EP0366543A1 - Prefabricated modular construction for dwellings - Google Patents

Abstract

Three-dimensional modular construction made by the assembling of prefabricated insulated elements provided with ducts. The construction is made from parallelepipedic boxes (1) made of reinforced concrete, the side walls (11, 12, 13, 14) being cast in concrete containing microreinforcements. <IMAGE>

Description

The present invention relates to a modular construction intended in particular, but not exclusively, to constitute a family home, made from standardized elements constituting boxes, made in the factory.

Many efforts have already been made to reduce the cost of both collective and individual housing.

The realization, in factories or workshops, of prefabricated elements is a measure allowing to lower the costs, the construction of a house can then be reduced to an assembly operation on the site. In the known technique, the walls are made from prefabricated elements, having a screened width, and, load-bearing or non-load-bearing, full or including openings (doors or windows), in front or in splits (attached walls) on the spot.

However, these operations require the use of abundant specialized labor, and current techniques still include too many successive operations to allow a significant reduction in cost price.

It has already been proposed in DE-A-2 154 728 to make a basement or cellar for prefabricated houses from cubic cells connected to each other. But these cells, to be easily transported, are of limited dimensions and, for example three meters on a side. And the construction of residential houses from cells of this type would be difficult to achieve. Furthermore, the closing of the cells at their upper part must be carried out on site by a concrete pour.

The present invention is based on the idea that it is desirable, from an economic point of view, that the maximum of operations be carried out in the workshop, where the productivity is superior. The boxes are transported finished and only the assembly operations of the boxes and the connections of the various pipes are carried out on site. It is thus possible to deliver a habitable house in one day, after equipment of the ground. The present invention thus makes it possible to obtain, in a very short time, that is to say at a reduced cost price, a permanent, "hard" construction, suitably insulated and comfortable.

According to the present invention, the modular prefabricated construction, by assembling three-dimensional elements, each of these comprising a floor slab and side walls perpendicular to the slab is characterized in that it is made up of parallelepiped boxes ( 1) of the same dimensions, in reinforced concrete, at least two side walls forming external walls, one of the side walls being open at least in part, each box being closed, at its upper part by a slab.

It is by assembling, according to a particular configuration, determined by the Customer, these modules, cells or boxes that the home is made up.

According to another characteristic of the present invention, the side walls are made of micro-reinforcement concrete. On the other hand, the slabs are made of reinforced concrete according to the traditional method.

This new technique makes it possible to have walls which constitute concrete veils and which are both thin and resistant. Under these conditions, the weight of a module is reduced and it is possible to route the block between the workshop and the site on a truck, the blocks being of road and possibly rail gauge. Each box weighs around 18 tonnes, which allows it to be handled using lifting devices such as cranes available on the market.

According to another characteristic of the invention, a box comprises a first slab molded at the bottom of the box, thin side walls having, at their bottom, a heel or sill, a second slab resting on the bottom heel, and a third slab forming a ceiling fixed by means of anchoring sockets on the upper part of the side walls. The horizontal slabs are reinforced by traditional reinforcements and the upper slab includes anchoring parts on which hooks integral with the lifting device can come to bear. The sill extending over the entire periphery of the box takes up the loads during handling and transport, then in a final situation when the box is supported on the foundation footings. The weight is thus perfectly distributed. The space between the first and the second slab forms a crawl space allowing the caissons to be placed directly on a slab, without the need to provide foundations, this void also playing the role of technical sheath allowing the passage of the pipes.

• - la figure 1, une vue en coupe verticale d'un caisson selon l'invention ;
• - la figure 2, une vue en perspective d'un caisson ;
• - la figure 3, une vue d'un pignon ;
• - la figure 4, une vue en coupe verticale d'un pavillon ;
• - les figures 5 et 6, un exemple d'aménagement possible.

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear during the following description of a particular embodiment, given solely by way of nonlimiting example, with reference to the drawings which represent:

• - Figure 1, a vertical sectional view of a box according to the invention;
• - Figure 2, a perspective view of a box;
• - Figure 3, a view of a pinion;
• - Figure 4, a vertical sectional view of a pavilion;
• - Figures 5 and 6, an example of possible layout.

In Figure 1, we see that a box 1 consists of three horizontal slabs 2, 3, 4, and three side walls 11, 12, 14, of which only 11, appears in the figure. The side walls are fixed walls obtained by pouring concrete inside a formwork, at the same time as slab 2 which is reinforced, the concrete of the walls including metallic micro-reinforcements such as those which are sold under the brand "DRAMIX" and under the reference ZCX 60/80 by the company BEKAERT and meeting the specification BEKAERT AS-20- 01. These microarmatures make it possible to obtain an equal resistance with a thickness reduced by more than half, to that of a traditional wall including concrete irons. In a construction actually carried out, the thickness of the walls is 7 cm.

The weight of a box is therefore reduced and these can be easily placed on a semi-trailer platform, to be transported to the site. The side walls 11 to 14 have, at their lower end, a heel 7, of greater thickness allowing the slab 3 to be laid. This heel 7 thus forms a sort of peripheral chaining at the bottom. In the heel 7 are provided horizontal anchoring sockets 6 (FIG. 2) allowing several boxes to be joined at their lower part, as will be explained below. As shown in dotted lines, the entire internal wall of a box is coated with a layer 5 of thermal and sound insulation made almost necessary by the thin thickness of the walls.

As shown in Figures 1 and 2, one of the faces 13 of the box is left empty. Thus, it is possible, by bonding and assembly, by means of sockets 6 and corresponding sockets provided at the upper part, of two, three or four boxes, to obtain a dwelling of acceptable dimensions. In fact, in order to allow the transport on the lorry of the caissons, the width of the latter is within the road gauge, ie for example between 2.85 and 3.28 meters. The length of a box is also limited by the need for road transport, is, for example, between 8.13 and 9.15 meters. The overall height is equal, for example to 3.38 meters. Thus each cell or box has a habitable volume.

A half-wall, limited by a dashed line in Figure 2, can constitute an internal separation between two rooms. Of course, in the other side walls such as the walls 11, 12, 14, openings 15 are provided, during the pouring of the concrete, in order to allow the mounting of doors and windows. Similarly, in the upper slab 4, there is provided, if necessary, an opening 16 allowing access to the attic on a level in which rooms are provided.

The walls 11 to 14 comprise, at their upper parts, anchoring sockets 8, intended to ensure the fixing of the slab 4 at the end on the side walls. The slab 4 also includes anchor points 9 allowing a mechanical connection with a lifting machine.

As previously indicated, the caissons are transported to the site, after all the internal arrangements have been made, in particular by passing the necessary conduits and piping into the chamber 23 existing between slabs 2 and 3. Separately, the foundations are prepared on the site and they consist, for example, of unreinforced concrete blocks. Each box must bear, according to regulatory requirements, on at least six beds.

Thus, it is only necessary on the site to assemble the desired number of boxes in the desired layout, then to mount the roof and make the necessary connections. All of these operations are easily done in one day.

In the case where the construction must include two levels, the boxes are superimposed, the upper boxes being simply placed on the lower boxes. The sills 7 of the upper boxes ensure the transfer of loads without stressing the lintels of the side walls.

The roof can be made in different ways. In its traditional form, it has two pinions 18, such as the one shown in Figure 3, precast concrete "DRAMIX". Each pinion preferably rests on a different box, the boxes being joined by a long side. Triangular in shape, each gable 18 is cast like the slabs and the side walls, its thickness being equal to that of the side walls. When casting a pinion 18, brackets 19 are introduced into the mold. These brackets can be anchored, during assembly, in the sockets 9, which ensures the fixing of the pinions.

One (or more) purlin 20 is disposed between two pinions, on which the rafters 21 bear. Preferably, the rafters 21 are foldable for transport. A sheet covering of the "shingle" type can be applied between the rafters, on battens (not shown). It is also possible to make a more traditional roofing in tiles. Bracing of the gables 18 is ensured by tie rods 25. Reservations provided at the upper part of the slab 4 possibly allow the fitting of the shoes 22 forming sand pits. The gutter 24 is mounted on the rafters, in the factory.

FIG. 4 represents, in vertical section, a dwelling according to the present invention, constituted by assembling three boxes 1. The box 1 furthest to the right in FIG. 4 is intended to constitute a garage for example. The other two boxes 1 constitute the body of the main house. Between two boxes 1 may be, at least in part, a light wall 26.

Figures 5 and 6 show schematically a front view of the house and the plan of the lower floor. In this example, four boxes are juxtaposed to form the main house and the garage. As shown in Figure 6, the ground floor can constitute a living room 27, a kitchen 28, and include a staircase 29 providing access to the upper floor, cells 30 and 31 respectively constituting a room of water and a bedroom. Garage 32 is parallel to the boxes constituting the dwelling.

All infrastructure and insulation are prepared in the factory, including the installation of pipes and sanitary facilities, doors and windows. The boxes are sent to the site. They are then juxtaposed in the order determined by the architect, then enclosed in two cables and traction is exerted simultaneously on the two cables. This brings the boxes constituting the construction closer together with crushed joints. The connection is then ensured between the slabs by inserts penetrating into the sockets 6, and the cables are removed. The superstructures are then installed using the lifting device and assembled on the boxes.

Claims (5)

1. Prefabricated modular construction, by assembling three-dimensional elements, each of these comprising a floor slab (2) and side walls (11,12,13,14) perpendicular to the slab (2), characterized in that that it is made up of parallelepiped boxes (1) of the same dimensions, made of reinforced concrete, at least two side walls forming external walls, at least one of the side walls (13) being at least partially open, each box being closed, at its upper part by a slab (4). 2. Construction according to claim 1, characterized in that each on each box, the side walls (11,12,13,14) being made of micro-reinforcement concrete, the lower slab (2) constituting the floor being molded with the walls side. 3. Construction according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that each block comprises a first slab (2), cast at the bottom of the block, thin side walls (11, 12, 13, 14) having their lower part a heel (7), a second slab (3) resting on the lower heel (7) and forming a crawl space (23) and a technical sheath, and a third slab (4) forming the ceiling, fixed by anchor sleeves (8) on the upper part. 4. Construction according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heel (7) is equipped with inserts or sockets (6) making it possible to connect several boxes together. 5. Construction according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the side walls (11) are provided at their upper part with vertical bushings (6) for fixing the slab (4), the slab (4) being it - even fitted with anchor points (9) for fixing a lifting cable.

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