EP0458185B1 - Baril en matière thermoplastique - Google Patents

Baril en matière thermoplastique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0458185B1
EP0458185B1 EP91107873A EP91107873A EP0458185B1 EP 0458185 B1 EP0458185 B1 EP 0458185B1 EP 91107873 A EP91107873 A EP 91107873A EP 91107873 A EP91107873 A EP 91107873A EP 0458185 B1 EP0458185 B1 EP 0458185B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
barrel
inclined surface
barrel according
emptying
emptying opening
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91107873A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0458185A1 (fr
Inventor
Werner Clemens
Werner Daubenbüchel
Otto Eiselen
Erich Kiefer
Peter Klüsener
Peter Teichmann
Dirk Wehrens
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kautex Maschinenbau GmbH
Krupp Kautex Machinenbau GmbH
Original Assignee
Kautex Maschinenbau GmbH
Krupp Kautex Machinenbau GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Kautex Maschinenbau GmbH, Krupp Kautex Machinenbau GmbH filed Critical Kautex Maschinenbau GmbH
Publication of EP0458185A1 publication Critical patent/EP0458185A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0458185B1 publication Critical patent/EP0458185B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D1/00—Containers having bodies formed in one piece, e.g. by casting metallic material, by moulding plastics, by blowing vitreous material, by throwing ceramic material, by moulding pulped fibrous material, by deep-drawing operations performed on sheet material
    • B65D1/12—Cans, casks, barrels, or drums
    • B65D1/20—Cans, casks, barrels, or drums characterised by location or arrangement of filling or discharge apertures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D1/00—Containers having bodies formed in one piece, e.g. by casting metallic material, by moulding plastics, by blowing vitreous material, by throwing ceramic material, by moulding pulped fibrous material, by deep-drawing operations performed on sheet material
    • B65D1/12—Cans, casks, barrels, or drums

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a barrel according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a barrel is subject to certain requirements, of which so far sufficient resistance to external forces, e.g. B. have stood in the foreground by bumps, blows or falling loads in the design of the barrel.
  • Such a barrel is generally provided with circumferential rings which are arranged at a distance from the top or bottom bottom and are used for handling the barrel. Furthermore, it may be necessary to stack several barrels on top of each other so that the top and bottom floors have to have a sufficient and stable footprint. It is known to arrange the upwardly projecting nozzle part, which delimits the emptying opening, within a trough-shaped depression in the top floor. This also ensures that the protruding neck part is largely protected against external forces.
  • the known arrangement of the nozzle part within a trough-shaped recess has the disadvantage that on the inside of the barrel, in the inclined position customary for emptying, there are areas next to the trough which in this position lie deeper than that lying on the inner wall deepest area of the discharge opening. It is therefore known to achieve the most complete emptying of a barrel or a similar container to arrange the nozzle part near the wall of the container, so that in the usual inclined position of the container when emptying there are no places on the inside of the latter that are deeper than the deepest area of the generally round drain opening located on the inside of the barrel.
  • This arrangement of the neck part in the immediate vicinity of the barrel wall has the disadvantage that the neck part is little protected against lateral forces acting on the barrel from the outside even when it is arranged in a trough-shaped recess in the top floor.
  • the deformations of the barrel edge or the barrel wall that occur inevitably also have an effect on the connecting piece part and the area of the upper floor that supports it, as a result of which stress peaks occur in this area, which can lead to the occurrence of cracks and other damage.
  • the neck part protrudes to a certain extent into the interior of the barrel. It is thereby achieved that, on the one hand, the upwardly projecting section of the connecting piece can be shorter and, on the other hand, the depth of the trough receiving the connecting piece can be reduced and thus the area of action for external forces is reduced.
  • the inward-facing section of the neck part must be made long enough to give a sealing plug which is screwed into the neck part provided with a corresponding internal thread, a sufficiently firm fit.
  • that portion of the neck part that protrudes into the interior of the barrel is on the inside a shield of the emptying opening, so that one of the axial extent of this portion dependent amount of filling remains in the barrel. A complete or almost complete emptying of a barrel with a nozzle part designed in this way is not possible.
  • a barrel as described in the preamble of claim 1 which in its emptying position has an area between the neck and the wall of the barrel which is lower than the deepest point of the inside boundary of the opening in the nozzle.
  • This known barrel can also be provided on the inside with a groove which is arranged at an incline and is intended to serve for better emptying.
  • the presence of this channel does not change the fact that the bottom of the trough-shaped depression located on both sides of the channel is flat in the normal position and runs horizontally.
  • the invention has for its object to design a barrel or a container of the type described in the introduction so that it or he can be emptied at least approximately completely.
  • the production should be uncomplicated and the handling of the container should be simple when emptying. Since containers of this type are mostly designed as a barrel, the following is mainly referred to as a barrel, without any restriction being connected therewith.
  • the invention proposes a barrel according to claim 1.
  • the course of the sloping surface that cuts the trough-shaped depression of the top floor between the connecting piece part and the ring corresponds, depending on the design of the barrel section, approximately to an oblique cutting surface in the case of a cylinder or cone.
  • the inclined surface is expediently to be designed or arranged symmetrically to the emptying opening.
  • the inclined surface is flat.
  • Such a configuration requires exact compliance with the angular position of the barrel when emptying both with respect to the tilting axis and with respect to twisting, e.g. around the main axial axis of the barrel.
  • the inclined surface is therefore composed of four sub-areas that form a funnel-like pyramid, the lowest point of which corresponds to the lowest area of the emptying opening. It is thus possible that the barrel can be at least almost completely emptied from its optimal emptying position even if the barrel is rotated or pivoted slightly.
  • the barrel can be brought into an optimal emptying position in which it can be emptied without additional measures, apart from, of course, those components which adhere to the barrel wall.
  • the inclined surface is provided with a groove-like depression which extends radially to the emptying opening and which opens into the emptying opening, which can likewise simplify the emptying process.
  • the inclined surface will be designed so that its apex lying on the outer wall of the barrel is arranged near the ring used for handling and the surface extends next to the emptying opening up to the corresponding, if necessary conical side wall of the upper barrel section when the barrel is upright .
  • each such opening can be assigned to each opening.
  • the barrel can be emptied without any problems whatsoever, and at the same time it can be arranged on the top floor at a distance from the side wall of the barrel to protect it from damage.
  • the arrangement of an inclined surface in the region of the barrel section between the top shelf and the handling ring also has the consequence that, on the one hand, the footprint of the top shelf is reduced and, on the other hand, the section of the connecting piece protruding relative to the barrel contour is little protected.
  • the invention therefore further provides the possibility of providing at least one supplementary body which is designed and arranged on the inclined surface in such a way that it at least approximately compensates for the reduction in the essentially horizontal standing surface caused by the inclined surface.
  • it can advantageously also be designed in such a way that it largely protects the connecting piece from external forces at the same time.
  • the supplementary body is advantageously designed in accordance with the invention in such a way that its lower surface corresponds to the upper contour of the inclined surface, while the upper surface of the supplementary body in its effective position runs essentially horizontally and in alignment with the surface of the upper floor serving as a standing surface. It is possible for the supplementary body to have a plurality of vertical ribs or a vertically arranged lattice structure, the upper boundary of which is aligned with the horizontal surface of the upper floor serving as a standing surface.
  • the supplementary body can e.g. be produced by injection molding or blow molding or in some other way and be hollow or solid. So that the supplementary part can absorb the necessary loads, it is advisable to glue or weld it to the barrel. Since such a barrel is generally produced by means of blow molding, in which an essentially tubular preform is expanded under internal pressure in a divided blow mold which delimits a mold cavity, it may be expedient to insert the supplementary body into the blow mold before the expansion process. This allows a particularly good adaptation of the lower side of the supplementary body to the outer contour of the inclined surface. If the supplementary body and barrel also consist of plastics that can be welded together, a particularly durable connection of the two parts can be brought about in this way.
  • the barrel 1 shown in the drawing has a barrel body 10, an upper floor 3 and a lower floor, not shown.
  • a circumferential ring 9 is arranged at a distance from the upper floor 3, on which handling means can act.
  • the upper floor 3 is provided on two opposite sides, each with a trough-shaped depression 5, within which a nozzle part 7 is arranged, which has an emptying opening 6.
  • the barrel shown in the drawing has two such arrangements, the emptying openings have different diameters.
  • the nozzle parts can also have the same dimensions. Such an arrangement can also be provided only on one side.
  • the conical barrel section 4 between the top 3 and the circumferential handling ring 9 has an inclined surface 11 which extends approximately up to the ring 9.
  • the inclination and the extent of this surface 11 are chosen so that the latter adjoins the area 16 of the emptying opening 6, which in the emptying position represents the deepest area of the emptying opening 6 on the inner wall of the barrel.
  • the inclination of the inclined surface 11 depends, among other things, on the distance between the side 15 of the nozzle part facing the outer wall of the barrel 7 from the outer wall and the distance of the circumferential handling ring 9 from the top floor 3.
  • the inclination can be approximately 45 °, for example.
  • the barrel section 4 is conical, since this is for the engagement of the handling means is cheap with the handling ring. But it is possible that this barrel section has approximately vertical side walls and thus has a substantially cylindrical shape.
  • Fig. 5 ac represent the emptying process at different inclination positions of the barrel. It can be seen that an optimal emptying position (Fig. 5b) can be found by the arrangement of the inclined surface 11 in the barrel area 4, in which there is no place inside the barrel which is lower than the deepest region 16 of the emptying opening 6 lying on the inner wall of the barrel.
  • the sub-areas 13, 14 are subdivided into two further sub-areas, which are slightly pivoted with respect to the chord 18 (FIG. 7), which at least approximately runs through the point closest to the outer wall are a further simplification of the emptying process can be achieved.
  • the emptying opening represents the deepest area in the emptying position even if the barrel deviates slightly from the optimal emptying position (FIG. 5b) with respect to the tilting position. It is of course also possible to subdivide the inclined surface 11 only with respect to the chord 18.
  • supplementary bodies 21, 22 are provided which are fastened to the inclined surface 11 by gluing or welding.
  • the lower sides 23, 24 of the supplementary bodies 21, 22 facing the inclined surface 11 are designed such that they essentially correspond to the contour of the partial surfaces 13, 14.
  • the height of the supplementary bodies 21, 22 and the inclination of the lower sides 23, 24 are dimensioned such that the upper sides 25, 26 of the supplementary bodies in their position connected to the barrel upright barrel run horizontally and complete the horizontal base of the top 3.
  • Another supplementary body 29 is shown in FIG. 8, which is formed in one piece.
  • the invention is applicable regardless of how the barrel is made. It is possible to manufacture the barrel by extrusion blow molding, the emptying opening (s) being in the parting plane of the blow mold and thus in the weld seam 32 of the top floor, through which the preform from which the barrel has been blown can be welded was locked. However, it is also possible to have at least one opening outside of the weld seam opposite z. B. offset by 90 °.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Details Of Rigid Or Semi-Rigid Containers (AREA)
  • Tubes (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Food-Manufacturing Devices (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)

Claims (21)

  1. Baril en matière thermoplastique, comportant à l'endroit de son fond supérieur (3) au moins un embout tubulaire (7), qui présente un orifice de vidange (6) et qui est disposé dans une dépression en forme de cuvette (5) du fond supérieur (3), et au moins une bordure annulaire périphérique (9) disposée à une certaine distance du fond supérieur et sur laquelle on peut mettre en prise des organes de manutention, la partie du baril comprise entre le fond supérieur (3) et la bordure annulaire (9) étant pourvue à l'endroit de chaque orifice de vidange (6) d'au moins une face oblique (11) qui est inclinée en direction de la bordure annulaire (9) lorsque le baril est en position debout à la verticale, caractérisé en ce que la face oblique (11) s'étend jusqu'à la paroi du baril en franchissant la dépression en forme de cuvette (5), cette étendue de la face oblique, dans le sens radial entre l'embout tubulaire et la paroi du baril, ainsi que dans le sens latéral à côté de la dépression en forme de cuvette (5), étant choisie pour que, dans une position de vidange du baril basculé de plus de 90° par rapport à sa position debout à la verticale, aucun endroit interne du baril ne soit en dessous du niveau du point le plus bas (16) du bord de l'ouverture de vidange adjacent à la face interne de la paroi du baril.
  2. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la ligne de séparation entre la face oblique (11) et la dépression en forme de cuvette (5) est sensiblement tangente au bord de l'orifice de vidange (6), à l'endroit du point (16) de ce bord qui est disposé vers la face oblique (11), ou passe près de ce point.
  3. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la face oblique (11) s'étend d'une manière sensiblement symétrique par rapport à l'orifice de vidange (6).
  4. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la face oblique (11) est directement raccordée à la paroi latérale de la partie (4) du baril qui se trouve au-dessus de la bordure annulaire (9) lorsque le baril est en position debout à la verticale.
  5. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la face oblique (11) est sensiblement plane.
  6. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la face oblique (11) est divisée en deux faces partielles (13,14), la ligne de séparation (17) étant orientée - au moins à peu près - dans une direction radiale par rapport à la section transversale du baril et par rapport à l'orifice de vidange, et en ce que les deux faces partielles sont orientées légèrement en dièdre de part et d'autre de cette ligne de séparation, de manière à former un angle inclus légèrement inférieur à 180°.
  7. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la face oblique (11) est divisée en deux faces partielles suivant une ligne de séparation qui correspond sensiblement à une corde de référence (18) passant par l'endroit le plus bas de l'orifice de vidange, les deux faces partielles étant orientées légèrement en dièdre de part et d'autre de cette ligne de séparation, de manière à former un angle inclus légèrement inférieur à 180°.
  8. Baril selon les revendications 1, 6 et 7, caractérisé en ce que la face oblique (11) est divisée aussi bien suivant la ligne de séparation radiale (17) que suivant la corde de référence (18) qui passe par le point le plus bas du bord de l'orifice de vidange, les faces partielles ainsi déterminées formant entre elles deux à deux un angle inclus inférieur à 180°.
  9. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que du côté de l'intérieur du baril, entre la paroi latérale du baril et l'orifice de vidange, la face oblique (11) présente une dépression en forme de rigole (31) qui est sensiblement radiale par rapport à la section transversale du baril et par rapport à l'orifice de vidange.
  10. Baril selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que la rigole (31) débouche dans l'orifice de vidange.
  11. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la face oblique (11) est cintrée suivant un profil légèrement convexe du côté interne.
  12. Baril selon l'une des revendications 1, 6, 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce que les faces partielles sont cintrées suivant un profil légèrement convexe du côté interne.
  13. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la plage extrême (33) de la face oblique adjacente à la paroi du baril est située à proximité de la bordure annulaire (9) qui sert à la manutention.
  14. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte une telle face oblique associée à chaque orifice de vidange.
  15. Baril selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte, au moins un bloc complémentaire (21,22,29) fixé au corps du baril, pour compenser au moins en partie la réduction de la face externe du fond supérieur (3), orientée sensiblement à l'horizontale lorsque le baril est en position debout à la verticale - réduction due à la forme la plus favorable donnée au baril pour assurer sa vidange aussi complète que possible - une face (25,26,30) du bloc complémentaire étant prévue pour venir dans le prolongement de la face externe du fond supérieur (3).
  16. Baril selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que le bloc complémentaire est creux.
  17. Baril selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que le bloc complémentaire est constitué par une pièce moulée par soufflage.
  18. Baril selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que le bloc complémentaire est constitué par une pièce moulée par injection.
  19. Baril selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que la face du bloc complémentaire, qui est prévue pour venir dans le prolongement de la face externe du fond supérieur, est constituée par des faces partielles formées par des nervures solidaires du bloc complémentaire.
  20. Baril selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que le bloc complémentaire est fixé par collage sur le baril.
  21. Baril selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que le bloc complémentaire est fixé par soudage sur le baril.
EP91107873A 1990-05-25 1991-05-15 Baril en matière thermoplastique Expired - Lifetime EP0458185B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4016785 1990-05-25
DE4016785A DE4016785A1 (de) 1990-05-25 1990-05-25 Fass aus thermoplastischem kunststoff

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0458185A1 EP0458185A1 (fr) 1991-11-27
EP0458185B1 true EP0458185B1 (fr) 1995-08-23

Family

ID=6407132

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91107873A Expired - Lifetime EP0458185B1 (fr) 1990-05-25 1991-05-15 Baril en matière thermoplastique

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5014873A (fr)
EP (1) EP0458185B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE126772T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE4016785A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2075264T3 (fr)
MX (1) MX173710B (fr)

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US5425454A (en) * 1990-02-14 1995-06-20 Mauser-Werke Gmbh Stackable drum
DE4016600A1 (de) * 1990-02-15 1991-08-22 Mauser Werke Gmbh Spundfass
US6014873A (en) * 1990-09-26 2000-01-18 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Process for bend-shaping a glass plate and an apparatus for bend-shaping the glass plate
US5217142A (en) * 1991-03-16 1993-06-08 Schuetz Udo Stackable bunghole barrel of synthetic resin
DE4206405C2 (de) * 1991-03-16 1995-09-21 Schuetz Werke Gmbh Co Kg Stapelbares Spundfaß aus Kunststoff
US5199570A (en) * 1991-12-02 1993-04-06 Bonar Inc. Liquid transportation container
US5273181A (en) * 1993-01-26 1993-12-28 Greif Bros. Corporation Plastic drum with drain sump and method of making the same
US5402909A (en) * 1993-07-23 1995-04-04 Walbro Corporation Drum for storing and dispensing liquids
US5597085A (en) * 1994-07-20 1997-01-28 Fluoroware, Inc. Composite, pressure-resistant drum type container
USD381181S (en) * 1995-02-28 1997-07-15 American Flange & Manufacturing Co., Inc. Drain outlet hole and residue drain
DE29612506U1 (de) * 1996-07-19 1996-09-26 Mauser Werke Gmbh Deckelfaß mit Faßdeckel und Spannringverschluß
US6045000A (en) * 1997-12-02 2000-04-04 Rauworth; Barry Lee Blow molded drum
US7156254B2 (en) * 1997-12-02 2007-01-02 Entegis, Inc. Blow molded drum
US6571972B1 (en) * 1998-10-05 2003-06-03 Hoover Materials Handling Group, Inc. Bulk drum lid with two bung openings
DE19905898A1 (de) * 1999-02-11 2000-08-24 Kautex Maschinenbau Gmbh Spundfaß
US7044325B2 (en) * 1999-04-22 2006-05-16 Mauser-Werke Gmbh & Co. Kg Plastic container
US6343710B1 (en) * 2000-10-11 2002-02-05 David Rubin Barrel-like container with cover designed for complete drainage
US20060108371A1 (en) * 2004-04-18 2006-05-25 Rauworth Barry L Blow-molded drum
DE102004061677B4 (de) * 2004-12-22 2007-05-10 Schütz GmbH & Co. KGaA Spundfaß
WO2022081029A2 (fr) * 2020-10-12 2022-04-21 Novadelta - Comércio E Indústria De Cafés, Lda Systèmes et procédés de distribution de café comprenant des récipients de fourniture de café
WO2022081032A1 (fr) * 2020-10-14 2022-04-21 Novadelta - Comércio E Indústria De Cafés, Lda Systèmes et processus de distribution de café avec des récipients réutilisables de grandes dimensions
US11801973B2 (en) * 2021-07-01 2023-10-31 William Stacy Forkliftable steel drum

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2032818A5 (fr) * 1969-04-23 1970-11-27 Mauser Kg
DE3024810A1 (de) * 1980-07-01 1982-01-28 Mauser-Werke GmbH, 5040 Brühl Spundfass
DE8521677U1 (de) * 1985-07-27 1985-09-12 Mauser-Werke Gmbh, 5040 Bruehl Spundfaß
DE8631318U1 (fr) * 1986-11-22 1987-01-15 Schuetz-Werke Gmbh & Co Kg, 5418 Selters, De
DE3708432A1 (de) * 1987-03-16 1988-09-29 Mauser Werke Gmbh Spundfass
DE8705916U1 (fr) * 1987-04-23 1987-06-25 Kautex Werke Reinold Hagen Ag, 5300 Bonn, De
DE8705915U1 (fr) * 1987-04-23 1987-06-25 Kautex Werke Reinold Hagen Ag, 5300 Bonn, De
CH673823A5 (fr) * 1987-10-27 1990-04-12 Mauser Werke Gmbh
US4934551A (en) * 1987-09-07 1990-06-19 Buedenbender Bernd Cover for a bung-type barrel or drum
DE3837687A1 (de) * 1988-11-05 1990-05-10 Sotralentz Sa Durch blasformgebung hergestelltes fass aus thermoplastischem kunststoff
DE8913144U1 (fr) * 1989-10-20 1990-01-25 Gratzl, Siegfried, 8400 Regensburg, De
DE9001802U1 (fr) * 1990-02-15 1990-04-19 Mauser-Werke Gmbh, 5040 Bruehl, De

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2075264T3 (es) 1995-10-01
EP0458185A1 (fr) 1991-11-27
MX173710B (es) 1994-03-23
DE4016785A1 (de) 1991-11-28
ATE126772T1 (de) 1995-09-15
DE59106286D1 (de) 1995-09-28
US5014873A (en) 1991-05-14

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