and thus to the operation of the gas discharge lamp.
- the variation of the frequency that controls the ignition allows an almost infinitely variable brightness control within wide limits even during operation of the gas discharge lamp by frequency shift. Such a continuous and continuous control of the brightness requires special measures due to the negative internal resistance of the fluorescent lamp in operation.
- An essential aspect for the development of a modern electronic ballast is therefore a control option that is as versatile as possible, in particular a brightness control. This with regard to the operating behavior and the brightness control of the fluorescent lamps connected to a respective electronic ballast.
- control circuit for gas discharge lamps which contains a receiving device for receiving binary control signals.
- the received binary control signals are forwarded in a converted form to a control device which, depending on these control signals, adjusts the frequency of the inverter analogously and thus the brightness of the gas discharge lamp.
- the control signals are used exclusively for brightness control.
- a system for monitoring and remotely controlling one or more electronic ballasts for gas discharge lamps from a central control device the central control device being connected to the or each electronic ballast via a pair of bus lines or via a single common bus line pair, Contains means for generating digital control signals for the operating state, such as, for example, emergency, sleep, ignition, off or on state, and the lamp brightness and / or the lamp power of the or each electronic ballast and for delivering these control signals to the corresponding bus line pair, and means for receiving and evaluating digital error messages and / or digital Has operating status information that is given by the or each electronic ballast to the corresponding bus line.
- the or each electronic ballast also has a rectifier circuit which can be connected to the AC network, an AC voltage generator fed by the rectifier circuit and whose output frequency can be varied, a load circuit which contains at least one series resonant circuit and at least one gas discharge lamp and is fed by the AC voltage generator with its variable output frequency , a digital interface designed as a transmitting and receiving device and connected to the corresponding bus line pair for receiving the digital control signals emitted by the central control device and for sending the digital error messages and / or the digital operating status information to the central control device, and one connected to the digital interface Control device on which the digital control signals transmitted to it by the digital interface for controlling or regulating the ele evaluates the electronic ballast and evaluates which measured-value signals recorded by the electronic ballast and generates digital error messages and operating status information therefrom and transmits them to the digital interface.
- control device of the or each electronic ballast can also act as a control device in that it evaluates the measured value signals it receives as actual value variables and the control signals fed centrally via the digital interface and / or control signals fed directly to it as setpoint variables and correspondingly generates digital control signals for controlling the output frequency of the AC voltage generator.
- a pair of fluorescent lamps are advantageously operated on an AC voltage generator in a respective decentralized ECG. This corresponds to a so-called two-lamp electronic ballast.
- the control and regulation device allows an increased lifespan of the fluorescent lamps and the granting of safety interests.
- the operating behavior and the respective operating state of the fluorescent lamps supplied by an electronic ballast can be controlled and monitored precisely.
- warm start, ignition, dimming and switch-off processes IGNITION, DIMM, OFF, ON
- IGNITION, DIMM, OFF, ON warm start, ignition, dimming and switch-off processes
- DIMM dimming and switch-off processes
- SLEEP brightness-controlled dimming
- the entire ECG can also be shut down if no brightness is required for a long period of time (SLEEP). In this state, the ECG consumes only a minimal amount of power. Avoidable losses are actually avoided.
- EMERGENCY emergency operation
- the lamp assumes an emergency lighting light level. This can be specified locally on the respective device. It is automatically activated under certain hazard conditions.
- the transmit and receive device is connected to the central control unit via a bidirectional bus line.
- This allows remote control of a large number of decentralized ECGs from a central location.
- the control unit also provides operating status information. Errors that occur in the lighting system are recognized and displayed on the basis of error messages sent by the decentralized ECGs via the bidirectional bus line have been sent to the central control unit. This simplifies and speeds up maintenance work.
- a variety of monitoring functions are already provided decentrally, such as overvoltage and undervoltage monitoring (claim 6). It noticeably increases the lifespan of the fluorescent lamps.
- the brightness control of the decentralized ECGs takes place via serial digital control words which represent control commands or brightness data information (claim 13).
- Organization in functional groups is particularly advantageous, in which a plurality of electronic ballasts, which are arranged, for example, in a room, can be controlled simultaneously and with a single command.
- the coupling of the transmitting and receiving devices to the bus line is advantageously effected by a differentiator. It provides a strong attenuation of the 50 Hz network frequencies and works with very low input currents. The attenuation of the network frequencies goes so far that reverse polarity protection is also provided, the application of 220 V to the bus line remains without damage (claim 15).
- the fluorescent lamps are switched to dimmed operation after an ignition process, there may be short-term light pulses. They have their cause in the energy of the ignition process stored in the output circuit, which then expresses itself undesirably as a light pulse in dimmed operation. This can be remedied by extending the glow phase - which actually shortens the lifespan - between ignition and stationary operation (claim 19). However, an actual shortening of the service life is avoided by the fact that the glow area is only extended at low brightness values. The greater the brightness, the shorter the glow phase and the faster the transition from ignition to normal operation (claim 20).
- the control and regulating device is supplied with a plurality m of measured variables from the electronic ballast, a large number of operating states and possibly dangerous states can be identified and avoided therefrom. Furthermore, real power control is possible, which works regardless of the lamp type (for example, argon lamps or krypton lamps).
- the lamp brightness control is advantageously achieved by frequency modulation or by a combination of frequency modulation and duty cycle change (claim 12).
- Monitoring also includes checking the heating coil currents of the fluorescent lamps. They allow a precise determination of whether certain lamps are defective or possibly not installed at all (claim 27).
- the inductive balancing element effects a symmetrical operation of both fluorescent lamps (claim 32).
- the lamp-specific heat exchangers which are connected with their primary winding to the AC voltage output circuit, enable voltage-controlled coil heating (claim 36).
- the control and regulating device can draw conclusions about the nature of the heating coil at any time via primary current detection and thus identify already damaged fluorescent lamps or fluorescent lamps that will soon fail (claim 37).
- the mains voltage U N is supplied to the input circuit 20 (rectifier circuit), possibly via a switch S1. This generates the intermediate circuit voltage U0, U dc , which is fed to the AC voltage generator 30 (inverter).
- the AC voltage generator 30 outputs its high-frequency output voltage U HF to an output load circuit 40 which contains one or more fluorescent lamps LA1, LA2.
- a plurality of system measured values can be taken from both the AC voltage generator 30 and the load circuit 40. Together, the measured values are fed to a control and regulating circuit 17, which in turn generates the digital control signals for the inverter 30.
- control and regulating device 17 is also assigned a transmitting and receiving device 10, which is connected via a bus line 12 to other electronic ballasts and / or to a central control device 50.
- a plurality of electronic ballasts 60-1, 60-2, 60-3, ..., 60-i are connected to a common bus line 12. All ECGs are connected via this bus line to the central control device 50, to which a display unit 51 is assigned. Via bus line 12, it is now possible to control one or more of the aforementioned electronic ballasts and to transmit commands to them, such as switching off, switching on, igniting or the like. Brightness values can also be preset and, in return, error information can be queried from the individual devices. The control unit 50 is thus informed of the overall system status at all times, as a result of which a high degree of operational reliability can be guaranteed and accelerated maintenance of the decentralized ECGs or for their fluorescent lamps is possible.
- FIG. 3 shows the control and regulating device 17 as an integrated circuit.
- the multitude of measured values m which correspond to the process signals of FIG. 1 are fed to it. It gives two digital control signals for the final stage From inverter 30, which are amplified and potential-shifted via a driver circuit 31.
- control and regulating device 17 is also supplied with n target values. These influence the predeterminable control behavior. Furthermore, a transmitting and receiving device 10 is provided as part of the control and regulating circuit 17 or separately, which is connected directly or by means of a coupling circuit to the bus line 12. It forms the serial interface, which enables the control and regulating device to transmit error and operating status information to the central control device 50.
- Setpoints can also be supplied to this transmitting and receiving device 10, which they pass on to the control and regulating circuit 17 after appropriate preparation.
- Setpoints can be, for example, the emergency lighting level (NOT), the minimum brightness level (MIN) and the maximum brightness level (MAX), within the latter of which the specifiable brightness level (DIMM) can move during operation.
- Serial digital data words are used as command and data words and as error information words. Other value lengths are possible.
- An address is assigned to each decentralized ECG, which makes it possible to address individual ECGs via the address of the transmitting and receiving device 10 and to query information from them or to issue commands to them.
- the bidirectional mode of operation of the bus line 12 enables a large number of decentralized electronic ballasts to be connected to a central control device (50) without problems and with little effort.
- FIG. 4 shows a basic circuit diagram of an input circuit as can be used to supply the AC voltage generator 30 from a supply network with the voltage U N.
- the input circuit consists of capacitive input filters and possibly a harmonic choke.
- the Y-circuit capacitors are used for radio interference suppression.
- a surge arrester or a VDR is connected in parallel. This is followed by a full-wave rectifier, which can be omitted if the device is operated with direct voltage.
- An intermediate circuit capacitor C4 is connected downstream of the rectifier, which charges up to approx. 300 V with a residual ripple of approx. 10% at 220 V mains voltage.
- the intermediate circuit voltage U0 Due to a crest factor to be kept low, the intermediate circuit voltage U0 should be smoothed well.
- a voltage divider R18, R28 Parallel to the intermediate circuit capacitor C4 is a voltage divider R18, R28, from which a measurement signal proportional to the intermediate circuit voltage can be tapped.
- a signal which is proportional to the supply voltage is detected at a low-pass filter R21, C25 and, like the intermediate-circuit voltage-dependent measurement signal, is fed to the control and regulating device 17. Both measurement signals are used to monitor the supply voltage and thus the operational safety of the ECG.
- FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a load circuit 40 according to the invention with a heat exchanger L5 for preheating the filaments of the fluorescent lamp LA1.
- the exemplary embodiment of the invention has a pair of these branches, ie two fluorescent lamps LA1, LA2 at an AC voltage output, which outputs the high-frequency AC voltage U HF between the series-connected power switching transistors V21 and V28.
- the AC voltage generator is supplied with an intermediate circuit voltage U dc from the input circuit 20 shown in FIG. 4. Since the fluorescent lamps have a negative internal resistance during operation, they must be supplied with high voltage peaks during the ignition process (IGNIT) and with the appropriate heating energy when heating the filaments.
- IGNIT ignition process
- a series resonance circuit L2, C15 leads via a balancing element TR1, which will be explained later, to the discharge path H2, H4 of the fluorescent lamp. Furthermore, a measuring resistor R32 is connected in series with the fluorescent tube, at which a voltage proportional to the lamp current I L1 is tapped and fed to the control and regulating circuit 17.
- An ignition capacitor C17 is connected to ground (ZERO) between coil L2 and capacitor C15.
- a voltage proportional to the heating coil current I W1 is tapped from the latter and fed to the control and regulating circuit 17 as a further system measurement variable. Since the inverter 30 impresses an output voltage and the heat exchanger is essentially parallel to the fluorescent lamp LA1, a voltage is impressed on its secondary windings via the heat exchanger.
- the two secondary windings each supply one of the two heating coils H1, H2 and H3, H4. The sum of the heating coil currents I W1 is thus measured at the primary-side measuring resistor R10.
- the Zener diode V15 which is still connected in series, generates a DC component in the primary winding of L5, which, however, is not transmitted, but is missing in the lamp current I L1 and thus supplies the discharge of the lamp with an additional DC component in the order of approximately 1% of the actual discharge current .
- the "running layers” consist in particular of light / dark zones which occur during dimming and run along the tube at a predetermined speed. A superimposition of low direct current accelerates this running effect in such a way that it no longer has a disturbing effect.
- the inverter 30 is operated at a high frequency f max , so that an alternating voltage occurs at C17 which is not suitable for igniting the lamp LA1.
- the filaments of the lamp are heated via L5, the lamp absorbing a high and then a lower heating current due to the thermistor effect of the filaments.
- the ignition (IGNITION) of the lamp is initiated.
- the series resonance circuit L2, C15 or L3, C16 is strongly damped. On the one hand, this causes a shift in the resonance frequencies f0 and, on the other hand, an immediate drop in the AC voltage applied to the respective lamp. The decrease is detected by the control and regulating circuit 17 via the voltage divider R27, R25 connected in parallel to the lamp. This then initiates the actual operating phase (DIMM) of the lamps.
- DIMM actual operating phase
- the frequency f of the inverter 30 is regulated so that the lamp output corresponds to the predetermined target value, ie the desired brightness level.
- the operating frequency of the alternating voltage generator 30 can also be shifted to values which are in the order of magnitude of the heating frequency or above.
- An output frequency can also be set at a maximum power (MAX) is below the ignition frequency, but still above the resonance frequency of the series resonance circuit L2, C15.
- MAX maximum power
- the operating state of the lamp circuit 14 can vary greatly depending on the lamp used, for example argon or krypton lamps, or depending on the lamp power selected.
- the combination of the capacitor C24 and the diodes V30, V31 results in frequency-dependent damping of the output circuit when the voltage rises. It is particularly important when there are high frequencies and high impedances, e.g. if there is no lamp or if the filament is already warm. The connection of this type helps to limit the voltage rise when the lamp is not ignited or missing when it is undesirable. C24 is selected so that the damping remains small enough at the time of ignition.
- Fig. 6 shows the output circuit of Fig. 5 for the two-lamp - two fluorescent lamps on an inverter - operation.
- the symmetry transformer TR1 is also shown here in full. Each winding is traversed by one of the two lamp currents. This takes place in opposite directions, so that when there is a deviation in the current amplitude, a resulting magnetization occurs, which induces a voltage in the inductive element which has a symmetrical effect.
- Such a transformer is advantageous if the two lamps would burn differently bright in the dimmed state due to component tolerances and lamp tolerances as well as different temperature conditions.
- the symmetry element TR1 avoids this in the case of two-lamp luminaires. If several arrays of lamps are operated at an AC voltage output, such a balancing element TR1 must be provided for each pair.
- a signal proportional to the lamp current is obtained from them, which signal can be multiplied in the control and regulating circuit 17 by the aforementioned lamp voltage signal is. In this way it is ensured that at any time of the actual lamp power is P or E brightness proportional signal is available, which can be preset to a precise brightness control as the feedback.
- FIG. 7 shows the inverter 30 in more detail with its output power transistors V28, V21. Between them, the high-frequency alternating voltage U HF is output to the load circuit 40 explained above.
- the two power transistors are controlled via a control circuit 31, which receives its control signals from the control and regulating circuit 17. Possibly. asymmetrical switch-off / switch-on delays for the respective transistors come into consideration, so that a common conduction of both transistors V21, V28 can be avoided in principle.
- the upper transistor is supplied via a bootstrap circuit (not shown), the lower transistor and the system control 10, 17, 31 receive their drive voltage via a series resistor and a smoothing capacitor C5 from the intermediate circuit voltage U0.
- the current that can be supplied to the smoothing capacitor C5 through the series resistor or a current source I q is sufficient to supply the IC31 and the control and regulating circuit 17 in the switched-off mode (SLEEP).
- the load circuit 40 of the inverter 30 is in an impermissible capacitive range. It represents a danger for the controlling inverter.
- a phase angle analysis can also be used in which the load current I L1 is set in relation to the inverter branch current I max and from this the relative phase of both currents is used to detect the operating state.
- Detection of an impermissible capacitive operating behavior is answered by the control circuit 17 by increasing the operating frequency f of the inverter 30, with which the load circuit 40 is again operated inductively.
- the above-mentioned capacitive mode of operation mainly occurs with a low supply voltage. With the branch current detection, destruction of components can be safely avoided.
- the digital interface 10 shows the transmitting and receiving device 10 and the coupling filter connected upstream of it, with which the bus coupling to the control line 12 takes place.
- the digital interface 10 is given the setpoints for minimum, maximum and emergency lighting brightness (U NOT , U MIN , U MAX ).
- a digital input DAT is provided, via which both the control signals arrive from a central control device to the decentralized ECG and the error signals are transmitted from the decentralized ECG to the central control device.
- the serial interface enables remote control of the electronic ballast by means of a digital command signal or command word.
- An 8 bit data word is provided as such a digital signal.
- FIG. 8c An advantageous further development of this circuit is shown in FIG. 8c.
- the circuit is protected against polarity reversal by using a secondary winding with center tap.
- Optical coupling can also be used, but this has an increased power consumption.
- control signals 255 (corresponding to 8 bit) brightness values are provided as control signals.
- the control signal "OFF”, represented by the binary word “zero” is also possible. With the aforementioned signal OFF, the entire ECG switches to an energy-saving shutdown mode (SLEEP) immediately or after a short period of time. In him the Measuring current consumption of the entire ballast minimal.
- the inverter 30 and the control circuit 31 are shut down and, if necessary, after a slight further time delay, the essential assemblies of the control and regulating circuit 17. Only the receiving circuit of the transmitting and receiving device 10 and the monitoring circuit for the detection of an emergency operation (EMERGENCY) remain activated. The total circuit power thus drops below 1 W.
- control and regulating circuit 17 immediately carries out the switch-on sequence, which, with preheating and ignition process (IGNITION), transfers to steady-state operation and is used for one immediate setting of the desired brightness value (DIMM) is ensured.
- IGNITION preheating and ignition process
- control and regulating circuit 17 is also responsible for extracting the information from all of the aforementioned process variables which are important for monitoring and controlling the electronic ballast.
- the control and regulating circuit 17 switches off all functions when the voltage becomes too high, and can only function again when the voltage has been switched off and on again.
- An emergency mode switchover to a predeterminable emergency lighting brightness takes place, for example, when a DC voltage U N is detected by the control circuit 17 via the usual AC voltage input of the switch-on circuit 20 and via the sensors R21, C25 (FIG. 4).
- a counter logic is used for this purpose, which initiates emergency operation if there is no exceeding or falling below a predetermined threshold value. This can take place after a predetermined dead time that bridges individual, possibly missing, half-waves.
- an emergency voltage supply U B which is obtained from batteries or a generator, is placed on the mains voltage line.
- the ECGs recognize this automatically.
- the brightness of the fluorescent lamps is no longer specified by the digitally specified brightness value DIMM, but by a trim value that can be specified locally on the device and can be specified via the input U NOT .
- the ECG is in switch-off mode (SLEEP) when this emergency operation occurs, ie the lamp and inverter are switched off, it will first carry out the normal ignition process (IGNIT) in order to set the emergency operating brightness afterwards.
- SLEEP switch-off mode
- the electronic ballast When the end of the emergency operating state is recognized, the electronic ballast returns to the previous state; this can be the OFF state if the electronic ballast was previously there. However, this can also be the original brightness value (DIMM), if this was available before requesting emergency operation.
- DIMM original brightness value
- the detection of the filament current detects whether either a lamp is not inserted or one of the two filaments is broken.
- the inverter 30 is operated at its maximum frequency f max , which on the one hand results in a heating current still flowing when the defective lamp has been replaced and on the other hand reduces the voltage on the defective lamp to the smallest possible extent .
- f max maximum frequency
- the inductive part of the series resonant circuit in the output becomes so high at the above-mentioned high frequency f max with respect to the capacitive resistance of the ignition capacitor C17 that the voltage at the output is limited to non-hazardous values and there is no danger for the maintenance personnel.
- the ignition process (IGNITION) is initiated without waiting for the preheating time to elapse.
- the internal sequence control in the control and regulating circuit 17 also limits the number of start attempts to two and sets (sends) whenever there is an error, e.g. B. the lamp is missing if a filament break or a gas defect is present, an error signal via the transmitting and receiving device 10 on the bidirectional bus 12. This also applies in emergency mode, since emergency mode cannot be maintained if the lamp is defective.
- an error e.g. B. the lamp is missing if a filament break or a gas defect is present
- Wiring errors which lead to a short circuit in the discharge path of the lamp, can be detected on the basis of the process signals when the lamp voltages are monitored for a predetermined minimum value. If the value falls below this specified value, as in the case of mains overvoltage monitoring, the entire ECG is switched off.
- the unwillingness to ignite the lamp e.g. B. by gas defect, is recognized by the control and regulating circuit 17. If the lamp cannot be ignited within a predetermined ignition target time, i. H. if the voltage across the ignition capacitor C17 does not fall within this time period, the lock mentioned intervenes.
- a repeat time can also be waited for after which a new attempt to start and start is made. If no ignition success is achieved here either, the control and regulating circuit 17 reacts as in the case of a broken heating coil and sets the frequency of the inverter 30 to the maximum value f max .
- control and regulating circuit 17 recognizes by an increase in the lamp voltage or by a change in the heating coil current, an attempt is made to fire again after a new lamp has been inserted.
- the following is explained for the brightness control of the fluorescent lamps.
- a real brightness control is used, since this guarantees the same lamp outputs regardless of the lamp type - with essentially the same lamp efficiency.
- the measured values determining the actual value, lamp current and lamp voltage are multiplied and compared in analog or digital form with the setpoints predetermined by remote control via the transmitting and receiving device 10.
- the comparison result controls the frequency f of the alternating voltage generator 30 directly or via a controller. If a more precise gradation of brightness is desired, a logarithmic setpoint adjustment can take place. Exponential actual value weighting can be carried out in the same way. In addition to the independence of the lamp type, compensation is also achieved for lamp age, the existing operating temperature and also the possibly fluctuating mains voltage U N.
- FIG. 9 shows a brightness-time diagram in which the brightness of the lamp controlled by the electronic ballast according to FIG. 1 is varied as a function of time.
- maximum brightness is provided, followed by a switch-off cycle specified via the bus line 12 and the digital interface 10.
- the brightness is acc. a predetermined slope reduced to zero, then the inverter 30, its driver circuit 31 and essential parts of the control IC 17 turn off to save electricity.
- a subsequent emergency lighting condition leads - despite switched off system - for a controlled ignition and a build-up of the brightness of the lamp to the preset emergency lighting brightness (NOT).
- NOT preset emergency lighting brightness
- This can be changed for each decentralized ECG via the setpoint specification U NOT .
- the maximum and minimum brightness value (MIN, MAX) shown in FIG. 9 can be set or adjusted via a corresponding setpoint value.
- a programmatically controlled "soft start” is shown schematically in FIG. 10 as a brightness-time diagram.
- the ECG 60 is initially in the switched-off state (OFF).
- the "Softstart” command now leads either to an automatic, slope-controlled increase in lamp brightness - after it has been ignited - or to a program-controlled incremental increase in lamp brightness levels. In the latter case, the central control device 50 sends brightness values that increase incrementally in certain time segments.
- the decentralized ECGs follow the requirements almost without delay. This enables a rate of change-controlled (regulated) rise and fall of the decentralized light sources.
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft allgemein ein System zur Steuerung der Helligkeit und des Betriebsverhaltens von Leuchtstofflampen.The invention relates generally to a system for controlling the brightness and the operating behavior of fluorescent lamps.
Elektronische Vorschaltgeräte moderner Bauweise dienen der Ansteuerung von Leuchtstofflampen. Dabei werden die Leuchtstofflampen zum einen schonender betrieben und zum anderen kann der Wirkungsgrad derartiger Lampentypen heraufgesetzt werden. Ein elektronisches Vorschaltgerät weist dabei regelmäßig die folgenden Merkmale auf.Modern electronic ballasts are used to control fluorescent lamps. The fluorescent lamps are operated more gently on the one hand and on the other hand the efficiency of such lamp types can be increased. An electronic ballast regularly has the following features.
Über einen Netzeingangsfilter wird eine Versorgungsspannung, die eine Gleich- oder Wechselspannung sein kann, einem Gleichrichter und einem Zwischenkreiskondensator zugeführt. Soweit das Gerät ausschließlich mit Gleichspannung betrieben wird, kann letzterer Gleichrichter entfallen. Auf dem Zwischenkreiskondensator wird eine hohe Zwischenkreisspannung U₀ gebildet, die bei üblicher Netzspannungsversorgung von 220 V in der Größenordnung von ca. 300 V liegt. An den Zwischenkreis schließt sich ein Wechselspannungsgenerator an, dieser wird von einem Halbbrücken- oder Vollbrückenwechselrichter gebildet. Er gibt eine frequenzvariable Ausgangsspannung an einen Ausgangs-Lastkreis ab, der, sofern keine Halbbrückenschaltung mit künstlichem Spannungsmittelabgriff vorgesehen ist, einen Serienresonanzkreis aufweist. In Reihe zu dem Serienresonanzkreis liegt die Entladungsstrecke der zu steuernden Gasentladungslampe oder Leuchtstofflampe.A supply voltage, which can be a direct or alternating voltage, is fed to a rectifier and an intermediate circuit capacitor via a mains input filter. If the device is operated exclusively with DC voltage, the latter rectifier can be omitted. A high intermediate circuit voltage U₀ is formed on the intermediate circuit capacitor, which is of the order of magnitude of approximately 300 V with a conventional mains voltage supply of 220 V. An AC voltage generator is connected to the DC link, which is formed by a half-bridge or full-bridge inverter. It outputs a frequency-variable output voltage to an output load circuit which, unless a half-bridge circuit with an artificial voltage means tap is provided, has a series resonance circuit. The discharge path of the gas discharge lamp or fluorescent lamp to be controlled is in series with the series resonant circuit.
Die Ausgangsfrequenz des Wechselrichters beträgt in etwa 10 kHz - 50 kHz.The output frequency of the inverter is approximately 10 kHz - 50 kHz.
Bei den genannten Frequenzen wird der Wirkungsgrad der angeschlossenen Leuchtstofflampen gegenüber einem Betrieb an dem 50 Hz-Versorgungsnetz erhöht. Eine erhöhte Lichtausbeute wird bei gleicher elektrischer Leistungsaufnahme erzielt. Weiterhin kann aufgrund der hohen Frequenz die wechselrichter-ausgangsseitige Induktivität des Serienresonanzkreises kleingehalten werden. Schließlich erlaubt die variable Frequenzsteuerung eine Helligkeitsregelung der - am normalen Netz nur schwer helligkeitsregelbaren (dimmbaren) - Leuchtstofflampe. Hinzu kommt schließlich, daß über die Frequenzsteuerung auch eine Zündung der Leuchtstofflampe vorbereitet und initiiert werden kann.
Zu dem vorgenannten Zündvorgang gehört zur Schonung der Leuchtstofflampen auch ein sog. Warmstart, bei dem die Heizwendeln der Leuchtstofflampe vorgeheizt werden, bevor die Lampe aufgrund von Resonanzerscheinungen mit einer hohen Zündspannung beaufschlagt wird, die zur Zündung und damit zum Betrieb der Gasentladungslampe führt. Die Variation der Frequenz, welche die Zündung kontrolliert, erlaubt auch im Betrieb der Gasentladungslampe durch Frequenzverschiebung eine nahezu stufenlose Helligkeitsregelung in weiten Grenzen. Eine solche stufenlose und kontinuierliche Steuerung der Helligkeit erfordert aufgrund des negativen Innenwiderstandes der in Betrieb befindlichen Leuchtstofflampe besondere Maßnahmen.At the frequencies mentioned, the efficiency of the connected fluorescent lamps is increased compared to operation on the 50 Hz supply network. An increased luminous efficiency is achieved with the same electrical power consumption. Furthermore, due to the high frequency, the inductance of the series resonant circuit on the output side of the inverter can be kept small. Finally, the variable frequency control enables brightness control of the fluorescent lamp, which is difficult to regulate (dimmable) in the normal network. Finally, there is that An ignition of the fluorescent lamp can also be prepared and initiated via the frequency control.
To protect the fluorescent lamps, the aforementioned ignition process also includes a so-called warm start, in which the heating filaments of the fluorescent lamp are preheated before the lamp is subjected to a high ignition voltage due to resonance phenomena, which leads to ignition and thus to the operation of the gas discharge lamp. The variation of the frequency that controls the ignition allows an almost infinitely variable brightness control within wide limits even during operation of the gas discharge lamp by frequency shift. Such a continuous and continuous control of the brightness requires special measures due to the negative internal resistance of the fluorescent lamp in operation.
Wesentlicher Gesichtspunkt für die Entwicklung eines modernen EVG bildet daher zum einen eine möglichst vielseitige Steuerungsmöglichkeit insbes. eine Helligkeitsregelung. Dies im Hinblick auf das Betriebsverhalten sowie die Helligkeitsregelung der an einem jeweiligen EVG angeschlossenen Leuchtstofflampen.An essential aspect for the development of a modern electronic ballast is therefore a control option that is as versatile as possible, in particular a brightness control. This with regard to the operating behavior and the brightness control of the fluorescent lamps connected to a respective electronic ballast.
Neben einer vielseitigen Steuerung und Regelung ist es ein anderes Anliegen moderner EVGs eine komfortable Handhabung und Bedienung vieler dezentral angeordneter Lichtquellen zu gewährleisten. Dies insbesondere im Hinblick auf Großprojekte, bei denen weitläufige Beleuchtungssysteme mit einer großen Anzahl von Lichtquellen zu installieren sind.In addition to versatile control and regulation, it is another concern of modern ECGs to ensure comfortable handling and operation of many decentralized light sources. This is particularly the case with regard to large-scale projects in which extensive lighting systems with a large number of light sources have to be installed.
Aus der EP-A-244 777 ist eine Steuerschaltung für Gasentladungslampen bekannt, die eine Empfangseinrichtung zum Empfang binärer Steuersignale enthält. Die empfangenen binären Steuersignale werden in umgewandelter Form an eine Steuereinrichtung weitergeleitet, die abhängig von diesen Steuersignalen analog die Frequenz des Wechselrichters und damit die Helligkeit der Gasentladungslampe einstellt. Die Steuersignale dienen gemäß dieser Druckschrift ausschließlich zur Helligkeitssteuerung.From EP-A-244 777 a control circuit for gas discharge lamps is known which contains a receiving device for receiving binary control signals. The received binary control signals are forwarded in a converted form to a control device which, depending on these control signals, adjusts the frequency of the inverter analogously and thus the brightness of the gas discharge lamp. According to this document, the control signals are used exclusively for brightness control.
Die Druckschrift IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLICATIONS AND INDUSTRY, Band IA-20, Nr. 5, September 1984, S. 1198 - 1205, New York, "The Integration of microcomputers and controllable output ballasts" offenbart ein System zur Steuerung der Helligkeit mehrerer Lampen. Die Lampen werden von elektronischen Vorschaltgeräten angesteuert, die wiederum an eine zentrale Steuereinheit angeschlossen sind. Helligkeits-Istwerte der Lampen werden von Fotosensoren erfaßt und der zentralen Steuereinheit zugeführt. Die Fotosensoren sind separat von den elektronischen Vorschaltgeräten vorgesehen. Die Helligkeit der angeschlossenen Gasentladungslampen wird analog mittels Pulsweitenmodulation gesteuert.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLICATIONS AND INDUSTRY, Volume IA-20, No. 5, September 1984, pp. 1198-1205, New York, "The Integration of microcomputers and controllable output ballasts" discloses a system for controlling the brightness of several lamps. The lamps are controlled by electronic ballasts, which in turn are connected to a central control unit. Actual brightness values of the lamps are recorded by photo sensors and fed to the central control unit. The photo sensors are provided separately from the electronic ballasts. The brightness of the connected gas discharge lamps is controlled analogously by means of pulse width modulation.
Schließlich ist es ein wesentlicher Zweck der Erfindung, erhöhte Sicherheit für die angeschlossenen Leuchstofflampen sowie eine verbesserte Überwachungsmöglichkeit dieser zu schaffen. Sicherheit nicht zuletzt auch für das Betriebspersonal, was ausgefallene Lampen zu wechseln hat und hierbei darauf angeweisen ist, daß die beim Lampenwechsel an den Steckfassungen und im Gerät entstehenden Spannungen für sie ungefährlich sind. Dies aus dem Grunde, da bei weitläufigen Beleuchtungssystemen die einzelnen Lampen nicht individuell abschaltbar sind, so daß ein Lampenwechsel im Betrieb notwendig wird.Finally, it is an essential purpose of the invention to provide increased security for the connected fluorescent lamps as well as an improved possibility of monitoring them. Last but not least, also for the operating personnel, which has to change failed lamps and is dependent on the fact that the voltages that arise on the sockets and in the device when changing lamps are harmless for them. This is because, in the case of extensive lighting systems, the individual lamps cannot be switched off individually, so that a lamp change is necessary during operation.
Erfinungsgemäß werden die zuvor genannten Probleme durch ein System zum Überwachen und Fernsteuern eines oder mehrerer elektronischer Vorschaltgeräte für Gasentladungslampen von einem zentralen Steuergerät gelöst, wobei das zentrale Steuergerät mit dem bzw. jedem elektronischen Vorschaltgerät über je ein Busleitungspaar oder über ein einzelnes gemeinsames Busleitungspaar verbunden ist, Mittel zur Erzeugung digitaler Steuersignale für den Betriebszustand, wie z.B. Not-, Sleep-, Zünd-, Aus- oder Einzustand, und die Lampenhelligkeit und/oder die Lampenleistung des bzw. jedes elektronischen Vorschaltgerätes sowie zur Abgabe dieser Steuersignale an das entsprechende Busleitungspaar enthält, sowie Mittel zum Empfang und zur Auswertung von digitalen Fehlermeldungen und/oder digitalen Betriebszustandsinformationen, die von dem bzw. jedem elektronischen Vorschaltgerät an die entsprechende Busleitung abgegeben werden, aufweist. Erfindungsgemäß weist zudem das bzw. jedes elektronische Vorschaltgerät eine an das Wechselstromnetz anschließbare Gleichrichterschaltung, einen von der Gleichrichterschaltung gespeisten und in seiner Ausgangsfrequenz variierbaren Wechselspannungsgenerator, einen Lastkreis, der mindestens einen Reihenschwingkreis und mindestens eine Gasentladungslampe enthält und von dem Wechselspannungsgenerator mit dessen variierbarer Ausgangsfrequenz gespeist wird, eine als Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung ausgebildete und mit dem entsprechenden Busleitungspaar verbundene digitale Schnittstelle zum Empfang der von dem zentralen Steuergerät abgegebenen digitalen Steuersignale und zum Absenden der digitalen Fehlermeldungen und/oder der digitalen Betriebszustandsinformationen an das zentrale Steuergerät, und eine mit der digitalen Schnittstelle verbundene Steuereinrichtung auf, welche die ihr von der digitalen Schnittstelle übermittelten digitalen Steuersignale zur Steuerung oder Regelung des elektronischen Vorschaltgerätes auswertet und welche von dem elektronischen Vorschaltgerät aufgenommene Meßwertsignale auswertet und daraus digitale Fehlermeldungen und Betriebszustandsinformationen erzeugt und an die digitale Schnittstelle überträgt.According to the invention, the aforementioned problems are solved by a system for monitoring and remotely controlling one or more electronic ballasts for gas discharge lamps from a central control device, the central control device being connected to the or each electronic ballast via a pair of bus lines or via a single common bus line pair, Contains means for generating digital control signals for the operating state, such as, for example, emergency, sleep, ignition, off or on state, and the lamp brightness and / or the lamp power of the or each electronic ballast and for delivering these control signals to the corresponding bus line pair, and means for receiving and evaluating digital error messages and / or digital Has operating status information that is given by the or each electronic ballast to the corresponding bus line. According to the invention, the or each electronic ballast also has a rectifier circuit which can be connected to the AC network, an AC voltage generator fed by the rectifier circuit and whose output frequency can be varied, a load circuit which contains at least one series resonant circuit and at least one gas discharge lamp and is fed by the AC voltage generator with its variable output frequency , a digital interface designed as a transmitting and receiving device and connected to the corresponding bus line pair for receiving the digital control signals emitted by the central control device and for sending the digital error messages and / or the digital operating status information to the central control device, and one connected to the digital interface Control device on which the digital control signals transmitted to it by the digital interface for controlling or regulating the ele evaluates the electronic ballast and evaluates which measured-value signals recorded by the electronic ballast and generates digital error messages and operating status information therefrom and transmits them to the digital interface.
Zusätzlich kann die Steuerungeinrichtung des bzw. jedes elektronischen Vorschaltgerätes auch als Regeleinrichtung wirken, indem sie die von ihr aufgenommenen Meßwertsignale als Istwert-Größen und die ihr über die digitale Schnittstelle mittelbar zentral zugeführten Steuersignale und/oder ihr unmittelbar zentral zugeführte Steuersignale als Sollwert-Größen auswertet und dementsprechend digitale Regelsignale zur Regelung der Ausgangsfrequenz des Wechselspannungsgenerators erzeugt.In addition, the control device of the or each electronic ballast can also act as a control device in that it evaluates the measured value signals it receives as actual value variables and the control signals fed centrally via the digital interface and / or control signals fed directly to it as setpoint variables and correspondingly generates digital control signals for controlling the output frequency of the AC voltage generator.
Vorteilhaft werden in einem jeweiligen dezentralen EVG ein Paar von Leuchtstofflampen an einem Wechselspannungsgenerator betrieben. Dies entspricht einem sog. zweiflammigen EVG.A pair of fluorescent lamps are advantageously operated on an AC voltage generator in a respective decentralized ECG. This corresponds to a so-called two-lamp electronic ballast.
Neben der komfortablen Helligkeitsregelung erlaubt die Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung zielgerichtet eine Erhöhung der Lebensdauer der Leuchtstofflampen und eine Gewährung von Sicherheitsinteressen. Mittels der vorgenannten Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung kann das Betriebsverhaltung und der jeweilige Betnebszustand der von einem EVG versorgten Leuchtstofflampen genauestens gesteuert und überwacht werden. So werden Warmstart-, Zünd-, Dimm- und Abschaltvorgang (ZÜND,DIMM,AUS,EIN) mit hoher Präzision und lampenschonend aneinandergereiht. Unzulässige Betriebsbedingungen werden vermieden, vor einer jeweiligen Zündung wird für eine ausreichende Vorwärmung der Heizwendeln gesorgt. Neben einem helligkeitsgeregelten Dimmbetrieb (DIMM) kann auch das gesamte EVG, wenn längere Zeit keine Helligkeit gewünscht wird, stillgelegt werden (SLEEP). In diesem Zustand nimmt das EVG nur eine minimale Leistung auf. Vermeidbare Verluste werden tatsächlich vermieden.In addition to the convenient brightness control, the control and regulation device allows an increased lifespan of the fluorescent lamps and the granting of safety interests. By means of the aforementioned control and regulating device, the operating behavior and the respective operating state of the fluorescent lamps supplied by an electronic ballast can be controlled and monitored precisely. In this way, warm start, ignition, dimming and switch-off processes (IGNITION, DIMM, OFF, ON) are strung together with high precision and gentle on the lamp. Inadmissible operating conditions are avoided, and sufficient heating of the heating coils is ensured before each ignition. In addition to brightness-controlled dimming (DIMM), the entire ECG can also be shut down if no brightness is required for a long period of time (SLEEP). In this state, the ECG consumes only a minimal amount of power. Avoidable losses are actually avoided.
Neben dem regelmäßigen Dimmbetrieb, in welchem die Helligkeit der Leuchtstofflampen zwischen einem Minimalwert (MIN) und einem Maximalwert (MAX) beliebig variierbar ist (DIMM) ist auch ein Notbetrieb (NOT) möglich, bei dem die Lampe einen Notbeleuchtungs-Lichtpegel einnimmt. Dieser ist dezentral am jeweiligen Gerät vorgebbar. Bei bestimmten Gefahrenbedingungen wird er automatisch aktiviert.In addition to regular dimming, in which the brightness of the fluorescent lamps can be varied as required (DIMM) between a minimum value (MIN) and a maximum value (MAX), emergency operation (EMERGENCY) is also possible, in which the lamp assumes an emergency lighting light level. This can be specified locally on the respective device. It is automatically activated under certain hazard conditions.
Die Sende- und Empfangseinfichtung ist über eine bidirektionale Busleitung mit dem zentralen Steuergerät verbunden. Ein solches erlaubt es, von einer zentralen Stelle aus eine Vielzahl von dezentral angeordneten EVGs fernzusteuern. Neben der Femsteuerung bietet das Steuergerät auch eine Betriebszustandsinformation. Es werden im Beleuchtungssystem aufgetretene Fehler aufgrund von Fehlermeldungen erkannt und angezeigt, die von den dezentralen EVGs über die bidirektionale Busleitung an das zentrale Steuergerät gesandt worden sind. Wartungsarbeiten werden hierdurch vereinfacht und beschleunigt. Vielfältige Überwachungsfunktionen werden bereits dezentral vorgesehen, so die Über- und Unterspannungsüberwachung (Anspruch 6). Durch sie wird die Lebensdauer der Leuchtstofflampen spürbar erhöht.The transmit and receive device is connected to the central control unit via a bidirectional bus line. This allows remote control of a large number of decentralized ECGs from a central location. In addition to remote control, the control unit also provides operating status information. Errors that occur in the lighting system are recognized and displayed on the basis of error messages sent by the decentralized ECGs via the bidirectional bus line have been sent to the central control unit. This simplifies and speeds up maintenance work. A variety of monitoring functions are already provided decentrally, such as overvoltage and undervoltage monitoring (claim 6). It noticeably increases the lifespan of the fluorescent lamps.
Die über die Busleitung gesteuerte Helligkeitsregelung der dezentralen EVGs geschieht über serielle digitale Steuerworte, die Steuerbefehle oder Helligkeits-Dateninformationen darstellen (Anspruch 13). Besonders vorteilhaft ist die Organisation in Funktionsgruppen, in welchen eine Mehrzahl von EVGs, die beispielsweise in einem Raum angeordnet sind, gleichzeitig und mit einem einzelnen Befehl ansteuerbar sind.The brightness control of the decentralized ECGs, which is controlled via the bus line, takes place via serial digital control words which represent control commands or brightness data information (claim 13). Organization in functional groups is particularly advantageous, in which a plurality of electronic ballasts, which are arranged, for example, in a room, can be controlled simultaneously and with a single command.
Die Ankopplung der Sende- und Empfangseinrichtungen an die Busleitung wird vorteilhaft durch ein Differenzierglied bewirkt. Sie gewährt eine starke Dämpfung der 50 Hz-Netzfrequenzen und arbeitet mit sehr geringen Eingangsströmen. Die Dämpfung der Netzfrequenzen geht soweit, daß auch ein Verpolungsschutz gewährt wird, das Anlegen von 220 V an der Busleitung bleibt ohne Schadensfolge (Anspruch 15).The coupling of the transmitting and receiving devices to the bus line is advantageously effected by a differentiator. It provides a strong attenuation of the 50 Hz network frequencies and works with very low input currents. The attenuation of the network frequencies goes so far that reverse polarity protection is also provided, the application of 220 V to the bus line remains without damage (claim 15).
Wenn die Leuchtstofflampen nach einem Zündvorgang in den gedimmten Betrieb gesteuert werden, kann es dazu kommen, daß kurzzeitige Lichtpulse auftreten. Sie haben ihre Ursache in der im Ausgangskreis gespeicherten Energie des Zündvorganges, der sich anschließend unerwünscht als Lichtpuls im gedimmten Betrieb äußert. Hier kann durch Verlängern der - eigentlich lebensdauerverkürzenden - Glimmphase zwischen Zünd- und stationärem Betrieb Abhilfe geschaffen werden (Anspruch 19). Eine tatsächliche Lebensdauerverkürzung wird aber dadurch vermieden, daß der Glimmbereich nur bei geringen Helligkeitswerten verlängert wird. Je größer die Helligkeit, desto kürzer demnach die Glimmphase und desto schneller der Übergang vom Zündbetrieb zum Normalbetrieb (Anspruch 20).If the fluorescent lamps are switched to dimmed operation after an ignition process, there may be short-term light pulses. They have their cause in the energy of the ignition process stored in the output circuit, which then expresses itself undesirably as a light pulse in dimmed operation. This can be remedied by extending the glow phase - which actually shortens the lifespan - between ignition and stationary operation (claim 19). However, an actual shortening of the service life is avoided by the fact that the glow area is only extended at low brightness values. The greater the brightness, the shorter the glow phase and the faster the transition from ignition to normal operation (claim 20).
Werden erfindungsgemäß der Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung eine Mehrzahl m von Meßgrößen aus dem EVG zugeführt, so können hieraus eine Vielzahl von Betriebszuständen und ggf. Gefahrenzustände erkannt und vermieden werden. Weiterhin wird eine echte Leistungsregelung möglich, die lampentypunabhängig (beispielsweise Argon-Lampen oder Krypton-Lampen) arbeitet. Vorteilhaft wird die Lampenhelligkeitsregelung durch eine Frequenzmodulation oder durch eine Kombination von Frequenzmodulation und Tastverhältnisänderung erzielt (Anspruch 12).If, according to the invention, the control and regulating device is supplied with a plurality m of measured variables from the electronic ballast, a large number of operating states and possibly dangerous states can be identified and avoided therefrom. Furthermore, real power control is possible, which works regardless of the lamp type (for example, argon lamps or krypton lamps). The lamp brightness control is advantageously achieved by frequency modulation or by a combination of frequency modulation and duty cycle change (claim 12).
Zum Aspekt der Überwachung zählt auch die Kontrolle der Heizwendelströme der Leuchtstofflampen. Sie erlauben eine präzise Ermittlung, ob bestimmte Lampen defekt sind oder ggf. gar nicht eingebaut wurden (Anspruch 27).Monitoring also includes checking the heating coil currents of the fluorescent lamps. They allow a precise determination of whether certain lamps are defective or possibly not installed at all (claim 27).
Die bei starken Dimmbetrieb auftretenden "laufenden Schichten" werden vorteilhaft dann vermieden, wenn dem hochfrequenten Lampenwechselstrom eine geringe Gleichkomponente überlagert wird (Anspruch 29).The "running layers" that occur during strong dimming operation are advantageously avoided if a low DC component is superimposed on the high-frequency lamp alternating current (claim 29).
Werden pro EVG ein Paar von Leuchtstofflampen eingesetzt, die von einem gemeinsamen Wechselspannungsgenerator gespeist werden, so bewirkt das erfindungsgemäße induktive Symmetrierelement einen symmetrischen Betrieb beider Leuchtstofflampen (Anspruch 32). Eine spannungsgesteuerte Wendelbeheizung ermöglichen die lampenindividuellen Heizübertrager, welche mit ihre Primärwicklung am Wechselspannungs-Ausgangskreis angeschlossen sind (Anspruch 36). Über eine Primärstromerfassung kann die Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung jederzeit Rückschlüsse auf die Heizwendelbeschaffenheit ziehen und so bereits beschädigte Leuchtstofflampen oder in Kürze ausfallende Leuchtstofflampen identifizieren (Anspruch 37).If a pair of fluorescent lamps are used per ECG, which are fed by a common AC voltage generator, the inductive balancing element according to the invention effects a symmetrical operation of both fluorescent lamps (claim 32). The lamp-specific heat exchangers, which are connected with their primary winding to the AC voltage output circuit, enable voltage-controlled coil heating (claim 36). The control and regulating device can draw conclusions about the nature of the heating coil at any time via primary current detection and thus identify already damaged fluorescent lamps or fluorescent lamps that will soon fail (claim 37).
Weitere vorteilhafte Aspekte und Ausführungsformen des erfindungsgemäßen Systems sind in den Unteransprüchen näher ausgeführt. Gestützt auf die Zeichnung werden nachfolgend Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung näher erläutert. Es zeigen
- Fig. 1 ein Blockschaltbild eines erfindungsgemäßen EVG,
- Fig. 2 ein Blockschaltbild eines erfindungsgemäßen Systemgedankens, bei dem mehrere dezentrale EVGs mit einem zentralen Steuergerät über eine Busleitung 12 verbunden sind,
- Fig. 3 ein Blockschaltbild eines Ausführungsbeispiels der erfindungsgemäßen Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung
als integrierte Schaltung 17, - Fig. 4 ein Prinzipschaltbild eines Eingangskreises 20 mit zwei Meßwerterfassungen,
- Fig. 5 ein Ausführungsbeispiel der transformatorgekoppelten Wendelbeheizung einer Leuchtstofflampe mit drei Meßfühlern,
- Fig. 6 ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines erfindungsgemäßen Ausgangskreises 40 mit Symmetrierelement TR1 für zwei Leuchtstofflampen,
- Fig. 7 ein Prinzipschaltbild des Wechselspannungsgenerators mit ihn ansteuernder Treiberschaltung 31,
- Fig. 8a-c jeweils ein Blockschaltbild der Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 mit verschieden ausgestalteten Koppelschaltungen zur Busleitung 12,
- Fig. 9 ein Helligkeits-Zeitdiagramm zur Erläuterung des Abschalt- und des Notbeleuchtungsbetriebes,
- Fig. 10 ein Helligkeits-Zeitdiagramm zur Erläuterung der Softstart- bzw. Softstop-Funktion bei einer Systemkonfiguration gem. Fig. 2.
- 1 is a block diagram of an electronic ballast according to the invention,
- 2 shows a block diagram of a system concept according to the invention, in which several decentralized electronic ballasts are connected to a central control device via a
bus line 12, - 3 shows a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the control and regulating device according to the invention as an
integrated circuit 17, - 4 shows a basic circuit diagram of an
input circuit 20 with two measured value recordings, - 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of the transformer-coupled filament heating of a fluorescent lamp with three sensors,
- 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of an
output circuit 40 according to the invention with a balancing element TR1 for two fluorescent lamps, - 7 shows a basic circuit diagram of the AC voltage generator with
driver circuit 31 driving it, - 8a-c each show a block diagram of the transmitting and receiving device 10 with differently configured coupling circuits for the
bus line 12, - 9 is a brightness-time diagram to explain the shutdown and emergency lighting operation,
- 10 is a brightness-time diagram to explain the soft start or soft stop function in a system configuration according to FIG. Fig. 2.
Fig.1 zeigt zunächst ein Blockschaltbild eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines erfindungsgemäßen EVGs. Die Netzspannung UN wird - ggf. über einen Schalter S1 - dem Eingangsschaltkreis 20 (Gleichrichterschaltkreis) zugeführt. Dieser erzeugt die Zwischenkreisspannung U₀,Udc, die dem Wechselspannungsgenerator 30 (Wechselrichter) zugeführt wird. Der Wechselspannungsgenerator 30 gibt seine seine hochfrequente Ausgangsspannung UHF an einen Ausgangs-Lastkreis 40 ab, der eine oder mehrere Leuchtstofflampen LA1,LA2 enthält. Sowohl dem Wechselspannungsgenerator 30 als auch dem Lastkreis 40 sind eine Mehrzahl von System-Meßwerten (Prozeßgrößen) entnehmbar. Gemeinsam werden die Meßwerte einer Steuer- und Regelschaltung 17 zugeführt, die ihrerseits die digitalen Ansteuersignale für den Wechselrichter 30 erzeugt. Diese werden über eine Treiberschaltung 31 potentialverschoben und den Ausgangs-MOS-FETs des Wechselrichters zugeführt. Der Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 17 ist außerdem eine Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 zugeordnet, die über eine Busleitung 12 mit anderen EVGs und/oder mit einem zentralen Steuergerät 50 verbunden ist. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an electronic ballast according to the invention. The mains voltage U N is supplied to the input circuit 20 (rectifier circuit), possibly via a switch S1. This generates the intermediate circuit voltage U₀, U dc , which is fed to the AC voltage generator 30 (inverter). The
Letzteres wird von Fig. 2 gezeigt. Dort sind eine Mehrzahl von EVGs 60-1,60-2,60-3,...,60-i an einer gemeinsamen Busleitung 12 angeschlossen. Alle EVGs sind über diese Busleitung mit dem zentralen Steuergerät 50 verbunden, dem eine Anzeigeeinheit 51 zugeordnet ist. Über die Busleitung 12 wird es nun möglich, einzelne oder mehrere der genannten EVGs anzusteuern und ihnen Befehle zu übertragen, wie Ausschalten, Einschalten, Zünden o. ä. Auch können Helligkeitswerte voreingestellt werden und im Gegenzug Fehlerinformationen von den einzelnen Geräten abgefragt werden. So ist das Steuergerät 50 jederzeit über den Gesamt-Systemzustand informiert, wodurch ein hohes Maß an Betriebssicherheit gewährt werden kann und eine beschleunigte Wartung der dezentralen EVGs, bzw. für deren Leuchtstofflampen, möglich wird.The latter is shown in Fig. 2 . There, a plurality of electronic ballasts 60-1, 60-2, 60-3, ..., 60-i are connected to a
Die in Fig. 1 gezeigten Funktionsblöcke 20,30,40,10,17 werden anhand der folgenden Figuren nun näher erläutert.The functional blocks 20, 30, 40, 10, 17 shown in FIG. 1 will now be explained in more detail with reference to the following figures.
Fig. 3 zeigt hierzu die Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 17 als integrierte Schaltung. Ihr werden die Vielzahl von Meßwerten m, welche den Prozeßsignalen der Fig. 1 entsprechen, zugeführt. Sie gibt zwei digitale Ansteuersignale für die Endstufen-des Wechselrichters 30 ab, die über eine Treiberschaltung 31 noch verstärkt und potentialverschoben werden. 3 shows the control and regulating
Neben den m Meßwerten werden der Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 17 auch n Sollwerte zugeführt. Diese beeinflussen das vorgebbare Steuer- und Regelverhalten. Weiterhin ist als Teil der Steuer- und Regelschaltung 17 oder separat eine Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 vorgesehen, die direkt oder mittels eines Koppelschaltkreises mit der Busleitung 12 verbunden ist. Sie bildet die serielle Schnittstelle, die es der Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung ermöglicht, Fehler- und Betriebszustandsinformationen dem zentralen Steuergerät 50 zu übermitteln.In addition to the m measured values, the control and regulating
Die zuvor genannten n Sollwerte können auch dieser Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 zugeführt werden, die sie nach entsprechender Aufbereitung an die Steuer- und Regelschaltung 17 weitergibt. Sollwerte können beispielsweise sein der Notbeleuchtungspegel (NOT), der minimale Helligkeitspegel (MIN) und der maximale Helligkeitspegel (MAX), innerhalb letzterer beider kann sich der vorgebbare Helligkeitspegel (DIMM) im Betrieb bewegen.The aforementioned n setpoints can also be supplied to this transmitting and receiving device 10, which they pass on to the control and regulating
Als Befehls- und Datenworte sowie als Fehlerinformationsworte werden serielle digitale Datenworte verwendet, deren Länge 8 bit ist. Andere Wertlängen sind möglich. Jedem dezentralen EVG wird eine Adresse zugeordnet, die es ermöglicht, einzelne EVGs über die Adresse der Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 anzusprechen und Informationen von ihnen abzufragen oder ihnen Befehle zu erteilen. Die bidirektionelle Arbeitsweise der Busleitung 12 ermöglicht ein problemloses und aufwandsarmes Verkabeln einer Vielzahl von dezentraler EVGs mit einem zentralen Steuergerät (50).Serial digital data words, the length of which are 8 bits, are used as command and data words and as error information words. Other value lengths are possible. An address is assigned to each decentralized ECG, which makes it possible to address individual ECGs via the address of the transmitting and receiving device 10 and to query information from them or to issue commands to them. The bidirectional mode of operation of the
Fig. 4 zeigt ein Prinzipschaltbild eines Eingangskreises, wie er zur Speisung des Wechselspannungsgenerators 30 aus einem Versorgungsnetz mit der Spannung UN verwendbar ist. Der Eingangskreis besteht aus kapazitiven Eingangsfiltern sowie ggf. aus einer Oberwellendrossel. Die Kondensatoren in Y-Schaltung dienen der Funkentstörung. Ihnen ist ein Überspannungsableiter oder ein VDR parallel geschaltet. Es schließt sich ein Vollwellengleichrichter an, der dann entfallen kann, wenn das Gerät betriebsmäßig mit Gleichspannung betrieben wird. Dem Gleichrichter nachgeschaltet ist ein Zwischenkreiskondensator C4, der sich bei 220 V Netzspannung auf ca. 300 V mit einer Restwelligkeit von ca. 10 % auflädt. FIG. 4 shows a basic circuit diagram of an input circuit as can be used to supply the
Aufgrund eines niedrig zu haltenden Crestfaktors sollte die Zwischenkreisspannung U₀ gut geglättet sein.Due to a crest factor to be kept low, the intermediate circuit voltage U₀ should be smoothed well.
Parallel zum Zwischenkreiskondensator C4 liegt ein Spannungsteiler R18,R28, an dem ein der Zwischenkreis-Spannung proportionales Meßsignal abgreifbar ist. An einem Tiefpaß R21,C25 wird ein der Versorgungsspannung proportionales Signal erfaßt und ebenso, wie das zwischenkreisspannungs-abhängige Meßsignal der Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 17 zugeführt. Beide Meßsignale dienen der Versorgungsspannungs-Überwachung und damit der Betriebssicherheit des EVG.Parallel to the intermediate circuit capacitor C4 is a voltage divider R18, R28, from which a measurement signal proportional to the intermediate circuit voltage can be tapped. A signal which is proportional to the supply voltage is detected at a low-pass filter R21, C25 and, like the intermediate-circuit voltage-dependent measurement signal, is fed to the control and regulating
Fig. 5 zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines erfindungsgemäßen Lastkreises 40 mit einem Heizübertrager L5 für die Vorheizung der Wendeln der Leuchtstofflampe LA1. In Fig. 5 ist lediglich einer von einem Paar von Lampenkreisen gezeigt. Das Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung weist ein Paar dieser Zweige auf, d. h. zwei Leuchtstofflampen LA1,LA2 an einem Wechselspannungsgenerator-Ausgang, der die hochfrequente Wechselspannung UHF zwischen den in Serie geschalteten Leistungs-Schalttransistoren V21 und V28 abgibt. Der Wechselspannungsgenerator wird aus der in Fig. 4 gezeigten Eingangsschaltung 20 mit einer Zwischenkreisspannung Udc versorgt. Da die Leuchtstofflampen einen negativen Innenwiderstand bei Betrieb besitzen, müssen sie beim Zündvorgang (ZÜND) mit hohen Spannungsspitzen und beim Heizen der Wendeln mit entsprechender Heizenergie versorgt werden. Ausgehend von dem Ausgangsanschluß des Wechselrichters 30 führt ein Serienresonanzkreis L2,C15 über ein Symmetrierelement TR1, welches später erläutert wird, auf die Entladungsstrecke H2,H4 der Leuchtstofflampe. Weiterhin ist zu der Leuchtstoffröhre ein Meßwiderstand R32 in Serie geschaltet, an welchem eine dem Lampenstrom IL1 proportionale Spannung abgegriffen und der Steuer- und Regelschaltung 17 zugeführt wird. Zwischen Spule L2 und Kondensator C15 ist ein Zündkondensator C17 gegen Erde (NULL) geschaltet. Mit Hilfe dieser Anordnung kann die Dimmerkennlinie der Entladungslampe vergleichmäßigt werden, da bei steigender Frequenz der Widerstand des Kondensators C15 abnimmt und der Widerstand der Entladungslampe zunimmt. Parallel zu dem Zündkondensator C17 liegt auch die Primärwicklung des Heizübertragers L5 sowie in Serie zu dieser weiterhin eine Zenerdiode V15 und ein Meßwiderstand R10. An letzterem wird eine dem Heizwendelstrom IW1 proportionale Spannung abgegriffen und dem Steuer- und Regelschaltkreis 17 als weitere Systemmeßgröße zugeführt. Da der Wechselrichter 30 eine Ausgangsspannung einprägt und der Heizübertrager im wesentlichen parallel zur Leuchtstofflampe LA1 liegt, wird über den Heizübertrager auf seine Sekundärwicklungen eine Spannung eingeprägt. Die beiden Sekundärwicklungen versorgen je potentialfrei eine der beiden Heizwendeln H1,H2 und H3,H4. An dem primärseitigen Meßwiderstand R10 wird so die Summe der Heizwendelströme IW1 gemessen. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a
Die weiterhin in Serie geschaltete Zenerdiode V15 erzeugt in der Primärwicklung von L5 eine Gleichstromkompenente, die aber nicht übertragen wird, sondern im Lampenstrom IL1 fehlt und damit die Entladung der Lampe mit einem zusätzlichen Gleichstromanteil in der Größenanordnung von ca. 1 % des tatsächlichen Entladungsstromes versorgt. Dies verhindert den Effekt der "laufenden Schichten", die bei Dimmung der Lampen auftreten. Die "laufenden Schichten" bestehen aus insbesondere beim Dimmen auftretenden Hell-/Dunkelzonen, die mit einer vorgegebenen Geschwindigkeit längs der Röhre laufen. Ein Überlagern von geringem Gleichstrom beschleunigt diesen Laufeffekt derart, daß er nicht mehr störend wirkt.The Zener diode V15, which is still connected in series, generates a DC component in the primary winding of L5, which, however, is not transmitted, but is missing in the lamp current I L1 and thus supplies the discharge of the lamp with an additional DC component in the order of approximately 1% of the actual discharge current . This prevents the effect of the "running layers" that occur when the lamps are dimmed. The "running layers" consist in particular of light / dark zones which occur during dimming and run along the tube at a predetermined speed. A superimposition of low direct current accelerates this running effect in such a way that it no longer has a disturbing effect.
Zum Heizen wird der Wechselrichter 30 mit einer hohen Frequenz fmax betrieben, so daß an C17 eine Wechselspannung auftritt, die nicht zum Zünden der Lampe LA1 geeignet ist. Über L5 werden in diesem Betriebszustand die Wendeln der Lampe beheizt, wobei, bedingt durch den Kaltleitereffekt der Wendeln, die Lampe zuerst einen hohen und dann einen geringeren Heizstrom aufnimmt. Nach ca. 750 msec Vorheizzeit wird die Zündung (ZÜND) der Lampe eingeleitet.For heating, the
Beim Zünden der Leuchtstofflampe wird die Frequenz f des Wechselrichters 30 reduziert, sodaß sie näher an die Resonanzfrequenz f des Ausgangs-Serienresonanzkreises L2,C15 herankommt. Dadurch entsteht an C17 eine Spannungsüberhöhung, die in der Größenordnung von ca. 750 V (Spitze) liegt. Hierdurch wird eine funktionsfähige Lampe gezündet.When the fluorescent lamp is ignited, the frequency f of the
Sobald die Lampe LA1 oder LA2 gezündet hat, wird der Serienresonanzkreis L2,C15 oder L3,C16 stark bedämpft. Dies bewirkt einerseits eine Verschiebung der Resonanzfrequenzen f₀ und andererseits ein sofortiges Absinken der an der jeweiligen Lampe liegenden Wechselspannung. Das Absinken wird über den parallel zur Lampe geschalteten Spannungsteiler R27,R25 von dem Steuer- und Regelschaltkreis 17 erkannt. Dieser leitet daraufhin die eigentliche Betriebsphase (DIMM) der Lampen ein.As soon as the lamp LA1 or LA2 has ignited, the series resonance circuit L2, C15 or L3, C16 is strongly damped. On the one hand, this causes a shift in the resonance frequencies f₀ and, on the other hand, an immediate drop in the AC voltage applied to the respective lamp. The decrease is detected by the control and regulating
Zum effektiven Betrieb der Lampe wird die Frequenz f des Wechselrichters 30 so geregelt, daß die Leistung der Lampe dem vorgegebenen Sollwert, d. h. dem gewünschten Helligkeitsniveau, entspricht. Je höher die Frequenz im Betriebszustand wird, desto geringer wird die Lampenhelligkeit. Die Betriebsfrequenz des Wechselspannungsgenerators 30 kann dabei durchaus auch auf Werte verschoben werden, die in der Größenordnung der Heizfrequenz oder darüber liegen. Auch kann bei einer maximalen Leistung (MAX) eine Ausgangsfrequenz eingestellt werden, die unterhalb der Zündfrequenz, aber noch oberhalb der Resonanzfrequenz des Serienresonanzkreises L2,C15 liegt.
Der Betriebszustand des Lampenkreises 14 kann abhängig von der eingesetzten Lampe, beispielsweise Argon-, Krypton-Lampe, oder abhängig von der gewählten Lampenleistung, stark variieren.For effective lamp operation, the frequency f of the
The operating state of the lamp circuit 14 can vary greatly depending on the lamp used, for example argon or krypton lamps, or depending on the lamp power selected.
Die Kombination aus dem Kondensator C24 und den Dioden V30, V31 bewirkt eine frequenzabhängige Bedämpfung des Ausgangskreises bei Spannungsüberhöhung. Sie ist vor allem dann wichtig, wenn hohe Frequenzen und hohe Impedanzen vorkommen, also z.B. bei fehlender Lampe oder beim Vorheizen bei bereits warmer Wendel. Die Beschaltung dieser Art hilft, die Spannungsüberhöhung bei nicht gezündeter oder fehlender Lampe dann zu begrenzen, wenn sie unerwünscht ist. C24 ist so gewählt, daß die Bedämpfung zum Zündzeitpunkt klein genug bleibt.The combination of the capacitor C24 and the diodes V30, V31 results in frequency-dependent damping of the output circuit when the voltage rises. It is particularly important when there are high frequencies and high impedances, e.g. if there is no lamp or if the filament is already warm. The connection of this type helps to limit the voltage rise when the lamp is not ignited or missing when it is undesirable. C24 is selected so that the damping remains small enough at the time of ignition.
Fig. 6 zeigt den Ausgangskreis der Fig. 5 für den zweiflammigen - zwei Leuchtstofflampen an einem Wechselrichter - Betrieb. Hier ist auch der Symmetieübertrager TR1 vollständig eingezeichnet. Jede Wicklung wird von einem der beide Lampenströme durchflossen. Dies geschieht gegensinnig, so daß bei Stromamplituden-Abweichung eine resultierende Magnetisierung entsteht, die in dem induktiven Element eine Spannung induziert, welche symmetrierend wirkt. Ein solcher Übertrager ist vorteilhaft, wenn durch Bauteiltoleranzen und Lampentoleranzen sowie unterschiedlichen Temperaturbedingungen die beiden Lampen im gedimmten Zustand unterschiedlich hell brennen würden. Durch das Symmetrieelement TR1 wird dies bei zweilampigen Leuchten vermieden. Werden mehrere Parre von Lampen an einem Wechselspannungsgenerator-Ausgang betrieben, so ist für jeweils ein Paar ein solches Symmetrierelement TR1 vorzusehen. Fig. 6 shows the output circuit of Fig. 5 for the two-lamp - two fluorescent lamps on an inverter - operation. The symmetry transformer TR1 is also shown here in full. Each winding is traversed by one of the two lamp currents. This takes place in opposite directions, so that when there is a deviation in the current amplitude, a resulting magnetization occurs, which induces a voltage in the inductive element which has a symmetrical effect. Such a transformer is advantageous if the two lamps would burn differently bright in the dimmed state due to component tolerances and lamp tolerances as well as different temperature conditions. The symmetry element TR1 avoids this in the case of two-lamp luminaires. If several arrays of lamps are operated at an AC voltage output, such a balancing element TR1 must be provided for each pair.
Aus Fig. 6 ist weiterhin ersichtlich, daß jeder Leuchtstofflampe ein individueller Serienresonanzkreis vorgeschaltet ist sowie ein individueller Zündkondensator C17,C18 parallelgeschaltet ist. Dies ermöglicht eine relativ unabhängige Zündphase sowie einem Gleichlauf im Dimmbetrieb. Parallel zu den Zündkondensatoren C17,C18 liegt jeweis ein Spannungsteiler R25-R28, die ein der Ausgangs-Wechselspannung proportionales Signal an die Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 17 führen. In gleicher Weise ist es auch möglich, die Spannungsteiler direkt parallel zur Leuchtstofflampe zu schalten, d. h. hinter das Symmetierelemente TR1. In Serie zu den Lampen, dies war anhand von Fig. 5 bereits für einen Lampenkreis erläutert, findet sich je ein Strommeß-Shunt R31,R32. An ihnen wird ein dem Lampenstrom proportionales Signal gewonnen, welches im Steuer- und Regelschaltkreis 17 mit dem vorgenannten Lampenspannungssignal multiplizierbar ist. Auf diese Weise wird sichergestellt, daß jederzeit ein der tatsächlichen Lampenleistung Pist bzw. der Helligkeit E proportionales Signal zur Verfügung steht, das einer genauen Helligkeitsregelung als Istwert vorgebbar ist.From Fig. 6 it can also be seen that an individual series resonant circuit is connected upstream of each fluorescent lamp and an individual ignition capacitor C17, C18 is connected in parallel. This enables a relatively independent ignition phase and synchronization in dimming mode. In parallel with the ignition capacitors C17, C18 there is a voltage divider R25-R28, which feed a signal proportional to the output AC voltage to the control and regulating
Fig. 7 zeigt detaillierter den Wechselrichter 30 mit seinen Ausgangs-Leistungstransistoren V28,V21. Zwischen ihnen wird die hochfrequente Wechselspannung UHF an den zuvor erläuterten Lastkreis 40 abgeben. Angesteuert werden die beiden Leistungstransistoren über einen Ansteuer-Schaltkreis 31, der seine Steuersignale von dem Steuer- und Regelschaltkreis 17 erhält. Ggf. kommen unsymmetrische Abschalt-/Einschaltverzögerungen für die jeweiligen Transistoren in Betracht, so daß ein gemeinsames Leiten beider Transistoren V21,V28 grundsätzlich vermieden werden kann. Der obere Transistor wird über eine (nicht eingezeichnete) Bootstrap-Schaltung versorgt, der untere Transistor und die Systemsteuerung 10,17,31 erhalten ihre Ansteuerspannung über einen Vorwiderstand und einen Glättungskondensator C5 aus der Zwischenkreisspannung U₀. Neben der genannten Stromversorgung aus dem Zwischenkreis findet auch eine verlustarme Wechselspannungskopplung aus dem schwingenden Wechselrichter 30 über einen Koppelkondensator C21, die Dioden V12,V7 und die Induktivität L7 in die Speicherkapazität C5 statt. 7 shows the
Der durch den Vorwiderstand oder eine Stromquelle Iq dem Glättungskondensator C5 zuführbare Strom ist ausreichend, um das IC31 und die Steuer- und Regelschaltung 17 im abgeschalteten Betrieb (SLEEP) zu versorgen.The current that can be supplied to the smoothing capacitor C5 through the series resistor or a current source I q is sufficient to supply the IC31 and the control and regulating
Bei Betrieb des Wechselrichters reicht die über einen Kondensator C21 ausgekoppelte, über die genannten Bauteile V12,V7,L7 gleichgerichtete und über C5 geglätte lasteingekoppelte Versorgung aus. Diese Versorgungsspannungsgewinnung ist nahezu verlustfrei, da lediglich reaktive Elemente zur Strombegrenzung eingesetzt werden. Mittels der in den unteren Wechselrichter-Halbzweig des Transistors V21 eingeschalteten antiparallelen Dioden V14,V15 und dem diesen parallel geschalteten Widerstand R34 wird eine dem Zweigstrom Imax proportionales Spannungssignal UKap gewonnen. Dieses wird, wie die anderen Prozeßsignale dem Steuer- und Regelschaltkreis 17 zugeführt. Er kann hieraus die Stromrichtung des durch den Wechselrichter im Moment vor dem Öffnen von V21 fließenden Stromes feststellen. Ist dieser Strom negativ, so befindet sich der Lastkreis 40 des Wechselrichters 30 in einem unzulässigen kapazitiven Bereich. Er stellt hierbei eine Gefahr für den steuernden Wechselrichter dar. Neben der reinen Amplituden-Detektion kann auch eine Phasenlagen-Betrachtung herangezogen werden, bei der der Laststrom IL1 in Bezug zum Wechselrichter-Zweigstrom Imax gesetzt wird und hieraus die relative Phase beider Ströme zur Detektion des Betriebszustandes herangezogen wird.When the inverter is in operation, the supply, coupled out via a capacitor C21, rectified via the named components V12, V7, L7 and smoothly coupled in via C5, is sufficient. This supply voltage generation is almost loss-free since only reactive elements are used to limit the current. A voltage signal U Kap proportional to the branch current I max is obtained by means of the anti-parallel diodes V14, V15 connected in the lower inverter half-branch of the transistor V21 and the resistor R34 connected in parallel. Like the other process signals, this is fed to the control and regulating
Eine Erkennung eines unzulässigen kapazitiven Betriebsverhaltens wird von der Steuerschaltung 17 mit einer Erhöhung der Betriebsfrequenz f des Wechselrichters 30 beantwortet, womit der Lastkreis 40 wieder induktiv betrieben wird. Die vorgenannte kapazitive Betriebsweise tritt vorwiegend bei geringer Versorgungsspannung auf. Mit der Zweigstromerfassung kann ein Zerstören von Bauelementen sicher vermieden werden.Detection of an impermissible capacitive operating behavior is answered by the
Fig. 8 zeigt die Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 sowie das ihr vorgeschaltete Koppelfilter, mit dem die Busankopplung zu der Steuerleitung 12 erfolgt. Der Digitalschnittstelle 10 sind in diesem Beispiel die Sollwerte für minimale-, maximale- und Notbeleuchtungshelligkeit (UNOT,UMIN,UMAX) vorgegeben. Weiterhin ist ein Digitaleingang DAT vorgesehen, über den sowohl die Steuersignale von einem zentralen Steuergerät zum dezentralen EVG gelangen, als auch die Fehlersignale von dem dezentralen EVG zu dem zentralen Steuergerät übermittelt werden. Das serielle Interface ermöglicht die Femsteuerung des elektronischen Vorschaltgerätes durch ein digitales Befehlssignal oder Befehlswort. Als solches digitales Signal ist ein 8 bit-Datenwort vorgesehen. Es wird von den beiden Kondensatoren C22,C23 differenziert, sodann um die Hälfte der Versorgungsspannung des Regelschaltkreises 17 bzw. des Sende- und Empfangsschaltkreises 10 potentialverschoben und dann über einen Dämpfungskondensator C12 dem Digitaleingang DAT der Schnittstelle 10 zugeführt. Hierdurch können sowohl die 50 Hz-Netzfrequenz unterdrückt, als auch die Eingangsströme jeder Schnittstelle geringgehalten werden. Fig. 8b zeigt eine weitere Ausgestaltung der Busankopplung. Hierbei sind die beiden Busleitungen 12 mit dem Dateneingang der Digitalschnittstelle induktiv gekoppelt. Werden EVGs mit dem in Fig. 8a dargestellten Koppelfilter an verschiedenen Phasen des Drehstromnetzes betrieben, können Ausgleichsströme fließen, die die Datenübertragung störend beeinflußen. Diese Ausgleichsströme können zwar in der Schaltung gemäß Fig. 8b ebenfalls fließen, sie heben sich allerdings auf, da keine primärseitige Masseverbindung existiert. Eine vorteilhafte Weiterbildung dieser Schaltung zeigt Fig. 8c. Durch die Verwendung einer Sekundärwicklung mit Mittelanzapfung wird die Schaltung verpolungssicher. Anwendbar ist auch eine optische Kopplung, jedoch weist diese einen erhöhten Stromverbrauch auf. 8 shows the transmitting and receiving device 10 and the coupling filter connected upstream of it, with which the bus coupling to the
Als Stellsignale werden 255 (entsprechend 8 bit) Helligkeitswerte vorgesehen. Auch das Steuersigal "AUS", dargestellt durch das binäre Wort "Null" ist möglich. Durch das vorgenannte Signal AUS versetzt sich das Gesamt-EVG sofort oder nach einer geringen Zeitspanne in einen stromsparenden Abschaltmodus (SLEEP). In ihm wird der Meßstromverbrauch des gesamten Vorschaltgerätes minimal. Der Wechselrichter 30 und die Ansteuerschaltung 31 werden stillgelegt und ggf. nach geringer weiterer Zeitverzögerung auch die wesentlichen Baugruppen des Steuer- und Regelschaltkreises 17. Lediglich die Empfangsschaltung der Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 und die Überwachungsschaltung für die Erkennung eines Notbetriebes (NOT) bleiben aktiviert. Die Gesamtkreisleistung sinkt damit unter 1 W. Trifft jedoch in einem solchen Zustand ein neues Stellsignal ein, so nimmt die Steuer- und Regelschaltung 17 sofort die Einschaltsequenz vor, die mit Vorheizen und Zündvorgang (ZÜND) in den stationären Betrieb überleitet und dort wird für eine sofortige Einstellung des gewünschten Helligkeitswertes (DIMM) gesorgt.255 (corresponding to 8 bit) brightness values are provided as control signals. The control signal "OFF", represented by the binary word "zero" is also possible. With the aforementioned signal OFF, the entire ECG switches to an energy-saving shutdown mode (SLEEP) immediately or after a short period of time. In him the Measuring current consumption of the entire ballast minimal. The
Neben der Steuerung der Helligkeit und des Notbeleuchtungsmodus sowie des Abschalt-Modus (SLEEP-Mode) obliegt dem Steuer- und Regelschaltkreis 17 auch die Aufgabe, sämtlichen vorgenannten Prozeßgrößen die Informationen zu entnehmen, die zur Überwachung und Steuerung des EVG von Wichtigkeit sind.In addition to controlling the brightness and the emergency lighting mode and the switch-off mode (SLEEP mode), the control and regulating
Dies sind die Spannungsüberwachung, die Notbetriebs-Aufrechterhaltung und die Überwachung der Leuchtstofflampen hinsichtlich Wendelbruch oder Gasdefekt. Auch werden durch die Meßgrößen die verschiedenen Betriebszustände der Leuchtstoffröhre, wie Zünden, Vorheizen und stationärer Betrieb unterscheidbar. Nachfolgend sollen die gemessenen und zur Überprüfung herangezogenen Prozeßgrößen zusammengefaßt werden:
- Versorgungsspannung Uac, UN,
- Unter/Überspannung UNmin, UNmax,
- Batteriespannung UB,
- Zwischenkreisspannung U₀,Udc,
- Lampenstrom/Betriebsstrom IL1,IL2,
- Lampenspannung UL1,UL2,
- Ausgangsspannung UHF,
- Ausgangsstrom IHF,
- Wendelstrom IW1, IW2,
- Wechselspannungsgenerator-Zweigstrom IKap.
- Supply voltage U ac , U N ,
- Under / overvoltage U Nmin , U Nmax ,
- Battery voltage U B ,
- DC link voltage U₀, U dc ,
- Lamp current / operating current I L1 , I L2 ,
- Lamp voltage U L1 , U L2 ,
- Output voltage U HF ,
- Output current I HF ,
- Spiral current I W1 , I W2 ,
- AC generator branch current I Chap .
Anhand der aufgeführten Größen werden Überspannung und Unterspannung im Zwischenkreis und im Versorgungskreis erfaßt. Die Steuer- und Regelschaltung 17 schaltet dabei alle Funktionen ab, wenn die Spannung zu hoch wird, und kann erst wieder in Funktion gehen, wenn die Spannung einmal ab- und wieder zugeschaltet wurde.Overvoltage and undervoltage in the intermediate circuit and in the supply circuit are detected using the variables listed. The control and regulating
Das Auftreten von Unterspannung - welches zu einem gefährdenden kapazitiven Betrieb des Wechselrichters führt - wird damit beantwortet, daß die Ansteuerschaltung 31 gesperrt wird. Solange die Netzversorgung nicht die notwendige Spannung hat, um den Heizvorgang der Wendeln zu garantierten und den kapazitiven Betrieb zu vermeiden, nimmt die Steuer- und Regeleinrichtung 17 keine Zündung vor. Erst nach Überschreiten eines vorgebbaren Schwellenwertes wird der Zündvorgang ausgelöst. Dieses geschieht automatisch.The occurrence of undervoltage - which leads to a dangerous capacitive operation of the inverter - is answered by the fact that the
Eine Notbetriebsumschaltung auf eine vorgebbare Notbeleuchtungs-Helligkeit erfolgt beispielsweise dann, wenn über den üblichen Wechselspannungs-Versorgungseingang des Einschaltkreises 20 und über den Meßfühler R21,C25 (Fig. 4) eine Gleichspannung UN von dem Regelschaltkreis 17 erkannt wird. Hierzu dient eine Zähllogik, die bei Ausbleiben der Über- oder Unterschreitung eines vorgegebenen Schwellenwertes den Notbetrieb einleitet. Dies kann nach einer vorgebenen Totzeit geschehen, die einzelne, möglicherweise fehlende, Halbwellen, überbrückt.An emergency mode switchover to a predeterminable emergency lighting brightness takes place, for example, when a DC voltage U N is detected by the
Fällt in einem Leuchtensystem die normal speisende Wechselspannung Uac, UN aus, so wird eine Notspannungsversorgung UB, die aus Batterien oder einem Generator gewonnen wird, auf die Netzspannungsleitung gelegt. Dies erkennen die EVGs automatisch.If the normally feeding AC voltage U ac , U N fails in a lighting system, an emergency voltage supply U B , which is obtained from batteries or a generator, is placed on the mains voltage line. The ECGs recognize this automatically.
Im Notbetrieb wird die Helligkeit der Leuchtstofflampen nicht mehr durch den digital vorgegebenen Helligkeitswert DIMM vorgegeben, sondern durch einen dezentral am Gerät vorgebbaren Trimmwert, der über den Eingang UNOT vorgebbar ist. Sollte sich das EVG beim Eintreten dieses Notbetriebes im Abschalt-Modus (SLEEP) befinden, d. h. Lampe und Wechselrichter abgeschaltet, so führt es zuerst den normalen Zündvorgang (ZÜND) durch, um nachher auf die Notbetriebshelligkeit zu stellen.In emergency mode, the brightness of the fluorescent lamps is no longer specified by the digitally specified brightness value DIMM, but by a trim value that can be specified locally on the device and can be specified via the input U NOT . If the ECG is in switch-off mode (SLEEP) when this emergency operation occurs, ie the lamp and inverter are switched off, it will first carry out the normal ignition process (IGNIT) in order to set the emergency operating brightness afterwards.
Bei erkanntem Ende des Notbetriebszustandes geht das EVG in den vorherigen Zustand zurück, dies kann der AUS-Zustand sein, wenn sich das EVG vorher dort befand. Dies kann jedoch auch der ursprüngliche Helligkeitswert (DIMM) sein, sofern dieser vor Anforderung des Notbetriebes vorlag.When the end of the emergency operating state is recognized, the electronic ballast returns to the previous state; this can be the OFF state if the electronic ballast was previously there. However, this can also be the original brightness value (DIMM), if this was available before requesting emergency operation.
Über die Erfassung des Wendelstromes erfolgt eine Erkennung, ob entweder eine Lampe nicht eingesetzt ist oder eine der beiden Wendeln gebrochen ist. In einem dieser Fehler-Fälle wird der Wechselrichter 30 an seiner maximalen Frequenz fmax betrieben, was einerseits einen nach wie vor fließenden Heizstrom zur Folge hat, wenn die defekte Lampe ausgetauscht worden ist und andererseits die Spannung an der defekten Lampe auf das kleinstmögliche Maß heruntersetzt. Dies ist zur Einhaltung der Sicherheitsbestimmung nach VDE wichtig. Der induktive Teil des Serienresonanzkreises im Ausgang wird bei der genannten hohen Frequenz fmax gegenüber dem kapazitiven Widerstand des Zündkondensators C17 so hoch, daß die Spannung am Ausgang auf ungefährliche Werte beschränkt wird und keine Gefahr für das Wartungspersonal besteht.The detection of the filament current detects whether either a lamp is not inserted or one of the two filaments is broken. In one of these error cases, the
Bei Einsetzen einer funktionsfähigen Lampe wird ohne weitere Maßnahmen nach Abwarten der Vorheizdauer der Zündvorgang (ZÜND) eingeleitet.If a functional lamp is inserted, the ignition process (IGNITION) is initiated without waiting for the preheating time to elapse.
Die interne Ablaufsteuerung im Steuer- und Regelschaltkreis 17 begrenzt weiterhin auch die Anzahl der Startversuche auf zwei und setzt (sendet) immer dann, wenn ein Fehlerfall vorliegt, wenn z. B. die Lampe fehlt, wenn ein Wendelbruch oder ein Gasdefekt vorliegt, ein Fehlersignal über die Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 auf dem bidirektionalen Bus 12 ab. Dies gilt auch im Notbetrieb, da beim Defekt der Lampe der Notbetrieb nicht eingehalten werden kann.The internal sequence control in the control and regulating
Verdrahtungsfehler, die zu einem Kurzschluß der Entladungsstrecke der Lampe führen, können aufgrund der Prozeßsignale dann erfaßt werden, wenn die Lampenspannungen auf einen vorgegebenen minimalen Wert hin überwacht werden. Dabei führt eine Unterschreitung dieses vorgegebenen Wertes, wie bei der Netzüberspannungs-Überwachung zu einem Abschalten des gesamten EVG.Wiring errors, which lead to a short circuit in the discharge path of the lamp, can be detected on the basis of the process signals when the lamp voltages are monitored for a predetermined minimum value. If the value falls below this specified value, as in the case of mains overvoltage monitoring, the entire ECG is switched off.
Auch die Zündunwilligkeit der Lampe, z. B. durch Gasdefekt, wird von dem Steuer- und Regelschaltkreis 17 erkannt. Wenn die Lampe innerhalb einer vorgegebenen Zündvorgabezeit nicht gezündet werden kann, d. h. wenn ein Abfallen der Spannung an dem Zündkondensator C17 innerhalb dieser Zeitspanne nicht eintritt, greift die genannte Sperre ein.Also the unwillingness to ignite the lamp, e.g. B. by gas defect, is recognized by the control and regulating
Neben einem vollständigen Abschalten und einer Fehlermeldung kann auch eine Wiederholzeit abgewartet werden, nach der ein erneuter Zünd- und Starversuch unternommen wird. Wird auch hierbei kein Zünderfolg bewirkt, so reagiert die Steuer- und Regelschaltung 17 wie bei Heizwendelbruch und setzt die Frequenz des Wechselrichters 30 auf maximalen Wert fmax.In addition to a complete shutdown and an error message, a repeat time can also be waited for after which a new attempt to start and start is made. If no ignition success is achieved here either, the control and regulating
Bei Austauschen der Lampe, was der Steuer- und Regelschaltkreis 17 an einem Ansteigen der Lampenspannung oder an einem Verändern des Heizwendelstromes erkennt, erfolgt nach Wiedereinsetzen einer neuen Lampe neuerlich ein Zündversuch.When the lamp is replaced, which the control and regulating
Zur Helligkeitsregelung der Leuchtstofflampen sei folgendes erläutert. Es findet eine echte Helligkeitsregelung Anwendung, da diese lampentypunabhängig gleiche Lampenleistungen - bei im wesentlichen gleichem Lampenwirkungsgrad - gewährleistet. Die istwertbestimmenden Meßgrößen Lampenstrom, Lampenspannung werden multipliziert und analog oder digital mit den über die Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 ferngesteuert vorgegebenen Sollwerten verglichen. Das Vergleichsergebnis steuert unmittelbar oder über einen Regler die Frequenz f des Wechselspannungsgenerators 30. Wild eine genauere Helligkeitsabstufung gewünscht, so kann eine logarithmische Sollwertanpassung erfolgen. Auf gleiche Weise kann eine exponentielle Istwertgewichtung durchgeführt werden. Neben der Lampentypunabhängigkeit wird auch eine Kompensation von Lampenalter, von der bestehenden Betriebstemperatur und auch von der möglicherweise schwankenden Netzspannung UN erreicht.The following is explained for the brightness control of the fluorescent lamps. A real brightness control is used, since this guarantees the same lamp outputs regardless of the lamp type - with essentially the same lamp efficiency. The measured values determining the actual value, lamp current and lamp voltage, are multiplied and compared in analog or digital form with the setpoints predetermined by remote control via the transmitting and receiving device 10. The comparison result controls the frequency f of the alternating
Mit der prozeßsignalgesteuerten Betriebszustandsüberwachung wird es auch möglich, das Zünden der Lampen auf kleine Helligkeitswerte durchzuführen, wobei der normalerweise auftretende Lichtimpuls vermieden werden kann. Letzterer ist bedingt durch die sich im Ausgangskreis durch den Zündvorgang speichernde Energie, die dann nach Zünden schlagartig in die Lampe entladen wird. Zur Unterdrückung bzw. Beseitigung wird eine schnelle Zünderkennung - über die Änderung der Lampenbrennspannung UL1,UL2 -vorgesehen, sowie eine schnelle Reduktion des Lampenstroms nach dem Zünden ausgeführt. Letzteres durch augenblickliche Verschiebung der Wechselrichter-Ausgangsfrequenz in Richtung zu höheren Frequenzen hin. Hierdurch wird der Glimmbereich zwischen dem Zünden und der stationären Gasentladung künstlich verlängert. Hierdurch würde unter normalen Umständen eine Reduktion der Lampenlebensdauer auftreten. Dies wird gem. dem Ausführungsbeispiel jedoch vermieden, da die Verlängerung der Glimmphase nur für die kritischen niedrigen Helligkeitswerte eingesetzt wird. Fur große Helligkeitswerte wird der Strom auf einem höheren Pegel gehalten, wodurch die Glimmphase verkürzt wird. Dies kann über digitale Steuerworte und die Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung 10 per Software eingestellt werden.With the process signal-controlled operating state monitoring, it is also possible to ignite the lamps to small brightness values, whereby the normally occurring light pulse can be avoided. The latter is due to the energy stored in the output circuit by the ignition process, which is then suddenly discharged into the lamp after ignition. For suppression or elimination, a quick ignition detection - by changing the lamp lamp voltage U L1 , U L2 - is provided, as well as a quick reduction of the lamp current after ignition. The latter by instantly shifting the inverter output frequency towards higher frequencies. As a result, the glow area between the ignition and the stationary gas discharge is artificially extended. This would result in a reduction in lamp life under normal circumstances. This is according to the embodiment avoided, however, since the extension of the glow phase is used only for the critical low brightness values. For large brightness values, the current is kept at a higher level, which shortens the glow phase. This can be set via digital control words and the transmitting and receiving device 10 by software.
In Fig. 9 ist ein Helligkeits-Zeitdiagramm dargestellt, in welchem die Helligkeit der von dem EVG gemäß Fig. 1 gesteuerten Lampe zeitabhängig variiert wird. Zunächst ist maximale Helligkeit vorgesehen, es folgt ein über die Busleitung 12 und die Digitalschnittstelle 10 vorgegebener Abschalt-Zyklus. Die Helligkeit wird gem. einer vorgegebenen Steigung bis auf Null reduziert, sodann schalten sich der Wechselrichter 30, seine Treiberschaltung 31 und wesentliche Teile des Steuer-ICs 17 zur Stromersparnis ab. Ein daraufhin folgender Notbeleuchtungs-Zustand führt - trotz abgeschaltetem System - zu einem gesteuerten Zünden sowie einem Aufbau der Helligkeit der Lampe auf die voreingestellte Notbeleuchtungshelligkeit (NOT). Diese ist über die Sollwert-Vorgabe UNOT für jedes dezentrale EVG veränderbar. Ebenso ist der in Fig. 9 eingezeichnete maximale und minimale Helligkeitswert (MIN,MAX) über eine entsprechende Sollwertvorgabe einstellbar oder abgleichbar. FIG. 9 shows a brightness-time diagram in which the brightness of the lamp controlled by the electronic ballast according to FIG. 1 is varied as a function of time. First, maximum brightness is provided, followed by a switch-off cycle specified via the
In Fig.10 ist ein programmtechnisch gesteuerter "Softstart" als Helligkeits-Zeitdiagramm schematisch dargestellt. Das EVG 60 befindet sich zunächst in abgeschaltetem Zustand (AUS). Der Befehl "Softstart" führt nun entweder auf ein automatisches steigungsgeregeltes Ansteigen der Lampenhelligkeit - nach deren Zündung - oder zu einem programmgesteuerten inkrementalen Anwachsen der Lampenhelligkeitsstufen. Im letzteren Fall werden von dem zentralen Steuergerät 50 aus in bestimmten Zeitabschnitten inkremental wachsende Helligkeitswerte gesendet. Die dezentralen EVGs folgen den Anforderungen nahezu verzögerungslos. Hierdurch wird ein änderungsgeschwindigkeits-gesteuertes (geregeltes) Ansteigen und Abfallen der dezentralen Lichtquellen möglich.A programmatically controlled "soft start" is shown schematically in FIG. 10 as a brightness-time diagram. The
Claims (38)
- System for the control of the brightness and the operational behaviour of gas discharge lamps, having one or more electronic ballasts (EVG 60-1 to 60-i) and a central control apparatus (50, 51), the system having the following features:a) the central control apparatus (50, 51)a1) is connected with the or each electronic ballast (EVG 60-1 to 60-i) via respective bus line pairs or via a single common bus line pair (12),a2) contains means for generating digital control signals for the operational state, such as e.g. emergency, sleep, ignition, off or on state, and for the lamp brightness (Esoll) and/or the lamp power (Psoll) of the or each electronic ballast, and for delivering these control signals to the corresponding bus line pair (12),a3) contains means for the reception and the evaluation of digital fault reports and/or digital operational state information, which are applied to the corresponding bus line (12) from the or each electronic ballast,b) the or each electronic ballast (EVG 60-1 to 60-i) hasb1) a rectifier circuit (GR, 20) connectable to the a.c. current mains (Netz),b2) an a.c. voltage generator (30, WR) fed from the rectifier circuit (GR, 20) and variable in its output frequency (UHF),b3) a load circuit (40) which includes at least one series oscillation circuit (L3, C14) and at least one gas discharge lamp (LA1, LA2) and which is fed from the a.c. voltage generator (30) with the variable output frequency (UHF) thereof,b4) a digital interface (10), constituted as a transmission and reception device and connected with the corresponding bus line pair (12), for receiving the digital control signals issued from the central control apparatus and for sending the digital fault reports and/or the digital operational state information to the central control apparatus,b5) a control device (17) connected with the digital interface (10), which control device evaluates the digital control signals transferred thereto from the digital interface (10) for the control or regulation of the electronic ballast, and which evaluates measurement value signals (UL1, UL2, IW1, IW2, Udc, Uac) taken up by the electronic ballast and generates therefrom digital fault reports and operational state information and transfers this to the digital interface (10).
- System according to claim 1,
characterized in that,
the control device (17) of the or each electronic ballast functions also as regulation device in that it evaluates the measurement signals (UL1, UL2, IW1, IW2, Udc, Uac) which it takes up as actual values parameters and evaluates the digital signals centrally supplied thereto indirectly via the digital interface, and/or evaluates control signals centrally supplied directly thereto, as desired value parameters, and correspondingly generates digital regulation signals for regulation of the output frequency (UHF) of the a.c. voltage generator (30). - System according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that,
in the shutdown operational state, in which the gas discharge lamp is shut down, the a.c. voltage generator (WR, 30) is, via a driver circuit (31) and the control device (17), made inoperative immediately or after a predetermined period of time. - System according to claim 3,
characterized in that,
the control device (17) is made inoperative at the same time as the a.c. voltage generator (WR, 30) or with a slight delay, and in that upon receipt of a new digital brightness command the control device (17) and the a.c. voltage generator (30) are reactivated. - System according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that,
a change in one of the supply voltages (UN, Uac) feeding the rectifier circuit (20) is detected and in response the control device (17) correspondingly changes the operational state and/or the brightness (E) or the gas discharge lamp (LA1, LA2), in particular upon recognition of d.c. voltage (UB) the control device sets a predeterminable emergency lighting level (NOT). - System according to claim 1, 2 or 5,
characterized in that,
a change in an intermediate circuit d.c. voltage (U₀, Udc) feeding the a.c. voltage generator (30) before and/or during stable operation is detected and in response the operational state of the gas discharge lamp (LA1, LA2) is correspondingly influenced, in particular is shut down upon a predeterminable overvoltage value (UNmax) being exceeded and is not ignited when an undervoltage value (UNmin) is undershot. - System according to claim 1, 2, 5 or 6,
characterized in that,
the recognition of a d.c. voltage (UB) supplying the electronic ballast (60), instead of a regular supply a.c. voltage (UN, Uac), is recognizable via counter logic means which monitors or recognizes the temporal interval of the appearance of a predeterminable threshold value in the supply voltage (UN, UB). - System according to any preceding claim,
characterized in that,
the emergency lighting level, pre-set by means of a setting member (R7, C28, R6), has priority over a brightness level set by means of a command word and over the shutdown state, e.g. over the switched off or sleep state, if present. - System according to claim 8,
characterized in that,
after activation of the emergency lighting level a return to the shutdown operational state occurs when the latter was present before activation of the emergency lighting level. - System according to any preceding claim,
characterized in that,
a plurality of presettable desired values (NOT, TR1, TR2) can be predetermined as brightness levels of the gas discharge lamp or lamps of the or each control device (17) or of the or each interface (10) by means of potentiometers, trimmer resistances or voltage dividers (R2, R6, R7, R32, R33), which can be individually called up by means of command words at the digital interface (10) or are settable at the gas discharge lamp or lamps (40) from the control device (17) via the a.c. voltage generator (30). - System according to any of claims 2 to 10,
characterized in that,
the dimmed brightness values are varied via a logarithmically or exponentially working functional member in the desired value channel or in the actual value channel of the brightness regulation circuit (Psoll, Eist). - System according to any preceding claim,
characterized in that,
the control and/or regulation of the brightness (E) and the operational states of the gas discharge lamp or lamps (LA1, LA2) is effected by frequency variation (f) of the a.c. voltage (UHF) delivered from the a.c. voltage generator (40), or
in that a frequency variation (f) and a duty ratio change of the a.c. voltage (UHF) is carried out for the purpose of brightness variation (Eist) of the gas discharge lamp or lamps, whereby in particular in the lower dimming region the duty ratio is selected to be lesser. - System according to any preceding claim,
characterized in that,
the digital control signals are supplied as command words, in particular having 8-bit word length, serially via the bus line pair (12) of the or each digital interface (10), of the or each control device (17) of the or each connected electronic ballast (EVG 60-1 to 60-i). - System according to claim 13,
characterized in that,
each connected electronic ballast (EVG 60-1 to 60-i) is addressable and controllable, in particular dimmable, individually or in functional groups, via the command words. - System according to claim 13 or 14,
characterized in that,
the serial command words are supplied via a band-pass or a differentiation member (C22, C23, R4, R5, C12) of the digital interface (10). - System according to claim 13 or 14,
characterized in that,
the serial command words are inductively supplied via a transformer of the digital interface (10). - System according to any preceding claim,
characterized in that,
for the avoidance of parasitic light (im)pulses during an ignition procedure, a rapid ignition recognition is provided, and in that upon detection of an ignition a rapid reduction of the lamp current is effected. - System according to claim 17,
characterized in that,
the reduction of the lamp current is realized by means of momentary displacement of the inverter output frequency (f) in the direction towards higher frequency. - System according to claim 17 or 18,
characterized in that,
the duration of the glow phase, between ignition procedure and stable nominal or dimmed operation, is varied in dependence upon the stable brightness. - System according to claim 19,
characterized in that,
the duration of the glow phase is extended for lesser stable brightnesses. - System according to any preceding claim,
characterized in that,
from the shutdown state of the gas discharge lamp, the brightness is taken to the desired stable brightness by means of a collective command or by means of incremental dimming commands, controlled in terms of rate of change, or vice versa. - System according to any preceding claim,
characterized in that,
after a predeterminable number of, in particular two, failed attempted ignitions of the gas discharge lamp or lamps (LA1, LA2), an internal process control prevents further ignition attempts. - System according to claim 22,
characterized in that,
the internal process control, after prevention of the ignition attempts, initiates further ignition attempts provided that the lamp has been exchanged. - System according to any preceding claim,
characterized in that,
there can be supplied to the control device (17), directly decentrally, a plurality (m) of measurement value signals such as lamp current (IL1, IL2), lamp a.c. voltage (UL1, UL2), heating coil current (IW1, IW2), a.c. voltage generator branch current (iKAP), inverter output voltage (UHF), intermediate circuit d.c. voltage (Udc, U₀), and, either directly decentrally or indirectly centrally via the interface (10), a plurality (n) of desired value parameters, such as emergency lighting level, upper and lower brightness limit values, operational brightness level (Esoll, Psoll). - System according to claim 24,
characterized in that,
from the measurement value signals lamp current (IL1, IL2) and lamp voltage (UL1, UL2) the actual lamp power (Pist) or its brightness (Eist) is determined and can be compared with a centrally predeterminable brightness value (Psoll, Esoll), and in that on the basis of the difference signal a frequency variation (f) of the decentral a.c. voltage generator (30) in the electronic ballast (EVG 60-i) is effected. - System according to claim 24 or 25,
characterized in that,
the control device (17) detects capacitative operation of the load circuit (40) from the measurement value signals lamp current (IL1, IL2) and a.c. voltage generator output voltage (UHF) through comparison of the zero crossings of the two or the relative phase between the two parameters (UHF, IL1, IL2), and in that upon detection of such a mode of operation the frequency (f) of the a.c. voltage generator (30) is displaced upwardly. - System according to any of claims 24 to 26,
characterized in that,
the measurement value heating coil current (IW1, IW2) is monitored for the purpose of determining that it exceeds a predetermined threshold value, and in that, when the above-mentioned threshold value is undershot, the a.c. voltage generator (30) is displaced towards its maximum frequency (fmax) by the control device (17), and in that, a digital fault signal is issued via the interface (10). - System according to claim 27,
characterized in that,
the measurement value heating coil current (IW1, IW2) is monitored also whilst the a.c. voltage generator (30) is working with maximum frequency, in order to initiate a new start upon recognition of a newly emplaced lamp. - System according to any of claims 24 to 28,
characterized in that,
the lamp current (IL1, IL2) may have superimposed thereupon a minor d.c. current component, which is preferably present in the region of lesser brightness values of the gas discharge lamp (LA1, LA2), and which in particular amounts to 1% of the lamp current. - System according to claim 12, 24 or 25,
characterized in that,
the variation of the frequency (f) of the a.c. voltage generator (30) is effected by means of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) provided in the control device (17). - System according to claim 24 or 25,
characterized in that,
in the case of emergency operation, the centrally predetermined brightness value (Psoll, Esoll) is replaced by the emergency lighting level decentrally predeterminably preset at the respective control device (17) of each electronic ballast (EVG 60-i). - System according to any preceding claim,
characterized in that,
the electronic ballast (EVG 60-1 to 60-i) has- at least one pair of series resonant circuits (L2, C15, L3, C16) which connect the output of the a.c. voltage generator (30, WR) each with a pair of discharge lamps (LA1, LA2, GE-lamp),- at least a pair of ignition capacitors (C17, C18) of which each one of a pair is connected parallel to a respective one of a pair of gas discharge lamps (LA1, LA2), and- at least one inductive balancing element (TR1) that is magnetisable in opposite senses by the lamp currents (IL1, IL2) of a pair of gas discharge lamps (LA1, LA2). - System according to claim 32, characterized in that, the ignition capacitor (C17, C18) is connected between the coil (L2, L3) and the capacitor (C15, C16) of the series resonant circuit.
- System according to claim 32 or 33, characterized in that, the balancing element (TR1) is a two-winding transformer, both windings of which have the same number of turns.
- System according to any of claims 32 to 34, characterized in that,
at least one pair of current measurement members (R31, R32), preferably a pair of low resistance shunts, is provided, whereby each current measurement member (R31, R32) is connected in series to a respective gas discharge lamp,
in that,
at least one pair of voltage measurement members (R25-R28), preferably a pair of voltage dividers, is provided, whereby each voltage measurement member (R25, R27, R26, R28) is connected in parallel to a respective gas discharge lamp, and in that all measurement parameters (UL1, UL2, IL1, IL2) taken from the measurement members are supplied to the control and/or regulation device. - Device according to any of claims 32 to 35, characterized in that, the heating coils of each gas discharge lamp are heatable, with voltage control, by a respective heating transformer (L5, L4) having a primary winding and a respective secondary winding for each heating coil of the gas discharge lamp, whereby each heating transformer (L4, L5) is connected on its primary side parallel to the gas discharge lamp the heating coils of which it heats.
- System according to claim 36, characterized in that, on the primary side of each heating transformer (L4, L5) a respective current measurement member (R10, R11) is connected in series, the respective output signal (IL1, IL2) of which can be supplied to the control and/or regulation device (17) for the detection of the heating coil configuration and for the derivation of a fault signal therefrom.
- System according to claim 29 and claim 32 or 36, characterized in that, the d.c. current component in the lamp current is provided by means of a Zener diode (V16, V17) which is connected in series to the heating transformer or transformers (L4, Lf).
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP99126075A EP0989787A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Process and circuit for controlling the light intensity and the behaviour of gas discharge lamps |
EP95114483A EP0689373A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuits for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP95114340A EP0688153A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Process and circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP95114759A EP0706307A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP95114670A EP0701389B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP99126074A EP0989786B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Process and circuit for controlling the light intensity and the behaviour of gas discharge lamps |
EP95114571A EP0701390A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4039161 | 1990-12-07 | ||
DE4039161A DE4039161C2 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1990-12-07 | System for controlling the brightness and operating behavior of fluorescent lamps |
Related Child Applications (5)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95114670.3 Division-Into | 1991-12-09 | ||
EP95114483.1 Division-Into | 1991-12-09 | ||
EP95114670A Division EP0701389B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP95114571.3 Division-Into | 1991-12-09 | ||
EP95114340.3 Division-Into | 1991-12-09 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0490329A1 EP0490329A1 (en) | 1992-06-17 |
EP0490329B1 true EP0490329B1 (en) | 1996-04-17 |
Family
ID=6419851
Family Applications (9)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP91121150A Revoked EP0490329B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | System for controlling the light intensity and the behaviour of gas discharge lamps |
EP99126074A Expired - Lifetime EP0989786B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Process and circuit for controlling the light intensity and the behaviour of gas discharge lamps |
EP95114759A Withdrawn EP0706307A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP95114571A Withdrawn EP0701390A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP91121151A Expired - Lifetime EP0490330B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Control circuit for gasdischarge lamps |
EP95114483A Withdrawn EP0689373A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuits for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP99126075A Ceased EP0989787A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Process and circuit for controlling the light intensity and the behaviour of gas discharge lamps |
EP95114340A Withdrawn EP0688153A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Process and circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP95114670A Expired - Lifetime EP0701389B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
Family Applications After (8)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99126074A Expired - Lifetime EP0989786B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Process and circuit for controlling the light intensity and the behaviour of gas discharge lamps |
EP95114759A Withdrawn EP0706307A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP95114571A Withdrawn EP0701390A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP91121151A Expired - Lifetime EP0490330B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Control circuit for gasdischarge lamps |
EP95114483A Withdrawn EP0689373A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuits for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP99126075A Ceased EP0989787A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Process and circuit for controlling the light intensity and the behaviour of gas discharge lamps |
EP95114340A Withdrawn EP0688153A3 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Process and circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
EP95114670A Expired - Lifetime EP0701389B1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1991-12-09 | Circuit for controlling the light intensity and the operating mode of discharge lamps |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (9) | EP0490329B1 (en) |
AT (4) | ATE262774T1 (en) |
DE (5) | DE4039161C2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2087222T3 (en) |
FI (1) | FI117464B (en) |
NO (1) | NO300750B1 (en) |
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DE3729383A1 (en) * | 1987-09-03 | 1989-03-16 | Philips Patentverwaltung | CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT FOR STARTING A HIGH-PRESSURE DISCHARGE LAMP |
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EP0338109B1 (en) * | 1988-04-20 | 1994-03-23 | Zumtobel Aktiengesellschaft | Converter for a discharge lamp |
US4904905A (en) * | 1988-08-05 | 1990-02-27 | American Sterilizer Company | Dual resonant frequency arc lamp power supply |
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DE4021131A1 (en) * | 1990-07-03 | 1992-01-09 | Zumtobel Ag | CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT AND METHOD FOR APPROACHING A NON-LINEAR TRANSMISSION FUNCTION |
-
1990
- 1990-12-07 DE DE4039161A patent/DE4039161C2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1991
- 1991-12-05 FI FI915757A patent/FI117464B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-12-06 NO NO914820A patent/NO300750B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-12-09 AT AT99126074T patent/ATE262774T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-12-09 AT AT95114670T patent/ATE215770T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-12-09 EP EP91121150A patent/EP0490329B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1991-12-09 DE DE59107686T patent/DE59107686D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-12-09 EP EP99126074A patent/EP0989786B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-12-09 DE DE59109232T patent/DE59109232D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-12-09 DE DE59109260T patent/DE59109260D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-12-09 EP EP95114759A patent/EP0706307A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-12-09 EP EP95114571A patent/EP0701390A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-12-09 EP EP91121151A patent/EP0490330B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-12-09 EP EP95114483A patent/EP0689373A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-12-09 EP EP99126075A patent/EP0989787A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-12-09 EP EP95114340A patent/EP0688153A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-12-09 DE DE59106372T patent/DE59106372D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-12-09 EP EP95114670A patent/EP0701389B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-12-09 AT AT91121150T patent/ATE137078T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-12-09 ES ES91121150T patent/ES2087222T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-12-09 AT AT91121151T patent/ATE127312T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6765354B2 (en) | 2000-10-09 | 2004-07-20 | Tridonicatco Gmbh & Co. Kg | Circuitry arrangement for the operation of a plurality of gas discharge lamps |
EP1803336B1 (en) * | 2004-10-20 | 2014-08-06 | Tridonic GmbH & Co KG | Modulation of a pfc during dc operation |
WO2012020047A1 (en) | 2010-08-10 | 2012-02-16 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Modulation of a pfc during dc operation |
DE102013107872B3 (en) * | 2013-08-07 | 2014-12-11 | Vossloh-Schwabe Deutschland Gmbh | Device and method for operating a lamp arrangement |
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