EP0384699B1 - Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Fluororganopolysiloxans - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Fluororganopolysiloxans Download PDF

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EP0384699B1
EP0384699B1 EP90301795A EP90301795A EP0384699B1 EP 0384699 B1 EP0384699 B1 EP 0384699B1 EP 90301795 A EP90301795 A EP 90301795A EP 90301795 A EP90301795 A EP 90301795A EP 0384699 B1 EP0384699 B1 EP 0384699B1
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formula
group
fluoroorganopolysiloxane
fluorine
polymerization
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EP0384699A3 (de
EP0384699A2 (de
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Hiroshi Inomata
Yasuo Tarumi
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Shin Etsu Chemical Co Ltd
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Shin Etsu Chemical Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
    • C08G77/22—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
    • C08G77/24—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen halogen-containing groups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for preparing a fluoroorganopolysiloxane
  • Organopolysiloxanes have low surface tension and low refractive indexes, and are excellent in properties such as heat resistance, cold resistance, electrical insulation properties, water repellency, release properties, defoaming properties and chemical resistance; hence they are nowadays used in extensive industries.
  • organopolysiloxanes excellent in various properties capable of satisfying high level of requirements for example, organopolysiloxanes having a fluorine-containing organic group were proposed, and several process for preparing them were proposed (Japanese pre-examination patent publication Nos. 47605/1987, 47608/1987, 49305/1987, 529/1988, 27530/1988, and 41530/1988).
  • EP-A-0 255 957 describes the polymerization of cyclic trisiloxanes carrying three perfluoroalkyl groups in the presence of a basic catalyst.
  • the catalyst comprises an alkali metal hydroxide or silanolate.
  • an organopolysiloxane having a large polymerization degree with a viscosity of 1x106 cP or more is essential as a main ingredient, because an organopolysiloxane with a lower polymerization degree is liable to adhere to rolls when worked with a roll mill and worsen workability extremely, and because resulting compounds produce only cured products with poor mechanical properties such as strength and elongation.
  • Fluorosilicone rubbers have good heat resistance, oil resistance, release properties, etc., and require a fluorine-containing organopolysiloxane with a large polymerization degree as a raw material.
  • the present invention provides a novel fluoroorganopolysiloxane containing a perfluoroalkylether group and having a sufficiently large polymerization degree, which can be used as a raw material as described above.
  • a process of preparing such a high molecular weight fluoroorganopolysiloxane containing a perfluoroalkylether group a process may be proposed in which a cyclotrisiloxane having the perfluoroalkylether group is synthesized, and then polymerized according to a known process, i.e., it is polymerized in the presence of such a catalyst as silanolates of alkali, e.g., Li, Na, K and Cs at 100 to 180°C.
  • alkali e.g., Li, Na, K and Cs at 100 to 180°C.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a process for preparing fluoroorganopolysiloxane having a perfluoroalkylether group, with a large polymerization degree which can satisfy some of recent requirements to raw materials for high-level functional materials.
  • the present invention provides a process for preparing a fluoroorganopolysiloxane having the following general unit formula (I): wherein R1 represents a fluorine-containing organic group represented by the following formula: F-(-C g F 2g O-) d -C h F 2h CH2- where d represents an integer from 1 to 5, g represents an integer from 1 to 3, and h is 1 or 2, R2 represents a divalent substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and containing no fluorine atom, R3 represents a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and containing no fluorine atom, a is a number from 0.001 to 0.34, b is a number from 1.64 to 2.34, c is a number from 0 to 0.67, and a+b+c ranges from 1.90 to 2.67, and having a viscosity of not less than 1x106 cP at 25
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane containing a perfluoroalkylether group in the molecule and having a large polymerization degree of the present invention is useful as a main ingredient of heat-vulcanization type fluorosilicone rubber composition.
  • the cured fluorosilicone rubber obtained is excellent in oil resistance, surface release properties, etc.; hence it is useful as a material for members or parts requiring oil resistance and gasoline resistance used in, e.g., automobiles or aircraft, and members requiring surface release properties such as PPC rolls.
  • This fluoroorganopolysiloxane is produced by a process as set forth below.
  • Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the GPC charts of the fluoroorganopolysiloxanes obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, respectively.
  • Figs. 3 to 5 show the IR absorption spectrum, 1H-NMR spectrum and GPC chart, respectively, of the fluoroorganopolysiloxane obtained in Example 4.
  • R1 is a fluorine-containing organic group containing the perfluoroalkylether group having the following formula: F-(-C g F 2g O-) d -C h F 2h CH2- where g represents an integer of from 1 to 3, d represents an integer of from 1 to 5, and h is 1 or 2.
  • R1 has normally from 3 to 18 carbon atoms, and more typically has from 6 to 15 carbon atoms.
  • the perfluoralkylether group having too small a number of carbon atoms may impair the properties of the present polymer, such as release properties, low surface energy, etc.
  • the fluorine-containing organic group includes, for example, the groups having the following formulas: CF3CF2CF2O-(CF2CF2CF2O)-CF2CF2CH2-, and CF3CF2O-(CF2CF2O)2-(CF2O)-CF2CH2-.
  • R2 is a divalent substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and it includes, for example, alkylene groups such as a trimethylene group, a propylene group, and a 2-methyltrimethylene group; and alkylene groups substituted partly by a phenylene radical, such as
  • a is a number of from 0.001 to 0.34
  • b is a number of from 1.64 to 2.34
  • c is a number of from 0 to 0.67
  • a+b+c ranges from 1.90 to 2.67.
  • the amount of the aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbon groups contained as an R3 in the molecule of the fluoroorganopolysiloxane of the present invention is not limited.
  • the amount of the aliphatic unsaturated groups is suitably adjusted according purposes, and normally ranges from 0.2 to 30 mol% of all the pendant groups bonded to silicon atoms.
  • silicone gel In the case it is used as a silicone gel, it may contain less than two aliphatic unsaturated groups on average in the molecule, because it is required that the molar ratio of silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms of an organohydrogenpolysiloxane used in combination to the silicon-bonded aliphatic unsaturated groups in the fluoroorganopolysiloxane of the invention ranges from 1 to 1.5.
  • Typical examples of the fluoroorganopolysiloxane represented by the above general formula (I) of the present invention include, for example, a compound having the following general formula (II): wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined above, R4 has the same meaning as R3 or represents a hydrogen atom or a group having the formula: where R3 is as defined above, R5 has the same meaning as R3 or represents a group having the formula: -R2OR1 where R1 and R2 are as defined above, m is an integer of at least 2, n is an integer of not less than 1, provided m ⁇ 2n, and having a vinyl group at the both ends and/or a side chain.
  • R1, R2 and R3 are as defined above
  • R4 has the same meaning as R3 or represents a hydrogen atom or a group having the formula: where R3 is as defined above
  • R5 has the same meaning as R3 or represents a group having the formula: -R2OR1 where R1 and R2 are as defined
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane of the general formula (II) includes, as a typical example, the ones represented by the general formula (II) wherein R4 at the both ends of the molecule is a triorganosilyl group, for example, the compounds of the following formulas: wherein R1, R2, m and n are as defined above; and the ones represented by the general formula (II) wherein m+n ranges from 3 to 2,000, and the ends of the molecule are terminated by a silanol group.
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane of the present invention has a viscosity of not less than 1x106 cP at 25°C. No fluoroorganopolysiloxane with such a large polymerization degree is known, heretofore.
  • the preparation of the fluoroorganopolysiloxane (I) is carried out, according to the present invention, by a process comprising the step of polymerizing a fluorine-containing cyclotrisiloxane having the following formula (III): wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined above, or a mixture of said fluorine-containing cyclosiloxane of the formula (III) and a cyclotrisiloxane having the following formula (IV): wherein R3 is as defined above, in the presence of at least one basic catalyst selected from the group consisting of quaternary phosphonium hydroxide, quaternary ammonium hydroxide and corresponding silanolates thereof, and substantially in the absence of water at a temperature of 10 to 80°C.
  • R1, R2 and R3 are as defined in respect of said formula (I).
  • the fluorine-containing cyclotrisiloxane of the formula (III) includes, for example, the compounds represented by the following formulas: wherein R1 is as defined above.
  • the cyclotrisiloxane of the formula (IV) includes, for example, the compounds represented by the following formulas: wherein R6 and R7 are as defined above.
  • the mixing ratio of the fluorine-containing cyclotrisiloxane of said formula (III) to the cyclotrisiloxane of said formula (IV) is decided suitably according to an intended fluoroorganopolysiloxane of the formula (I), and it normally ranges from 99.9/0.1 to 0.1/99.9, by weight.
  • the fluorine-containing cyclotrisiloxane of the above formula (III) can be prepared, for example, by the process using a perfluoroalkylene oxide, exemplified below, as a starting material.
  • a perfluoroalkylene oxide having the formula (V) is polymerized in the presence of a catalyst in a non-protonic polar solvent to produce an acid fluoride having the formula (VI).
  • a catalyst in a non-protonic polar solvent
  • an acid fluoride having the formula (VI) See H.S. Eleuterio, J. Macromol Sci-Chem., A6(6), 1027 (1979); U.S. Patent No. 3,250,808; and Japanese pre-examination patent publication (KOKAI) No. 195345/1987).
  • j is an integer of from 2 to 6.
  • the non-protonic solvent used in this reaction includes, for example, tetraglyme.
  • the catalyst includes, for example, cesium fluoride CsF, potassium fluoride, and the like.
  • the perfluoroalkylpolyetheralcohol of the formula (VII) is reacted with a halogenated alkene, e.g., allyl bromide to produce, for example, an ether compound having a vinyl group at its end represented by the following formula (VIII): (see the specification of Japanese Patent Publication (KOKOKU) No. 253044/1988).
  • a basic substance such as sodium hydroxide, or a phase-transfer catalyst such as tetrabutyl ammounium-hydrogen-sulfuric acid may be used.
  • the ether compound of the formula (VIII) and methyldichlorosilane are subjected to addition reaction in the presence of a platinum catalyst according to the following equation (b) to produce a silane compound of the formula (IX).
  • a platinum catalyst according to the following equation (b) to produce a silane compound of the formula (IX).
  • the silane compound of the formula (IX) and tetramethyldisiloxane diol are subjected to dehydrochlorination to produce a fluorine-containing cyclotrisiloxane having the formula (IIIa):
  • the dehydrochlorination agent which may be used includes, for example, tertiary amines such as triethylamine and active hydrogen-free cyclic amines such as pyridine.
  • fluoroorganopolysiloxanes various perfluoroalkylether groups can be prepared.
  • use of a mixed starting material containing various perfluoroalkylene oxides can bring about a mixture of various fluorine-containing cyclotrisiloxanes having different perfluoroalkylether groups.
  • the fluorine-containing cyclotrisiloxane of the formula (III) obtained as described above, or a mixture of it with the cyclotrisiloxane of the formula (IV) is polymerized in the presence of the particular basic catalyst described above and substantially in the absence of water to produce the fluoroorganopolysiloxane of the present invention.
  • the particular basic catalyst used comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of quaternary phosphonium hydroxides, quaternary ammonium hydroxides, and silanolates thereof.
  • the quaternary phosphonium hydroxides include, for example, the compounds having the formulas: (C4H9)4P-OH.
  • the quaternary ammonium hydroxides include, for example, the compounds having the formulas: (CH3)4N-OH, (C4H9)4N-OH, Among these basic catalysts, particularly preferred is (C4H9)4POH, which makes it possible to produce a fluoroorganopolysiloxane containing a very small amount of low molecular weight compounds, in good yield and which is readily available.
  • Silanolation of the quaternary phosphonium hydroxide or the quaternary ammonium hydroxide can be performed, for example, by heating an aqueous solution of it with octamethycyclotetrasiloxane at from 50 to 60°C under stirring, with water being distilled under reduced pressure.
  • the amount of the catalyst is not particularly limited. Normally, the catalyst is preferably used in an amount such that the molar ratio of all the Si in the fluorine-containing cyclotrisiloxane of said formula (III) and the cyclotrisiloxane of the formula (IV) to the catalyst molecule may range from about 2,000 to 50,000. If the catalyst is present in too large an amount, it also binds to monomers, the cyclotrisiloxanes of the formulas (III) and (IV) during polymerization, to form terminal silanolate groups; hence a fluoroorganopolysiloxane with a large polymerization degree can be produced with difficulty. Moreover, neutralization treatment after the polymerization become harder, and salts formed by the neutralization may exert bad influence upon the properties of the resulting fluoroorganopolysiloxane.
  • Polymerization is carried out at from 10 to 80°C, preferably at from 20 to 60 °C. At too high a temperature, formation of low molecular weight cyclic compounds may be promoted by equilibration reaction.
  • Polymerization time can be set to within a time of for from several minutes to several ten minutes as required.
  • the polymerisation time is set to from 30 minutes to several hours by regulating the catalyst amount and polymerization temperature so that a fluoroorganopolysiloxane with a desired polymerization degree may be prepared.
  • non-protic solvents such as tetrahydrofrun, dioxane, diglyme, tetraglyme, dimethylformamide, and acetonitrile, or inert solvents such as frons may be used.
  • the polymerization is carried out substantially in the absence thereof; for example, the water content of the reaction system is preferably controlled to 200 ppm or less, and more preferably to 100 ppm or less. Moreover, it is preferable to enhance the purity of all the materials used in the reaction system, e.g., the fluorine-containing cyclotrisiloxane of the formula (III), the cyclotrisiloxane of the formula (IV) and the catalyst.
  • the fluorine-containing cyclosiloxane of the formula (IV) and the cyclosiloxane of the formula (IV) preferably have a purity of 98 % or more, and more preferably 99 % or more.
  • the polysiloxane may be automatically neutralized with hydrochloric acid contained in the silica in a small amount; hence neutralization is not required.
  • a reaction mixture resulting from polymerization as described above normally contains a residual basic catalyst or acidic catalyst, it is preferably neutralized, thereby the fluoroorganopolysiloxane being stabilized.
  • the neutralization treatment can make the polymer either terminated with a triorganosilyl group or terminated with a silanol group, selectively, by selecting a neutralizing agent suitably.
  • the reaction mixture is neutralized with a halosilane compound having the formula (X): R5(R3)2SiX (X) wherein R3 and R5 are as defined above, and X represents a halogen atom, and a disilazane compound having the formula (XI): [R5(R3)2Si]2NH (XI) wherein R3 and R5 are as defined above, in combination, thereby the fluoroorganopolysiloxane is stabilized.
  • a halosilane compound having the formula (X): R5(R3)2SiX (X) wherein R3 and R5 are as defined above, and X represents a halogen atom
  • a disilazane compound having the formula (XI): [R5(R3)2Si]2NH (XI) wherein R3 and R5 are as defined above
  • the disilazane compound of said formula (XI) serves to capture hydrochloric acid which may be by-produced by hydrolysis of said halosilane compound and thereby to control depolymerization. It includes, for example, hexacarbyldisilazanes such as the compounds represented by the formulas: and silazanes having a fluorine-containing organic group, such as the compounds represented by the formulas: wherein d is as defined above.
  • the halosilane compound is normally used in an amount such that the molar ratio of it to the catalyst used for polymerization may range from about 0.8 to about 3.0.
  • the disilazane compound is normally used in an amount such that the molar ratio of it to the catalyst used for the polymerization may range from about 0.5 to about 10.
  • the use of the halosilane compound or the disilazane compound in too large an amount may make the resulting fluoroorganopolysiloxane unstable.
  • fluoroorganopolysiloxane is made terminated with a triorganosilyl group by the method of neutralizing by combined use of the halosilane compound and the disilazane as described above, a vinyl group or other functional group can be introduced as a part of the organic groups possessed by the terminal triorganosilyl group.
  • the basic catalyst is neutralized with an acidic substance such as dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, and then salts formed and an excess acidic substance are removed.
  • an acidic substance such as dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, and then salts formed and an excess acidic substance are removed.
  • the acidic substance is preferably used in an amount 0.8 to 3 times by equivalent weight that of the basic catalyst used.
  • an inert solvent may be used as appropriate.
  • inert solvents include, for example, fluorine solvents such as fron 113, and m-xylene hexafluoride, chlorine solvents such as methylene chloride and trichloroethane.
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane made according to the present inventtion has a low surface tension and refractive index, and is excellent in properties such as cold resistance and oil resistance. Hence, it is expected to be also used for release agents, fiber modifiers, liquid rubbers, and heat-cure rubbers.
  • the viscosities are measured at 25°C.
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran in a concentration of 1 % to exhibit a slightly suspended state. According to GPC analysis, as shown in Fig. 1, peak 11, due to high molecular weight compounds, comprising 98 % of the whole area was measured, indicating that the fluoroorganopolysiloxane hardly contains low molecular weight compounds.
  • Example 2 Polymerization was carried out for 16 hours in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was done at 110°C in place of 40-45°C, to produce an oily fluoroorganopolysiloxane with a viscosity of 4,200 cSt at 25°C.
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane obtained was analyzed by GPC in the same manner as in Example 1, to give the GPC chart as shown in Fig. 2. It shows that the area of peak 21 due to high molecular weight compounds is about 60 %, and that the fluoroorganopolysiloxane obtained contain a large amount of low molecular weight compounds (peak 22 and peak 23).
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane obtained had a viscosity of 2.7x106 cP.
  • the stirring rate was slowed down to 6-10 rpm and the reaction mixture was then aged for about 20 hours, and a fluoroorganopolysiloxane was thereby obtained.
  • the polymer obtained was colorless and transparent, and had a viscosity of 4.1x106 cP.
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane was divided into 10 g portions, which were each put in a glass bottle with an about 30 ml volume. In each bottle, a neutralizing agent given in Table 1 was added and mixed. The mixture was left to stand at room temperature for 6 hours, and then aged at 150°C for 22 hours, followed by measurement of non-volatile content and viscosity. The measurement of viscosity was conducted on 10 weight % solution of the fluoroorganopolysiloxane dissolved in m-xylene hexafluoride. Incidentally, the corresponding solution before the aging treatment had a viscosity of 25.2 cSt. The results are given in Table 1.
  • the refractive index, specific gravity, solidification point and vinyl content were measured to be 1.3656, 1.29, -98°C and 0.0017 mol/100 g, respectively.
  • Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, 29.9 g of D2F2 (purity: 99.4 %; Si atoms: ca. 0.12 mol) was charged in a flask, and dried. Then, 0.110 g of TBPH catalyst was added thereto at 30 to 35°C so that the molar ratio of Si/P in the reaction system might become 3,000, and thereafter polymerization was carried out at 30 to 35°C for about 16 hours.
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane obtained was in a gum-like state and had a viscosity of 5.6x106 cP.
  • the specific gravity, and refractive index (n D 25) were measured to be 1.36 and 1.3530, respectively.
  • the viscosity of the fluoroorganopolysiloxane obtained was measured to be 2.1x106 cP.
  • the fluoroorganopolysiloxane was dissolved in m-xylene hexafluoride in a concentration of 1 % to form a solution, which was subjected to GPC analysis. The result showed that the fluoroorganopolysiloxane hardly contained low molecular weight compounds.

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Claims (5)

  1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Fluororganopolysiloxans, welches die folgende allgemeine Struktureinheits-Formel (I):
    Figure imgb0035
        besitzt, worin R¹ für eine Fluor-enthaltende organische Gruppe steht, dargestellt durch die folgende Formel:



            F-(-CgF2gO-)d-ChF2hCH₂-



       in welcher d für eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 5 steht, g für eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 3 steht, und h für die ganze Zahl 1 oder 2 steht,
       R² für eine zweiwertige substituierte oder unsubstituierte Kohlenwasserstoffgruppe mit 3 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatomen und keinem Fluoratom steht, R³ für eine substituierte oder unsubstituierte Kohlenwasserstoffgruppe mit 1 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatomen und keinem Fluoratom steht, a ein Zahl von 0,001 bis 0,34 ist, b eine Zahl von 1,64 bis 2,34 ist, c eine Zahl von 0 bis 0,67 ist, und a+b+c im Bereich von 1,90 bis 2,67 liegt,
    und welches bei 25°C eine Viskosität von nicht geringer als 1x10⁶ cP aufweist, umfassend den Schritt zum Polymerisieren eines Fluor enthaltenden Cyclotrisiloxans mit der folgenden Formel (III):
    Figure imgb0036
        worin R¹, R² und R³ wie oben definiert sind,
    oder eines Gemisches des Fluor enthaltenden Cyclotrisiloxans mit der Formel (III) und eines Cyclosiloxans mit der folgenden Formel (IV):
    Figure imgb0037
        worin R³ wie oben definiert ist,
    in Gegenwart von mindestens einem basischen Katalysator, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe von einem quaternären Phosphoniumhydroxid, einem quaternären Ammoniumhydroxid und entsprechenden Silanolaten davon und im wesentlichen bei Abwesenheit von Wasser und bei einer Temperatur von 10 bis 80°C.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, worin ein Reaktionsgemisch, welches durch die Polymerisation erhalten wurde, mit einer Halogensilanverbindung mit der Formel (X):



            R⁵(R³)₂SiX   (X)



    und einer Disilazanverbindung mit der Formel (XI)



            [R⁵(R³)₂Si]₂NH   (XI)



    in Kombination neutralisiert wird, wodurch das Fluororganopolysiloxan mit der Gruppe mit der Formel:



            R⁵(R³)₂Si-



    terminiert wird,
    worin R³ wie in Anspruch 1 definiert ist, R⁵ die gleiche Bedeutung besitzt wie R³ oder für eine Gruppe mit der Formel -R²OR¹ steht, worin R¹ und R² wie in Anspruch 1 definiert sind, und X für ein Halogenatom steht.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, worin die Halogensilanverbindung der Formel (X) in einer solchen Menge verwendet wird, daß das Molverhältnis von ihr zum verwendeten Katalysator im Bereich von 0,8 bis 3,0 liegt.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, worin die Disilazanverbindung der Formel (XI) in einer solchen Menge verwendet wird, daß das Molverhältnis von ihr zum verwendeten Katalysator im Bereich von 0,5 bis 10 liegt.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, worin das Reaktionsgemisch, welches durch die Polymerisation erhalten wurde, mit einer sauren Substanz neutralisiert wird, wodurch das Fluororganopolysiloxan mit einer Silanolgruppe terminiert wird.
EP90301795A 1989-02-21 1990-02-20 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Fluororganopolysiloxans Expired - Lifetime EP0384699B1 (de)

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JP1040960A JPH0618880B2 (ja) 1989-02-21 1989-02-21 フルオロオルガノポリシロキサン及びその製造方法
JP40960/89 1989-02-21

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EP0384699A3 (de) 1991-08-21
EP0384699A2 (de) 1990-08-29
JPH02219829A (ja) 1990-09-03
JPH0618880B2 (ja) 1994-03-16
DE69015226D1 (de) 1995-02-02
DE69015226T2 (de) 1995-05-11
US5118775A (en) 1992-06-02

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