EP0464436B1 - Zyklonbrenner mit zylindrischer Brennkammer - Google Patents

Zyklonbrenner mit zylindrischer Brennkammer Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0464436B1
EP0464436B1 EP91109846A EP91109846A EP0464436B1 EP 0464436 B1 EP0464436 B1 EP 0464436B1 EP 91109846 A EP91109846 A EP 91109846A EP 91109846 A EP91109846 A EP 91109846A EP 0464436 B1 EP0464436 B1 EP 0464436B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion chamber
gas
burner according
cyclonic burner
outlet slit
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91109846A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0464436A2 (de
EP0464436A3 (en
Inventor
Heinz Mallek
Winfried Brunner
Markus Jennebach
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Wamsler Umwelttechnik GmbH
Original Assignee
Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Wamsler Umwelttechnik GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wamsler Umwelttechnik GmbH filed Critical Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Publication of EP0464436A2 publication Critical patent/EP0464436A2/de
Publication of EP0464436A3 publication Critical patent/EP0464436A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0464436B1 publication Critical patent/EP0464436B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C3/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber
    • F23C3/006—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber the chamber being arranged for cyclonic combustion

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cyclone burner with a cylindrical combustion chamber, as specified in the preamble of claim 1.
  • Exit openings in the combustion chamber wall are known for the exit of solid particles from a cylindrical combustion chamber, US Pat. No. 3,357,383. Some of the solid particles located directly on the combustion chamber wall can be removed from the combustion chamber via these outlet openings. Inserts corresponding to a combustion grate for removing ash from a cyclone burner are described in DE-PS 10 24 663, a cyclone burner with vertically arranged axis and deduction of the solid particles from funnel-shaped soil is known from DE-PS 974 562.
  • EP-A-0 271 642 discloses a cyclone burner with a cylindrical combustion chamber for burning a fuel gas / air mixture introduced tangentially into the combustion chamber.
  • outlet slots for solid particles carried by the fuel gas are provided, which collide with wall steps that are located behind the outlet slots as seen in the flow direction of the fuel gas / air mixture and stand out from the jacket towards the interior of the combustion chamber and into through the outlet slots get an ash room.
  • the separation is only partially successful.
  • particles can also be thrown back into the interior of the combustion chamber when hitting the wall steps instead of passing through the outlet slots.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a cyclone burner with a rapid and as complete as possible separation possibility for the solid particles located in the area of the combustion chamber near the wall.
  • the wall step is formed by a boundary surface of the outlet slot, the height of the wall step simultaneously determining the opening width of the outlet slot.
  • the wall step height is adapted to the particle fraction to be removed from the combustion chamber.
  • the wall step is thus open at the end of the solid particles for entry and the opening width of the formed outlet slot is given by the wall step height (height of the open end wall) measured in the radial direction, which then also determines the particle fraction that can be removed from the combustion chamber.
  • the wall step is adjustable, claim 2.
  • a complete separation of the solid particles separating out in the combustion chamber is supported according to claim 3 in that the outlet slot in the cylindrical jacket extends over its entire width. So that the solid particles from the combustion chamber can enter the separation chamber unhindered, the outlet slit has a flow cross-section that widens outwards in a wedge shape, claim 4.
  • a negative pressure is generated in relation to the pressure in the combustion chamber.
  • a bypass line leading from the separating space to the exhaust line is preferably used for this purpose. The vacuum is set by an adjustable throttle valve in the bypass line, claim 6.
  • Figures 1 to 3 show cyclone burners with cylindrical combustion chambers 1, the combustion chamber axes 2 are arranged horizontally.
  • a gas supply 3 for a fuel gas / air mixture In the exemplary embodiment, the gas supply 3 has two flow spaces 5, 6 separated from one another by a partition 4, through which fuel gas in the flow space 5 and air in the flow space 6 are introduced into the combustion chamber 1.
  • the fuel gas / air mixture that forms in the upper region of the combustion chamber is ignited at the start of the cyclone burner via a pilot burner 7.
  • the pilot burner 7 is inserted into the combustion chamber 1 through the jacket 8 thereof. With the pilot burner 7, the combustion chamber 1 can also be preheated to a suitable ignition temperature before the entry of fuel gas and air, at which the fuel gas / air mixture is combustible from the time of ignition with formation of only small amounts of harmful gas.
  • the exhaust gas formed in the combustion chamber 1 flows out via an exhaust gas line 9 with line parts 9a, 9b.
  • the exhaust pipe 9 is connected to the front of the combustion chamber 1, in the exemplary embodiment on a front 10 centrally and parallel to the combustion chamber axis 2.
  • the part 9a of the exhaust gas line 9, which forms the connection of the exhaust gas line to an end face 10 of the combustion chamber 1, has a narrower flow cross section 11 than the part 9b of the exhaust gas line 9 with a flow cross section 12.
  • the part 9a can be designed in the form of a nozzle, the Flow cross-section 11 from the connection of the exhaust gas line starting from the end face 10 to the mouth of part 9a in part 9b expanded like a Laval nozzle. This accelerates and stabilizes the exhaust gas flow from the combustion chamber 1, with a mixing effect for the burnout at the same time of the exhaust gas is reached.
  • the exhaust gas flows through part 9b to a heat exchanger not shown in the drawing.
  • the outlet slot 13 In the lower area of the combustion chamber 1 there is an outlet slot 13 for the discharge of solid particles which are introduced into the combustion chamber 1 with the fuel gas. The solid particles fall via the outlet slot into a separating space 14 into which the outlet slot opens.
  • the separating space has a closable opening 14a for ash removal from the separating space.
  • the outlet slot 13 extends over the entire width B of the combustion chamber 1, see FIG. 2, and is formed by a wall step 15, the end face of which is open to the entry of solid particles.
  • the outlet slot 13 has a flow cross section 16 which widens outwards in the jacket 8, the outlet slot widens outwards in a wedge shape.
  • the wall step 15 is formed by a boundary surface 17, which is arranged at an angle to an opposite radially extending boundary surface 18 of the outlet slot 13.
  • the formation of the wall step 15, in particular the wall step height 19 with which the wall step projects into the combustion chamber 1, and the wedge-shaped widening of the outlet slot determine the solid particle fraction which is discharged into the separation chamber 14 via the outlet slot 13.
  • the wall step height 19 of the wall step is adjustable.
  • a wall step 15a is designed as a flap and movable about an axis 20. It can be rotated on the combustion chamber wall in accordance with the desired particle separation. Since the solid particles concentrate on the inside of the jacket due to the centrifugal forces acting on them, the thicker the gas layer carrying the particles, the more the wall step 15a can be led into the free combustion chamber space. However, the position of the wall step 15a also influences the optimal combustion process in the combustion chamber, it must be regulated accordingly.
  • the outlet slot 13 runs in the jacket 8 at an angle 21 to the radial plane 22 of the combustion chamber 1. The angle 21 is dimensioned such that the particles emerge from the combustion chamber with as little resistance as possible.
  • the outlet slot 13 has a uniform flow cross section 16a.
  • a combustible gas mixture already enters the combustion chamber 1 via the gas supply 3.
  • a control flap 24 is arranged in the mouth area 23 of the gas supply 3.
  • the position of the control flap 24 is changed with the aim of changing the gas inlet cross section, with the aim of making it constant
  • the entry velocity also influences the burnout of the gas mixture in the combustion chamber.
  • combustion chamber 1 according to FIG. 3 is constructed in the same way as the combustion chamber according to the embodiment according to FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the same reference numerals as in FIGS. 1 and 2 were therefore used in FIG. 3.
  • a bypass 25 leads from the separating space 14 to the exhaust gas line 9. It opens into part 9b of the exhaust gas line.
  • a throttle valve 26 is used, the position of which allows the desired negative pressure in the separating chamber 14 to be set relative to the pressure in the combustion chamber 1. The resulting pressure difference between combustion chamber 1 and separation chamber 14 influences the desired separation of the solid particles.
  • baffle plates 27 are used in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 in the separating space 14 of the cyclone burner, which hold back the solid particles in the separating space.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show a cyclone burner whose combustion chamber axis 28 is arranged vertically.
  • fuel gas and air are tangentially into a combustion chamber from the side 29 introduced via a fuel gas inlet 30 and an air line 31.
  • solid particles enter the combustion chamber 29 into the combustion chamber, which are preferably discharged from the combustion chamber 29 via an outlet slot 34 which is offset approximately 225 ° from the access 32 in the jacket 33 of the combustion chamber.
  • an adjustable wall step 15b is attached to the outlet slot 34.
  • the solid particles emerge via the wall step 15b in a separating space 35 which is cylindrical in the same way as the combustion chamber 29 and also has an axis arranged vertically.
  • the axis of the separating space 35 coincides with the combustion chamber axis 28 in the exemplary embodiment, the combustion chamber 29 is thus arranged centrally in the separating space 35.
  • the combustion chamber 29 has a chamber base 36 that slopes conically from its center toward the jacket 33.
  • passage openings for the solid particles are also provided in the bottom. The passage openings are not shown in FIG. 5.
  • the exhaust gas flows out of the combustion chamber 29 centrally.
  • Flow arrows 37 are shown schematically in FIG. 5 for the exhaust gas flow.
  • the hot exhaust gas is discharged within an exhaust gas line 38; in the exemplary embodiment, the exhaust gas line is connected to a heat exchanger (not shown in FIG. 5), via which the hot exhaust gas releases its heat to a heating medium.
  • the exhaust line 38 is open to the separation space 35.
  • the gas entering the separation chamber 35 when the solid particles are removed from the combustion chamber 29 can thus also be drawn off together with the exhaust gas directly via the exhaust line 38.
  • a flue gas recirculation 39 is also connected to the separating space 35, the access of which can be opened by means of an adjusting flap 40.
  • the amount of gas returned through the flue gas recirculation is regulated by adjusting the opening width of the control flap 40 accordingly.
  • a solid lock 42 is provided for emptying the separating space, which is opened for discharge depending on the amount of solid.
  • the central position of the combustion chamber 29 within the separating space 35 and the free flow deflection of the exhaust gas in the ceiling area of the separating space serve to largely clean the hot exhaust gas withdrawing from the combustion chamber before entering the heat exchanger. Solid particles introduced into the combustion chamber by the fuel gas / air mixture are separated in the separation room according to the desired requirements. A clogging of the heat exchanger with dust is thus sufficiently prevented in the cyclone burner according to the invention.
  • FIG. 6 shows a further combustion chamber with a horizontal combustion chamber axis in cross section.
  • This combustion chamber differs from the combustion chamber shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 essentially by a second particle outlet slot: in addition to a lower particle outlet slot 43 with wall step 44, which projects into the combustion chamber towards the interior 45, there is another particle outlet slot in the inlet area of the combustion gas and combustion air 46 arranged with wall step 47.
  • the wall step 47 has a height 19 which lifts off from the wall side 48 of the interior 45.
  • the particles entering the combustion chamber with the fuel gases are thus discharged from the combustion chamber at two points, the coarse particle fraction being discharged essentially via the particle outlet slot 46 and the finer fraction via the particle outlet slot 43.
  • the heights 19 of the wall steps 44 and 47 can also be dimensioned and designed differently in accordance with the desired degree of separation in the combustion chamber.
  • combustion air and fuel gas at the gas supply 3 still enter the combustion chamber separately, the combustion air via an air duct 49 opening at the gas supply 3, and the fuel gas via a fuel gas inlet duct 50.
  • the combustion chamber according to FIG. 6 functions in the same way as the combustion chamber shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Identically designed and functionally retained device parts are therefore marked in FIG. 6 with the same reference numerals as in the aforementioned figures.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Cyclones (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
  • Combustion Of Fluid Fuel (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
EP91109846A 1990-07-02 1991-06-15 Zyklonbrenner mit zylindrischer Brennkammer Expired - Lifetime EP0464436B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4021005A DE4021005C1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1990-07-02 1990-07-02
DE4021005 1990-07-02

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0464436A2 EP0464436A2 (de) 1992-01-08
EP0464436A3 EP0464436A3 (en) 1992-03-25
EP0464436B1 true EP0464436B1 (de) 1995-08-09

Family

ID=6409487

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91109846A Expired - Lifetime EP0464436B1 (de) 1990-07-02 1991-06-15 Zyklonbrenner mit zylindrischer Brennkammer

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0464436B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) ATE126341T1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR9102645A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE4021005C1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DK (1) DK0464436T3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
HU (1) HU211408B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010002737B4 (de) 2009-03-10 2024-07-18 Erk Eckrohrkessel Holding Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Durchführung eines Verfahrens zur Erzeugung von Dampf
DE102011111521A1 (de) 2011-08-31 2013-02-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Trichterförmige Sekundärbrennkammer
DE102011116723A1 (de) 2011-10-24 2013-04-25 Robert Bosch Gmbh Sekundärbrennkammer mit Sekundärlufteindüsung
CN107270288B (zh) * 2017-08-07 2023-03-14 段秀春 共模同步型工业烟气复燃循环处理模块、装置及方法
CN110440289B (zh) * 2019-07-26 2021-01-08 中国航发沈阳发动机研究所 一种燃气轮机燃烧室燃料空气高效混合装置

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE974562C (de) * 1941-04-17 1961-02-09 Aeg Feuerung fuer fluessige, gasfoermige oder staubfoermige Brennstoffe
FR1076716A (fr) * 1952-05-06 1954-10-28 Babcock & Wilcox France Perfectionnements aux foyers cyclones
DE1024663B (de) * 1954-09-08 1958-02-20 Heriberto Enrique Guillermo Ju Zyklonbrenner
GB804570A (en) * 1956-02-20 1958-11-19 Babcock & Wilcox Ltd Improvements in cyclone furnaces
US3179074A (en) * 1962-02-21 1965-04-20 Babcock & Wilcox Co Cyclone furnace
US3357383A (en) * 1965-08-05 1967-12-12 Golovanov Nikolai Vasilievich Horizontal cylindrical furnace with removal of liquid slag
DE3507371A1 (de) * 1985-03-02 1986-09-04 Norddeutsche Affinerie AG, 2000 Hamburg Vorrichtung fuer die pyrometallurgische behandlung feinkoerniger, schmelzfluessige produkte ergebender feststoffe
DE3643040C1 (de) * 1986-12-17 1988-02-25 Gewerk Sophia Jakoba Vorrichtung zum Verbrennen von Kohlenstaub

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0464436A2 (de) 1992-01-08
DE4021005C1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1991-08-14
HU907092D0 (en) 1991-05-28
HUT59473A (en) 1992-05-28
DK0464436T3 (da) 1995-11-27
ATE126341T1 (de) 1995-08-15
EP0464436A3 (en) 1992-03-25
BR9102645A (pt) 1992-01-21
HU211408B (en) 1995-11-28

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE69525237T2 (de) Wirbelschicht-Feuerungsanlage
EP1658891B1 (de) Verfahren zur Regulierung der Feststoffumlaufmenge eines zirkulierenden Wirbelschichtreaktorsystems
EP0213329A2 (de) Zerstäubungsvorrichtung
EP0204176A2 (de) Brennkammer für eine Wirbelschichtfeuerung
JPH0611109A (ja) 分割流バーナー組立体
EP0386806A2 (de) Vorrichtung zur Abscheidung flüssiger Asche
EP0204912A2 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verbrennen flüssiger und/oder fester Brennstoffe in pulverisierter Form
DE69938262T2 (de) Kessel
DE68918993T2 (de) Zyklonofen.
EP0464436B1 (de) Zyklonbrenner mit zylindrischer Brennkammer
DE69507971T2 (de) Brenner zur Verbrennung von Brennstoff
DE2745756C3 (de) Verbrennungsofen
DE3720963C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE3785854T2 (de) Mehrfach-zyklonabtrennvorrichtung.
AT397551B (de) Verbrennungsofen
DE60018148T2 (de) Brenner mit gestufter Luft- und Brennstoffzufuhr
EP0829678B1 (de) Kanalbrenner und Verfahren zum Aufheizen eines strömenden Gases
DE3324411C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP0706007A2 (de) Verfahren und Brenner zur Verbrennung von staubförmigem Brennstoff
DE68902948T2 (de) Kessel.
EP3228935B1 (de) Verfahren zur stickoxid-armen verbrennung von festen, flüssigen oder gasförmigen brennstoffen, insbesondere kohlenstaub, ein brenner und eine feuerungsanlage zur durchführung des verfahrens
DE4206758A1 (de) Vergasungsreaktor zur erzeugung von brenngas aus vergasbaren organischen feststoffen in einem schacht mit feststoffschuettung und abwaerts gerichteter brenngasstroemung
DE9000347U1 (de) Heizungskessel mit zwangsweiser Zufuhr der Verbrennungsluft
EP0097153A1 (de) Feuerungseinrichtung für kessel.
DD284742A5 (de) Verfahren und anlage fuer eine fluidisierte verbrennung von festen brennstoffen

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DK FR GB IT LI NL SE

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DK FR GB IT LI NL SE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19920728

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19931129

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DK FR GB IT LI NL SE

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 126341

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19950815

Kind code of ref document: T

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)

Effective date: 19950907

ET Fr: translation filed
ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed
REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DK

Ref legal event code: T3

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 19970417

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 19970423

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Payment date: 19970619

Year of fee payment: 7

Ref country code: BE

Payment date: 19970619

Year of fee payment: 7

Ref country code: AT

Payment date: 19970619

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Payment date: 19970620

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 19970623

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Payment date: 19970630

Year of fee payment: 7

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19980615

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19980615

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19980616

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19980630

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19980630

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19980630

Ref country code: BE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19980630

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: WAMSLER UMWELTTECHNIK G.M.B.H.

Effective date: 19980630

Owner name: FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JULICH G.M.B.H.

Effective date: 19980630

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19990101

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 19980615

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19990226

EUG Se: european patent has lapsed

Ref document number: 91109846.5

NLV4 Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee

Effective date: 19990101

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DK

Ref legal event code: EBP

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED.

Effective date: 20050615