EP0436357B1 - Vakuum-Abwasservorrichtung - Google Patents

Vakuum-Abwasservorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0436357B1
EP0436357B1 EP90313991A EP90313991A EP0436357B1 EP 0436357 B1 EP0436357 B1 EP 0436357B1 EP 90313991 A EP90313991 A EP 90313991A EP 90313991 A EP90313991 A EP 90313991A EP 0436357 B1 EP0436357 B1 EP 0436357B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sewer
valve
air inlet
sewage
sewer pipe
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90313991A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0436357A1 (de
Inventor
Gunnar Lindroos
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Metra Oy AB
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Metra Oy AB
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Publication of EP0436357A1 publication Critical patent/EP0436357A1/de
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
    • E03F1/00—Methods, systems, or installations for draining-off sewage or storm water
    • E03F1/006—Pneumatic sewage disposal systems; accessories specially adapted therefore
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03D—WATER-CLOSETS OR URINALS WITH FLUSHING DEVICES; FLUSHING VALVES THEREFOR
    • E03D5/00—Special constructions of flushing devices, e.g. closed flushing system

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a vacuum sewer arrangement for use with a waste-receiving bowl and to a method of operating such a sewer arrangement.
  • a waste-receiving toilet or WC bowl is connected to a sewer pipe by means of a sewer valve, and a vacuum is maintained in the sewer pipe.
  • the sewer valve is opened and waste in the bowl is inducted into the sewer pipe.
  • the waste forms a movable plug in the sewer pipe, and the pressure difference across the plug propels the plug through the sewer pipe to a waste-receiving tank.
  • air for transportation of the waste plug enters the sewer by way of the sewer valve. When the sewer valve closes, the plug stops moving almost immediately.
  • the sewer valve must remain open for long enough to ensure, with a reasonable degree or certainty, that the waste in the bowl has entered the sewer pipe. Although normally the waste is pressed into the sewer almost instantaneously, it is usual to allow about two seconds for the waste to leave the bowl.
  • it is important for proper operation of a vacuum sewer arrangement that the chance of one waste plug merging with a preceding or succeeding plug in the sewer pipe be very small, and therefore the plug must travel a substantial distance along the sewer pipe, for example at least 10 m, before stopping.
  • the waste plug typically travels at a maximum speed of around 5 to 10 m/s. Therefore, in a typical vacuum sewer arrangement, the sewer valve remains open for about four seconds on each flush.
  • the waste will enter the sewer pipe immediately the sewer valve opens, followed by a large quantity of air. This causes considerable pressure variations in the bowl, in particular during the opening and closing phase of the sewer valve when material (waste or air) is inducted through a relatively small opening. Due to this, a high noise level is usually generated.
  • the noise level is dependent on the pressure difference between the interior of the bowl and the sewer pipe - the greater the difference, the greater the noise tends to be.
  • GB-A-2203461 represents the prior art referred to in the pre-characterising part of claims 1 and 9 and discloses a vacuum sewer arrangement with a noise-reducing air inlet device connected to the sewer immediately downstream of the sewer valve.
  • One object of the present invention is to provide a simplified and more reliable version of the arrangement disclosed in GB-A-2203461.
  • a disadvantage of the vacuum sewer arrangement described with reference to Figure 1 in GB-A-2203461 is that a vacuum accumulator may be required in order to provide a sufficiently large volume under vacuum for proper functioning of the sewer valve and the air inlet valve. Also, since the air inlet valve opens after the sewer valve, and a single control device is used to control both the sewer valve and the air inlet valve, a throttle is required in order to delay operation of the air inlet valve relative to the sewer valve. Further, the proper location of the outlet of the air inlet duct depends on several factors, and it is not possible to be certain that these factors will remain constant or will be the same from installation to installation.
  • the air inlet duct can be sound insulated to the point where air flowing through the air inlet duct will not cause a disturbing level of noise.
  • the noise level of a vacuum toilet sewer arrangement according to the invention can be further reduced by providing, as known per se, the bowl with a lid forming a substantially airtight and sound-proof closure at the top of the bowl.
  • the lid be of relatively thick sound-insulating material.
  • plastics materials, and in particular sandwich structures, are well suited for this purpose. If the lid provides a seal, the volume of air contained in the bowl may be too small for proper discharge of the sewage from the bowl, in which case additional air can be provided through a separate tube.
  • This tube may have its inlet end connected to the air inlet duct upstream of the air inlet valve, but it may also be a completely separate tube.
  • the lowest noise level is achieved if the tube is provided with a muffler, is sound insulated and has its inlet end outside the toilet compartment.
  • the tube is preferably provided with a non-return valve in order to prevent escape of odours from the toilet bowl into the surroundings.
  • connection of the air inlet duct to the sewer is desirably sufficiently close to the sewer valve that in normal operation of the vacuum sewer arrangement, the sewer plug formed when the waste enters the sewer through the sewer valve, will pass the outlet of the air inlet duct less than one second after the sewer valve reaches its fully open condition, and preferably less than 0.5 seconds after the sewer valve reaches its fully open condition.
  • the air inlet valve opens less than 2.5 seconds after the sewer valve opens, preferably between 1 and 2 seconds after the sewer valve opens, and most preferably about 1.5 seconds after the sewer valve opens.
  • the time at which the air inlet valve opens should be selected relative to the distance between the sewer valve and the outlet of the air inlet duct and the expected speed of travel of the sewage plug so that the air inlet valve will not open before the sewage plug has passed the air inlet duct, since otherwise proper transportation of the plug might not be achieved.
  • the air inlet valve will typically stay open for about 5 seconds or less. This introduces slightly more transport air into the sewer than is usual in conventional vacuum sewer systems. The increased amount of air provides a greater travel distance for a sewage plug discharged from the bowl.
  • the sewer valve of a vacuum sewer arrangement is operated by using the vacuum present in the vacuum sewer.
  • the same vacuum can be used also for operating the air inlet valve. This gives a simple and reliable structure.
  • a check valve should be arranged between the sewer valve control device and the sewer, so that a pressure rise in the sewer is unable to have any influence on the pressure in the valve control device.
  • vacuum should be taken to mean a sub-atmospheric pressure of a magnitude suitable for use in a vacuum sewer system. Conventionally, the pressure in such a system is about 50 kPa (38 Hg).
  • atmospheric as used herein means ambient pressure and thus, in the case of an aircraft in flight can mean the cabin pressure.
  • FIG 1 illustrates a waste-receiving bowl 1 and a sewer pipe 2 connected to the bowl 1 by a sewer valve assembly 3.
  • the interior space of the sewer pipe 2 is maintained under vacuum, which may be provided as known per se , by a vacuum pump (not shown).
  • a vacuum pump (not shown).
  • Such a pump is usually connected to the downstream end of the sewer pipe 2, or may be connected to a sewage collecting tank (not shown) into which the pipe discharges.
  • the sewer valve assembly 3 includes a sewer valve proper and a sewer valve operating device which opens the sewer valve (e.g. by using the vacuum).
  • Various valve assemblies of this type are described in US-A-3,482,267, 3,807,431, 3,984,080 and 4,376,444.
  • An air inlet duct 4 opens into the sewer pipe 2 through an outlet 36.
  • An air inlet valve assembly 6 is connected to the air inlet duct 4.
  • a control device 7, which controls the valve assembly 3, is activated by a function impulse 8.
  • a function impulse 8 Such an impulse may originate from a push button operated by the user of the toilet and may be transmitted, for instance mechanically, in the form of a pressure impulse, or electrically in the form of a signal pulse, to the control device 7.
  • the function impulse 8 may be dependent on, for instance the closing of a lid 17 of the toilet bowl or on other factors which are relevant to controlling the flushing of the toilet. Since these factors also are well known in the art, neither the creating of a function impulse nor the manner of operation of the control device 7 will be explained here.
  • a general principle behind the operation of a vacuum sewer arrangement is that the sewer valve should open only when there is sufficient vacuum in the sewer pipe for effective transport of sewage.
  • the vacuum required to open the sewer valve is taken from the sewer pipe 2 or from another point of the vacuum system. If the available vacuum is too weak for effective transport of sewage, the sewer valve will not open, in the embodiment of Figure 1 the vacuum required for the operation of the sewer valve is communicated from the sewer pipe 2 to the control device 7 through a tube 9 and a check valve 10.
  • the control device 7 Upon receiving a function impulse 8, the control device 7 transmits vacuum received from the sewer pipe 2 via a tube 13 to the operating device of the sewer valve assembly, which then opens the sewer valve. At the same time the control device 7 transmits vacuum through a tube 34 towards the air inlet valve assembly 6.
  • the distance of the outlet 36 of the air inlet duct 4 from the sewer valve assembly 3 and the delay between opening of the sewer valve and opening of the air inlet valve are selected so that, in normal operation, the air inlet duct 4 supplies air to the sewer practically immediately after the plug of sewage from the bowl 1 has passed the outlet 36. Since air for transporting the plug is then provided through the air inlet duct, the sewer valve need not be held open any longer than is necessary to ensure that the plug has passed the outlet 36. When the sewer valve closes, air is no longer inducted through the toilet bowl and the noise level therein is reduced. Moreover, when both the sewer valve and the air inlet valve are open, air is inducted through the sewer valve at a lower rate and the noise level is also reduced.
  • the basic structure of an arrangement according to the invention requires that air is led through the air inlet duct 4 to the vacuum sewer pipe 2 when the sewage-providing unit 1 is emptied. This substantially reduces the noise level, but nevertheless, the noise level might be unpleasantly high. Hence, letting in air by way of an air inlet duct is not always sufficient to reduce the noise level to an acceptable value. Additional measures might be necessary for improving the technical effect of the basic embodiment of the invention.
  • a suitable additional measure is to provide the bowl 1 or a corresponding sewage-providing unit with an airtight lid 17.
  • Such a lid desirably should be made relatively sound-proof. Opening of the sewer valve can, as known per se , easily be made dependent on the closing of the lid 17, so that the valve opens only when the lid is closed.
  • an airtight lid in a vacuum toilet may result in the amount of air present in the bowl 1 being too small for efficient flushing of the bowl, flushing being effected by discharging a volume of water into the bowl to assist in removing the waste plug from the bowl.
  • the water supply are not shown in either of Figures 1 or 2. If too little air is available in the bowl with the lid 17 closed, the problem can be overcome by connecting an air tube 18 to the bowl 1. Air is led into the bowl through the tube 18 and a check valve 19 without any substantial noise.
  • the air supply for the tube 18 can be taken from any place, for instance, from outside the toilet compartment and can, for example, be passed through an air silencer or the like incorporated in the valve 19.
  • the air inlet valve 6 and the air inlet duct 4 are surrounded by a tube 20 of sound insulating material.
  • This tube forms a noise damping air entrance duct coaxially disposed around the duct 4 to leave an annular air passage between the tube 20 and the duct 4.
  • Ambient air flows into this passage via an entrance at the lower end of the tube 20 as is shown by arrows 15.
  • the air inlet valve 6 comprises a diaphragm 30 (e.g. a rubber pad) that is deflectable towards and away from the upper end of the duct 4, depending on the difference in pressure between the duct 4 and a control chamber 32, which is connected to the narrow-bore tube 34 leading back to the tube 13.
  • the control chamber 32 is bounded partially by the diaphragm 30 and partially by a rigid wall 38, to which the diaphragm 30 is connected through a flexible rubber skirt 42 and a flange 44.
  • the flexible rubber skirt 42 biases the diaphragm 30 towards the upper end of the duct 4.
  • the pressure in tube 13 is substantially that existing in the toilet compartment (e.g. normal atmospheric pressure or cabin-pressure in an aircraft) while there is a lower pressure in the duct 4 because it is directly connected to the sewer pipe 2, which is under vacuum.
  • the diaphragm 30 is held in firm sealing contact with the upper end of the duct 4.
  • the control unit 7 On receiving a function impulse 8, the control unit 7 communicates vacuum from the sewer pipe 2 to the tube 13. This opens the sewer valve, and waste in the bowl 1 is drawn rapidly into the sewer pipe 2.
  • the vacuum in the tube 13 is communicated through the tube 34 to the control chamber 32 and the pressures on the two sides of the diaphragm then move towards equality.
  • the diaphragm 30 remains in contact with the duct 4 and therefore the air inlet valve remains closed.
  • the diaphragm 30 can become unseated from the upper end of the duct 4, and air can enter the sewer pipe 2 through the duct 4.
  • the control unit 7 starts to communicate atmospheric pressure to the tube 13, causing the sewer valve to close. Atmospheric pressure is then also communicated to the control chamber 32, with a slight delay due to the length of the tube 34, and the air inlet valve 6 closes.
  • the toilet lid 17 is in sealing relationship with the rim of the bowl 1, and the function impulse 8 can only be generated when the lid 17 is closed.
  • the sewer valve opens and waste is drawn into the sewer pipe 2, air for transporting the waste is inducted into the bowl 1 through the tube 18 and the check valve 19 and the pressure in the sewer pipe 2 behind the waste remains close to atmospheric.
  • the outlet 36 of duct 4 is sufficiently close to the sewer valve assembly 3 that the operation of the sewer valve directly induces operation of the air inlet valve 6.
  • the sewer valve opens, it is the rise in pressure in the sewer pipe when the waste plug from the toilet bowl has passed the outlet 36 that causes the air inlet valve to open, and when the sewer valve closes in response to control unit 7, the fall in pressure (increased vacuum) in the sewer pipe causes the air inlet valve 6 to close. Since the air inlet valve cannot open until the plug of waste has passed the outlet 36, there is no possibility of the air inlet valve opening too soon and interfering with reliable transportation of waste from the bowl 1 into the sewer pipe 2.
  • Figure 2 illustrates schematically an arrangement in which the sewer pipe 2 has several branches 48 connected to respective waste-receiving bowls 1 through respective sewer valves 3.
  • An air inlet valve 50 and a control unit 7 are associated with each toilet bowl 1 and sewer valve 3.
  • the arrangement of each bowl 1, sewer valve, control unit and air inlet valve may be as shown in Figure 1.
  • the air inlet valves 50 operate independently of one another, so that, for example, application of a function impulse to the control unit 7 associated with one of the air inlet valves has no effect on the other air inlet valve(s).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Sanitary Device For Flush Toilet (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)
  • Sink And Installation For Waste Water (AREA)
  • Pipe Accessories (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Vakuum-Abwasservorrichtung mit einer Abwasserzufuhreinheit (1), einem Kanalrohr (2) das einen Innenraum aufweist, einer Einrichtung zum Bereitstellen eines ausreichenden Vakuums in dem Innenraum des Kanalrohres, um einen effizienten Abwassertransport in dem Kanalrohr zu erzielen, einem normalerweise geschlossenen Abwasserventil (3), das die Abwasserzufuhreinheit (1) mit dem Kanalrohr (2) verbindet, einer Steuerungseinrichtung (7) zum Steuern des Betriebs des Abwasserventils (3), um das Abführen des Abwassers von der Abwasserzufuhreinheit (1) in das Kanalrohr (2) zu ermöglichen, einer Lufteinlaßleitung (4), die mit dem Kanalrohr an einem Punkt (36) verbunden ist, der nahe und flußabwärts des Abwasserventils (3) angeordnet ist, um dem Kanalrohr (2) Luft separat von der Abwasserzufuhreinheit (1) zuzuführen, dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß, um den Luftfluß durch die Lufteinlaßleitung (4) in das Kanalrohr (2) zu steuern, wenn das Kanalrohr unter einem ausreichenden Vakuum für einen effektiven Abwassertransport steht, ein Lufteinlaßventil (6) vorgesehen ist, welches mit einer druckgesteuerten Einrichtung (30,32,42) versehen ist, um das Lufteinlaßventil (6) in Abhängigkeit von Druckänderungen in dem Kanalrohr (2) derart zu betätigen, daß, wenn das Abwasser abgeführt worden ist und den Punkt (36) passiert hat, der Druckanstieg in dem Kanalrohr (2) und der Leitung (4) die druckgesteuerte Einrichtung (30,32,42) zum sofortigen Öffnen des Lufteinlaßventils (6) betätigt.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß das Lufteinlaßventil (6) eine ringförmige Anlagefläche umfaßt, welche eine Öffnung bildet, die in offener Verbindung mit der Lufteinlaßleitung (4) steht, wobei ein Dichtungselement (30) vorgesehen ist, welches die Öffnung von der Umgebungsluft abtrennt, wobei das Dichtungselement (30) verschiebbar ist zwischen einer Position, in der es an der Anlagefläche anliegt, und einer Position, in der es von der Anlagefläche beabstandet ist, und einer Einrichtung (32,34) zum Steuern der Position des Dichtungselements (30).
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Einrichtung zum Steuern der Position des Dichtungsteils (30) eine Anordnung mit flexiblen Wänden (42) umfaßt, die eine von dem Dichtungselement (30) begrenzte Steuerungskammer (32) bildet, und eine Einrichtung (34) zum Steuern des Drucks in der Steuerungskammer (32).
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Steuerungseinrichtung (7) eine Einrichtung (13) umfaßt, um das Vakuum sowohl der Betätigungseinrichtung für das Abwasserventil als auch der Steuerungskammer (32) des Lufteinlaßventils (6) zuzuleiten.
  5. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Abwasserzufuhreinheit (1) eine WC-Schüssel ist, die einen Deckel (17) aufweist, der eine im wesentlichen luftdichte Abdeckung bildet.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 5,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Schüssel (1) mit einem Rohr (18) zum Zuführen von Luft in dem Innenraum der Schüssel verbunden ist, wenn der Deckel (17) der Schüssel geschlossen ist.
  7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß das Rohr (18) zum Zuführen der Luft zu der Schüssel (1) mit einem Prüfventil (19) versehen ist.
  8. Vakuumabwasser-Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    gekennzeichnet durch
    mehrere Kanalrohrabzweigungen (48), die jeweils einen Innenraum bilden, der in offener Verbindung mit dem Innenraum des Kanalrohres (2) steht,
    mehrere normalerweise geschlossene Abwasserventile (3), die zwischen den zugehörigen Abwasserzufuhreinheiten (1) und zugehörigen Kanalabzweigungen (48) angeordnet sind,
    eine Steuerungseinrichtung (7) zum Steuern des Betriebs der Abwasserventile (3),
    mehrere Lufteinlaßleitungen (4) zum Zuführen von Luft in die Kanalrohrabzweigungen (48) separat von den Abwasserzufuhreinheiten (1), wobei die Lufteinlaßleitungen (4) mit den zugehörigen Kanalrohrabzweigungen (48) in der Nähe der zugehörigen Abwasserventile (3) verbunden sind, und
    mehrere Lufteinlaßventile (50), wobei jedem Abwasserventil (3) jeweils eines zugeordnet ist, um separat den Luftstrom durch jede Lufteinlaßleitung (4) in die entsprechende Kanalrohrabzweigung (48) in Abhängigkeit von der Funktion des zugeordneten Abwasserventils (3) zu steuern.
  9. Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Vakuum-Abwasservorrichtung, umfassend eine Abwasserzufuhreinheit (1), ein Kanalrohr (2), das einen Innenraum bildet, ein normalerweise geschlossenes Abwasserventil (3), das die Abwasserzufuhreinheit (1) mit dem Kanalrohr (2) verbindet, und eine Lufteinlaßleitung (4), um dem Kanalrohr (2) Luft unabhängig von der Abwasserzufuhreinheit (1) zuzuführen, wobei die Lufteinlaßleitung (4) mit dem Kanalrohr (2) an einem Punkt (36) verbunden ist, der in der Nähe und flußabwärts des Abwasserventils (3) angeordnet ist, wobei das Verfahren die Kombination folgender Schritte umfaßt: im Innenraum des Kanalrohres (2) wird ein Vakuum aufgebaut, das ausreichend ist, um einen effektiven Abwassertransport in dem Kanalrohr zu gewährleisten; danach wird das Abwasserventil (3) geöffnet, wobei das in der Abwasserzufuhreinheit (1) befindliche Abwasser in das Kanalrohr (2) eingeführt wird und dort einen bewegbaren Pfropfen bildet; und nachdem der Abwasserpfropfen den Punkt (36) passiert hat, an dem die Lufteinlaßleitung (4) mit dem Kanalrohr (2) verbunden ist, wird zeitweise Luft in das Kanalrohr (2) mittels eines Lufteinlaßventils (6) eingeführt, welches mit der Lufteinlaßleitung (4) verbunden ist, gefolgt von einem Schließen des Abwasserventils (3),
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß der Druckanstieg in dem Kanalrohr (2) und der Leitung (4), nachdem das Abwasser den Punkt (36) passiert hat, eine druckgesteuerte Einrichtung des Lufteinlaßventils (6) zu dessen Öffnung betätigt und daß das Lufteinlaßventil (6) geschlossen wird, wenn der Abwasserpfropfen über die volle Länge des Kanalrohres oder über eine Distanz von mindestens 10 m von dem Abwasserventil (3) aus gewandert ist.
EP90313991A 1990-01-02 1990-12-20 Vakuum-Abwasservorrichtung Expired - Lifetime EP0436357B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US46036090A 1990-01-02 1990-01-02
US460360 1990-01-02

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0436357A1 EP0436357A1 (de) 1991-07-10
EP0436357B1 true EP0436357B1 (de) 1994-09-21

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EP (1) EP0436357B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3040493B2 (de)
KR (1) KR0148792B1 (de)
AU (1) AU634008B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2032882C (de)
DE (1) DE69012773T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0436357T5 (de)
ES (1) ES2062422T3 (de)
FI (1) FI92085C (de)
NO (1) NO315093B1 (de)

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JP2007270612A (ja) * 2006-03-31 2007-10-18 Evac Internatl Oy 真空下水管システム
EP4342796A1 (de) * 2022-09-23 2024-03-27 B/E Aerospace, Inc. Flugzeugtoilettensitz mit reduziertem verletzungsrisiko

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US6305403B1 (en) * 1999-09-16 2001-10-23 Evac International Oy Aeration apparatus for a vertical riser in a vacuum drainage system
DE10117623A1 (de) * 1999-10-16 2002-10-17 Airbus Gmbh Saugfördersystem
DE19949937C2 (de) * 1999-10-16 2002-08-01 Airbus Gmbh Vakuumabwassersystem eines Verkehrsflugzeuges
TW415984B (en) * 1999-11-30 2000-12-21 Evac Int Oy Vacuum sewer system
FI110536B (fi) * 2001-06-21 2003-02-14 Evac Int Oy Menetelmä jäteaineen kuljettamiseksi alipaineviemärijärjestelmässä
CN103882925B (zh) * 2014-04-11 2018-09-28 嘉兴维特拉电气科技有限公司 一种带延时抽气关闭系统的真空辅助抽水马桶
KR101506847B1 (ko) * 2014-12-22 2015-03-30 주식회사 호두 진공변기의 진공식환기장치
CN105239638A (zh) * 2015-09-30 2016-01-13 苏州科博思流体科技有限公司 一种用于下水管道的预处理装置
JP7406622B2 (ja) 2019-08-21 2023-12-27 マジック リープ， インコーポレイテッド 高屈折率材料を使用した平坦スペクトル応答格子
CN113371019A (zh) * 2021-05-19 2021-09-10 青岛亚通达铁路设备有限公司 一种真空便器降噪方法、降噪阀及真空集便系统

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007270612A (ja) * 2006-03-31 2007-10-18 Evac Internatl Oy 真空下水管システム
EP4342796A1 (de) * 2022-09-23 2024-03-27 B/E Aerospace, Inc. Flugzeugtoilettensitz mit reduziertem verletzungsrisiko

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NO905623L (no) 1991-07-03
JPH0438336A (ja) 1992-02-07
AU6852790A (en) 1991-07-04
CA2032882A1 (en) 1991-07-03
DE69012773D1 (de) 1994-10-27
DE69012773T2 (de) 1995-02-09
ES2062422T3 (es) 1994-12-16
KR910014571A (ko) 1991-08-31
NO905623D0 (no) 1990-12-28
FI92085C (fi) 1994-09-26
AU634008B2 (en) 1993-02-11
CA2032882C (en) 2000-08-22
FI910027A (fi) 1991-07-03
NO315093B1 (no) 2003-07-07
FI92085B (fi) 1994-06-15
EP0436357A1 (de) 1991-07-10
JP3040493B2 (ja) 2000-05-15
DK0436357T5 (da) 1995-11-06
FI910027A0 (fi) 1991-01-02
KR0148792B1 (ko) 1998-10-15

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