EP0350111A1 - Sheet-type dynode, electron multiplier and photomultiplier having such dynodes - Google Patents
Sheet-type dynode, electron multiplier and photomultiplier having such dynodes Download PDFInfo
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- EP0350111A1 EP0350111A1 EP89201727A EP89201727A EP0350111A1 EP 0350111 A1 EP0350111 A1 EP 0350111A1 EP 89201727 A EP89201727 A EP 89201727A EP 89201727 A EP89201727 A EP 89201727A EP 0350111 A1 EP0350111 A1 EP 0350111A1
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- dynode
- dynodes
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- multiplier
- holes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
- H01J43/22—Dynodes consisting of electron-permeable material, e.g. foil, grid, tube, venetian blind
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electron multiplier dynode of the "leaf" type, that is to say essentially consisting of two half-dynodes in the form of sheets pierced with holes arranged in a network of a given pattern. It also relates to an electron multiplier and a photomultiplier tube comprising such multiplier dynodes.
- the invention finds a particularly advantageous application in the field of photomultiplier tubes.
- the holes of the emitting half-dynode are given a largely flared shape so that the walls of the holes, covered with a secondary emission material, constitute the useful zones of electronic multiplication.
- the advantages that a "leaf" multiplier brings to photomultiplier tubes are numerous. They offer in fact under a reduced bulk, a large collection surface, which makes them particularly advantageous when the incident electrons are in the form of a wide beam, as is the case with proximity focusing or in association with a first large focused dynode.
- the possibility of partitioning the multiplier makes it possible to produce, in the same tube, a certain number of secondary photomultiplier tubes, with the advantages that this provides in nuclear physics, for example, as regards the precise localization of the particles detected.
- the electron multiplier dynodes known from the prior art have the drawback that the flared holes necessary for the multiplication of electrons are relatively expensive to produce since they require chemical attack and the use of masks.
- the outlet opening of the holes is relatively small, which makes it more difficult to correctly position the metal sheets relative to one another within a same electron multiplier.
- the technical problem to be solved by the object of the present invention is to produce an electron multiplier dynode, comprising a first half-dynode, called the extracting half-dynode, and a second half-dynode, called the transmitting half-dynode.
- the half-dynodes being parallel, brought to the same electrical potential, and having the form of sheets pierced with holes arranged in a network of the same basic pattern, the second half-dynode having an electronic multiplication surface on which produces electron multiplication, a multiplying dynode which would be inexpensive to manufacture, and whose assembly would be facilitated by less severe tolerancing without harming collection efficiency.
- the solution to the technical problem posed consists, according to the present invention, in that, said holes are holes with a straight edge, and in that the two half-dynodes are offset from each other so that each hole of one of the half-dynodes is located opposite the center of a basic pattern of the other half-dynode.
- the holes being on a straight edge, since they are intended only for the passage of electrons, their production is much easier and less costly, and can be carried out using conventional mechanical means.
- the surface of electronic multiplication being appreciably larger than in the case of the dynodes of the state of the art, one can envisage increasing the diameter of the holes without much affecting the power of collection of the emitting half-dynodes , which has the effect of making the assembly of dynodes in an electron multiplier less critical.
- an electron multiplier comprising, in order, a first emitting half-dynode and a plurality of electron multiplying dynodes, according to the invention, is remarkable in that each extracting half-dynode is located in position of coincidence with the preceding transmitting half-dynode, and in that the first transmitting half-dynode and the successive multiplying dynodes are brought to increasing electric potentials.
- the extracting half-dynodes can play their role of extraction of the secondary electrons produced by the preceding half-emitting dynodes, without creating an obstacle to the passage of these electrons towards the following half-emitting dynodes, insofar as the holes of the extracting half-dynodes coincide with the holes of the preceding emitting half-dynodes.
- a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode, a first dynode, an electron multiplier according to the invention, coupled to the first dynode, and an anode, is remarkable in that, between said first dynode and the multiplier, is interposed a input gate, parallel to the first emitting half-dynode, and whose electrical potential is equal to the electrical potential of said first emitting half-dynode.
- the grid input serves as a shielding electrode essential to the first emitting half-dynode so that the electrons which come from it can be extracted by the extracting half-dynode of the following dynode.
- FIG. 1 shows, in section, an electron multiplier dynode D, consisting of two half-dynodes d, d ′ parallel and brought to the same electrical potential V.
- These half-dynodes are in the form of metal sheets 10, 20, made for example from mild steel, and pierced with holes 11, 21 arranged in a regular repeating network of the same basic pattern 12, 22.
- the basic patterns 12, 22 are both constituted by an equilateral triangle, but they could just as easily be constituted by a square, a rectangle, etc.
- the holes 11, 21 are holes with a straight edge, very simple to make.
- said holes 11, 21 can have a diameter of 0.5 mm, while the distance between two consecutive holes is of the order of 1 mm.
- the second half-dynode d ′ called the half-emitting dynode is covered with a material 25 with secondary emission, such as antimony or beryllium oxide, the multiplication of incident electrons 30 occurring on the surface 23 of said corresponding metal sheet 20, the second dynode d ′ can also be made of a material giving rise to secondary emission such as a copper-beryllium alloy having undergone the conventional treatment: heating-migration of beryllium and oxidation.
- the electron multiplier 50 shown in FIG. 3 comprises, in order, a first emitting half-dynode d′2 and a plurality of dynodes D3 ..., D i , D i + 1 , ..., D n electron multipliers, of the type described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. As shown in FIG. 3, each extracting half-dynode d i + 1 is located in the position of coincidence with the emitting half-dynode d ′ I previous.
- the first emitting half-dynode dode and the d3 dynodes, ... , D i , D i + 1 , ..., D n successive multipliers are brought to electric potentials V2, V3, ..., V i , V i + 1 , ..., V n increasing.
- the extracting half-dynode d i + 1 therefore has the function of attracting towards the half-emitting dynode of ′ i + 1 the electrons coming from the half-emitting dynode of ′ i , but it also serves to shield electrically the half-dynode emitting i + 1 of the preceding dynodes.
- the distance between an extracting half-dynode and the emitting half-dynode of the same dynode is relatively large, for example from 0.5 to 0.8 mm.
- the distance between a transmitting half-dynode and the following extracting half-dynode can be smaller, of the order of a few tenths of a mm, typically 0.3 mm.
- FIG. 4 shows, in section, a photomultiplier tube 60 comprising a photocathode 61, a first large cylindrical d1 D1, a multiplier 50 conforming to that of FIG. 3, and an anode A.
- the multiplier 50 of electrons is coupled to the first dynode Dode using the coupling means described in the French patent application, unpublished, No. 88 07 778, but, of course, other coupling means known to the skilled in the art can be used.
- an input gate G is interposed between the first dynode D1 and the multiplier 50, an input gate G, parallel to the first half-dynode emitting d′2, and whose electrical potential is equal to the potential electric V2 of said first emitting half-dynode 2.
- Said input gate G therefore constitutes, with the first emitting half-dynode, a second dynode D2 equivalent to higher order dynode waters D3, ..., D n .
- the essential role of the input gate G is to ensure, with good transparency, a shielding for the first half-dynode emitting 2.
- the electrical potential V1 of the first dynode D1 is less than the electrical potential V2 of the equivalent dynode D2.
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- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
- Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
- Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
- Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Dynode (D) multiplicatrice d'électrons, constituée de deux demi-dynodes (d,d') parallèles, portées à un même potentiel électrique (V), et ayant la forme de feuilles métalliques (10,20) percées de trous (11,21). Selon l'invention, la deuxième demi-dynode (d'), dite demi-dynode émettrice, est recouverte d'un matériau (25) à émission secondaire, la multiplication des électrons incidents (30) se produisant sur la surface (23) de ladite feuille métallique (20) correspondante, et en ce que ladite demi-dynode émettrice (d') et la première demi-dynode (d), dite demi-dynode extractrice, sont décalées entre elles. Application aux tubes photomultiplicateurs.Electron multiplier dynode (D), consisting of two parallel half-dynodes (d, d '), brought to the same electrical potential (V), and having the form of metal sheets (10,20) pierced with holes (11 , 21). According to the invention, the second half-dynode (d '), called the half-emitting dynode, is covered with a material (25) with secondary emission, the multiplication of the incident electrons (30) occurring on the surface (23) of said corresponding metal sheet (20), and in that said emitting half-dynode (d ') and the first half-dynode (d), called the extracting half-dynode, are offset between them. Application to photomultiplier tubes.
Description
La présente invention concerne une dynode multiplicatrice d'électrons du type "à feuilles", c'est à dire essentiellement constituée de deux demi-dynodes ayant la forme de feuilles percées de trous disposés en un réseau d'un motif donné. Elle concerne également un multiplicateur d'électrons et un tube photomultiplicateur comportant de telles dynodes multiplicatrices.The present invention relates to an electron multiplier dynode of the "leaf" type, that is to say essentially consisting of two half-dynodes in the form of sheets pierced with holes arranged in a network of a given pattern. It also relates to an electron multiplier and a photomultiplier tube comprising such multiplier dynodes.
L'invention trouve une application particulièrement avantageuse dans le domaine des tubes photomultiplicateurs.The invention finds a particularly advantageous application in the field of photomultiplier tubes.
L'utilisation, dans les tubes photomultiplicateurs, de dynodes et de multiplicateurs dits "à feuilles" est connue, par exemple, du brevet français n° 2 549 288. Ce brevet décrit, en effet, une dynode multiplicatrice d'électrons, constituée de deux demi-dynodes parallèles, portées à un même potentiel électrique, et réalisées à l'aide de feuilles métalliques percées de trous régulièrement disposés selon un réseau répétitif d'un même motif de base. Dans un multiplicateur comportant plusieurs de ces dynodes, la première demi-dynode joue le rôle d'électrode extractrice des électrons issus de la dynode précédente, tandis que la deuxième demi-dynode est l'électrode émettrice d'électrons. A cet effet, il est donné aux trous de la demi-dynode émettrice une forme largement évasée de façon que les parois des trous, recouvertes d'un matériau à émission secondaire, constituent les zones utiles de multiplication électronique. Les électrons secondaires ainsi créés, attirés par l'électrode extractrice suivante, franchissent la demi-dynode émettrice à travers le trou qui leur a donné naissance. Les avantages qu'un multiplicateur "a feuilles" apporte aux tubes photomultiplicateurs sont nombreux. Ils offrent en effet sous un encombrement réduit, une grande surface de collection, ce qui les rend particulièrement avantageux lorsque les électrons incidents se présentent sous la forme d'un faisceau large, comme c'est le cas en focalisation de proximité ou en association avec une première dynode focalisée de grande dimension. D'autre part, la possibilité de cloisonner le multiplicateur permet de réaliser, dans un même tube, un certain nombre de tubes photomultiplicateurs secondaires, avec les avantages que cela procure en physique nucléaire, par exemple, quant à la localisation précise des particules détectées.The use, in photomultiplier tubes, of dynodes and so-called "leaf" multipliers is known, for example, from French patent No. 2,549,288. This patent describes, in fact, an electron multiplier dynode, consisting of two parallel half-dynodes, brought to the same electrical potential, and produced using metal sheets pierced with holes regularly arranged in a repeating network of the same basic pattern. In a multiplier comprising several of these dynodes, the first half-dynode acts as an electrode for extracting the electrons from the previous dynode, while the second half-dynode is the electron-emitting electrode. For this purpose, the holes of the emitting half-dynode are given a largely flared shape so that the walls of the holes, covered with a secondary emission material, constitute the useful zones of electronic multiplication. The secondary electrons thus created, attracted by the following extracting electrode, cross the emitting half-dynode through the hole which gave birth to them. The advantages that a "leaf" multiplier brings to photomultiplier tubes are numerous. They offer in fact under a reduced bulk, a large collection surface, which makes them particularly advantageous when the incident electrons are in the form of a wide beam, as is the case with proximity focusing or in association with a first large focused dynode. On the other hand, the possibility of partitioning the multiplier makes it possible to produce, in the same tube, a certain number of secondary photomultiplier tubes, with the advantages that this provides in nuclear physics, for example, as regards the precise localization of the particles detected.
Toutefois, les dynodes multiplicatrices d'électrons connues de l'état de la technique présentent l'inconvénient que les trous évasés nécessaires à la multiplication des électrons sont relativement coûteux à réaliser puisqu'ils exigent attaque chimique et utilisation de masques. De plus, il faut signaler que, dans le but d'augmenter la surface multiplicatrice, l'ouverture de sortie des trous est relativement petite ce qui rend plus délicat le positionnement correct des feuilles métalliques les unes par rapport aux autres au sein d'un même multiplicateur d'électrons.However, the electron multiplier dynodes known from the prior art have the drawback that the flared holes necessary for the multiplication of electrons are relatively expensive to produce since they require chemical attack and the use of masks. In addition, it should be noted that, in order to increase the multiplying surface, the outlet opening of the holes is relatively small, which makes it more difficult to correctly position the metal sheets relative to one another within a same electron multiplier.
Aussi, le problème technique à résoudre par l'objet de la présente invention est de réaliser une dynode multiplicatrice d'électrons, comportant une première demi-dynode, dite demi-dynode extractrice, et une deuxième demi-dynode, dite demi-dynode émettrice, les demi-dynodes étant parallèles, portées à un même potentiel électrique, et ayant la forme de feuilles percées de trous disposés en un réseau d'un même motif de base, la deuxième demi-dynode ayant une surface de multiplication électronique sur laquelle se produit la multiplication d'électrons, dynode multiplicatrice qui serait bon marché à fabriquer, et dont le montage serait facilité par un tolérancement moins sévère sans nuire pour autant à l'efficacité de collection.Also, the technical problem to be solved by the object of the present invention is to produce an electron multiplier dynode, comprising a first half-dynode, called the extracting half-dynode, and a second half-dynode, called the transmitting half-dynode. , the half-dynodes being parallel, brought to the same electrical potential, and having the form of sheets pierced with holes arranged in a network of the same basic pattern, the second half-dynode having an electronic multiplication surface on which produces electron multiplication, a multiplying dynode which would be inexpensive to manufacture, and whose assembly would be facilitated by less severe tolerancing without harming collection efficiency.
La solution au problème technique posé consiste, selon la présente invention, en ce que, lesdits trous sont des trous à bord droit, et en ce que les deux demi-dynodes sont décalées entre elles de sorte que chaque trou de l'une des demi-dynodes se trouve en regard du centre d'un motif de base de l'autre demi-dynode.The solution to the technical problem posed consists, according to the present invention, in that, said holes are holes with a straight edge, and in that the two half-dynodes are offset from each other so that each hole of one of the half-dynodes is located opposite the center of a basic pattern of the other half-dynode.
Ainsi, les trous étant à bord droit, car destinés uniquement au passage des électrons, leur réalisation est beaucoup plus facile et moins coûteuse, et peut être conduite à l'aide de moyens mécaniques conventionnels. D'autre part, la surface de multiplication électronique étant sensiblement plus grande que dans le cas des dynodes de l'état de la technique, on peut envisager d'augmenter le diamètre des trous sans beaucoup affecter le pouvoir de collection des demi-dynodes émettrices, ce qui a pour effet de rendre moins critique l'assemblage des dynodes dans un multiplicateur d'électrons. En ce sens, un multiplicateur d'électrons comportant, dans l'ordre, une première demi-dynode émettrice et une pluralité de dynodes multiplicatrices d'électrons, selon l'invention, est remarquable en ce que chaque demi-dynode extractrice est située en position de coïncidence avec la demi-dynode émettrice précédente, et en ce que la première demi-dynode émettrice et les dynodes multiplicatrices successives sont portées à des potentiels électriques croissants. En conséquence, les demi-dynodes extractrices peuvent jouer leur rôle d'extraction des électrons secondaires produits par les demi-dynodes émettrices précédentes, sans créer d'obstacle au passage de ces électrons vers les demi-dynodes émettrices suivantes, dans la mesure où les trous des demi-dynodes extractrices coïncident avec les trous des demi-dynodes émettrices précédentes.Thus, the holes being on a straight edge, since they are intended only for the passage of electrons, their production is much easier and less costly, and can be carried out using conventional mechanical means. On the other hand, the surface of electronic multiplication being appreciably larger than in the case of the dynodes of the state of the art, one can envisage increasing the diameter of the holes without much affecting the power of collection of the emitting half-dynodes , which has the effect of making the assembly of dynodes in an electron multiplier less critical. In this sense, an electron multiplier comprising, in order, a first emitting half-dynode and a plurality of electron multiplying dynodes, according to the invention, is remarkable in that each extracting half-dynode is located in position of coincidence with the preceding transmitting half-dynode, and in that the first transmitting half-dynode and the successive multiplying dynodes are brought to increasing electric potentials. Consequently, the extracting half-dynodes can play their role of extraction of the secondary electrons produced by the preceding half-emitting dynodes, without creating an obstacle to the passage of these electrons towards the following half-emitting dynodes, insofar as the holes of the extracting half-dynodes coincide with the holes of the preceding emitting half-dynodes.
Enfin, un tube photomultiplicateur comportant une photocathode, une première dynode, un multiplicateur d'électrons selon l'invention, couplé à la première dynode, et une anode, est remarquable en ce que, entre ladite première dynode et le multiplicateur, est intercalée une grille d'entrée, parallèle à la première demi-dynode émettrice, et dont le potentiel électrique est égal au potentiel électrique de ladite première demi-dynode émettrice.Finally, a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode, a first dynode, an electron multiplier according to the invention, coupled to the first dynode, and an anode, is remarkable in that, between said first dynode and the multiplier, is interposed a input gate, parallel to the first emitting half-dynode, and whose electrical potential is equal to the electrical potential of said first emitting half-dynode.
Comme on le verra plus loin en détail, la grille d'entrée sert d'électrode de blindage indispensable à la première demi-dynode émettrice pour que les électrons qui y sont issus puissent être extraits par la demi-dynode extractrice de la dynode suivante.As will be seen below in detail, the grid input serves as a shielding electrode essential to the first emitting half-dynode so that the electrons which come from it can be extracted by the extracting half-dynode of the following dynode.
La description qui va suivre en regard des dessins annexés, donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, fera bien comprendre en quoi consiste l'invention et comment elle peut être réalisée.
- La figure 1 est une vue en coupe d'une dynode multiplicatrice d'électrons selon l'invention.
- La figure 2 est une vue de dessus de la dynode de la figure 1.
- La figure 3 est une vue en coupe d'un multiplicateur d'électrons selon l'invention.
- La figure 4 est une vue en coupe d'un tube photomultiplicateur selon l'invention.
- Figure 1 is a sectional view of an electron multiplier dynode according to the invention.
- Figure 2 is a top view of the dynode of Figure 1.
- Figure 3 is a sectional view of an electron multiplier according to the invention.
- Figure 4 is a sectional view of a photomultiplier tube according to the invention.
La figure 1 montre, en coupe, une dynode D multiplicatrice d'électrons, constituée de deux demi-dynodes d, d′ parallèles et portées à un même potentiel électrique V. Ces demi-dynodes se présentent sous la forme de feuilles métalliques 10, 20, réalisées par exemple en acier doux, et percées de trous 11, 21 disposés en un réseau régulier répétitif d'un même motif 12, 22 de base. Dans le mode d'exécution montré à la figure 2, les motifs de base 12, 22 sont tous deux constitués par un triangle équilatéral, mais ils pourraient tout aussi bien être constitués par un carré, un rectangle, etc... Comme on peut le voir sur les figures 1 et 2, les trous 11, 21 sont des trous à bord droit, de réalisation très simple. Typiquement, lesdits trous 11, 21 peuvent avoir un diamètre de 0,5 mm, tandis que la distance entre deux trous consécutifs est de l'ordre de 1 mm. D'autre part, la deuxième demi-dynode d′, dite demi-dynode émettrice est recouverte d'un matériau 25 à émission secondaire, comme de l'antimoine ou de l'oxyde de béryllium, la multiplication des électrons incidents 30 se produisant sur la surface 23 de ladite feuille métallique 20 correspondante, la deuxième dynode d′ peut également être réalisée dans un matériau donnant lieu à émission secondaire comme un alliage de cuivre-béryllium ayant subi le traitement classique : chauffage-migration du béryllium et oxydation. Enfin, les figures 1 et 2 montrent que la demi-dynode émettrice d′ et la première demi-dynode d, dite demi-dynode extractrice, sont décalées entre elles de sorte que chaque trou 11, 21 de l'une d, d′ des demi-dynodes se trouve en regard du centre 24, 14 d'un motif 22, 12 de base de l'autre d′, d demi-dynode. De cette manière, les électrons 30 qui traversent la demi-dynode extractrice d par un trou 11 rencontrent nécessairement la demi-dynode émettrice 20 en un endroit doué d'émission secondaire.FIG. 1 shows, in section, an electron multiplier dynode D, consisting of two half-dynodes d, d ′ parallel and brought to the same electrical potential V. These half-dynodes are in the form of
Le multiplicateur 50 d'électrons représenté à la figure 3 comporte, dans l'ordre, une première demi-dynode émettrice d′₂ et une pluralité de dynodes D₃...,Di, Di+1,...,Dn multiplicatrices d'électrons, du type de celles décrites précédemment en référence aux figures 1 et 2. Ainsi que le montre la figure 3, chaque demi-dynode extractrice di+1 est située en position de coïncidence avec la demi-dynode émettrice d′i précédente. De plus, de façon à ce que les électrons puissent progresser de la première demi-dynode émettrice d′₂ à la dernière demi-dynode émettrice d′n, la première demi-dynode émettrice d′₂ et les dynodes D₃,...,Di, Di+1,...,Dn multiplicatrices successives sont portées à des potentiels électriques V₂,V₃,...,Vi,Vi+1,...,Vn croissants. La demi-dynode extractrice di+1, par exemple, a donc pour fonction d'attirer vers la demi-dynode émettrice d′i+1 les électrons issus de la demi-dynode émettrice d′i, mais elle sert également à blinder électriquement la demi-dynode émettrice d′i+1 des dynodes précédentes. En l'absence de ce blindage, qui créée une zone de faible champ entre les demi-dynodes di+1 et d′i+1, il ne serait pas possible aux électrons émis par la demi-dynode émettrice d′i+1 d'être extraits par la demi-dynode extractrice di+2 suivante. De façon à ce que l'effet de blindage soit suffisant, il y a intérêt à ce que la distance entre une demi-dynode extractrice et la demi-dynode émettrice d'une même dynode soit relativement grande, par exemple de 0,5 à 0,8 mm. La distance entre une demi-dynode émettrice et la demi-dynode extractrice suivante pouvant être plus petite, de l'ordre de quelques dixièmes de mm, typiquement 0,3 mm.The
La figure 4 montre, en coupe, un tube photomultiplicateur 60 comportant une photocathode 61, une première dynode D₁ cylindrique de grande dimension, un multiplicateur 50 conforme à celui de la figure 3, et une anode A. A titre d'exemple, le multiplicateur 50 d'électrons est couplé à la première dynode D₁ à l'aide des moyens de couplage décrits dans la demande de brevet français, non publiée, n°88 07 778, mais, bien sûr, d'autres moyens de couplage connus de l'homme du métier peuvent être utilisés. Comme on peut le voir à la figure 4, est intercalée entre la première dynode D₁ et le multiplicateur 50, une grille G d'entrée, parallèle à la première demi-dynode émettrice d′₂, et dont le potentiel électrique est égal au potentiel électrique V₂ de ladite première demi-dynode émettrice d′₂. Ladite grille G d'entrée constitue donc avec la première demi-dynode émettrice une deuxième dynode D₂ équivalent eaux dynodes d'ordre supérieur D₃,...,Dn. Le rôle essentiel de la grille G d'entrée est d'assurer, avec une bonne transparence, un blindage pour la première demi-dynode émettrice d′₂. De façon usuelle, le potentiel électrique V₁ de la première dynode D₁ est inférieur au potentiel électrique V₂ de la dynode D₂ équivalente.FIG. 4 shows, in section, a
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR8809083A FR2634062A1 (en) | 1988-07-05 | 1988-07-05 | "SHEET" TYPE DYNODE, ELECTRON MULTIPLIER AND PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE COMPRISING SUCH DYNODES |
FR8809083 | 1988-07-05 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP0350111A1 true EP0350111A1 (en) | 1990-01-10 |
EP0350111B1 EP0350111B1 (en) | 1995-01-18 |
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ID=9368084
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP89201727A Expired - Lifetime EP0350111B1 (en) | 1988-07-05 | 1989-06-29 | Sheet-type dynode, electron multiplier and photomultiplier having such dynodes |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US4980604A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0350111B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH0254859A (en) |
DE (1) | DE68920644T2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2634062A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL90843A0 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0471563A2 (en) * | 1990-08-15 | 1992-02-19 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube having grid type dynodes |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2644932B1 (en) * | 1989-03-24 | 1991-07-26 | Radiotechnique Compelec | RAPID PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE WITH HIGH COLLECTION HOMOGENEITY |
FR2654552A1 (en) * | 1989-11-14 | 1991-05-17 | Radiotechnique Compelec | SEGMENTED PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE WITH HIGH COLLECTION EFFICIENCY AND LIMITED DIAPHYT. |
FR2693592B1 (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1994-09-23 | Philips Photonique | Photomultiplier tube segmented into N independent channels arranged around a central axis. |
US5624706A (en) * | 1993-07-15 | 1997-04-29 | Electron R+D International, Inc. | Method for fabricating electron multipliers |
JP3392240B2 (en) * | 1994-11-18 | 2003-03-31 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Electron multiplier |
FR2733629B1 (en) * | 1995-04-26 | 1997-07-18 | Philips Photonique | ELECTRON MULTIPLIER FOR MULTI-WAY PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE |
JP3618013B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2005-02-09 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Photomultiplier tube |
US6314275B1 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 2001-11-06 | Telit Mobile Terminals, S.P.A. | Hand-held transmitting and/or receiving apparatus |
EP1150333A4 (en) * | 1999-01-19 | 2006-03-22 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | Photomultiplier |
US6617768B1 (en) * | 2000-04-03 | 2003-09-09 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Multi dynode device and hybrid detector apparatus for mass spectrometry |
Citations (2)
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US3265916A (en) * | 1963-12-10 | 1966-08-09 | William H Johnston Lab Inc | Focused mesh electron multiplier |
EP0131339A1 (en) * | 1983-07-11 | 1985-01-16 | Hyperelec | Electron multiplier element, electron multiplying device made up of this element and its application to a photomultiplier tube |
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GB1490695A (en) * | 1974-10-21 | 1977-11-02 | Emi Ltd | Radiation detecting arrangements |
US4182969A (en) * | 1976-03-29 | 1980-01-08 | Rca Corporation | Electron multiplier device with surface ion feedback |
US4311939A (en) * | 1980-03-21 | 1982-01-19 | Rca Corporation | Alkali antimonide layer on a beryllim-copper primary dynode |
FR2566175B1 (en) * | 1984-05-09 | 1986-10-10 | Anvar | ELECTRON MULTIPLIER DEVICE, LOCATED BY THE ELECTRIC FIELD |
-
1988
- 1988-07-05 FR FR8809083A patent/FR2634062A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1989
- 1989-06-22 US US07/370,215 patent/US4980604A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-06-29 EP EP89201727A patent/EP0350111B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-29 DE DE68920644T patent/DE68920644T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-03 JP JP1171747A patent/JPH0254859A/en active Pending
- 1989-07-03 IL IL90843A patent/IL90843A0/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3265916A (en) * | 1963-12-10 | 1966-08-09 | William H Johnston Lab Inc | Focused mesh electron multiplier |
EP0131339A1 (en) * | 1983-07-11 | 1985-01-16 | Hyperelec | Electron multiplier element, electron multiplying device made up of this element and its application to a photomultiplier tube |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0471563A2 (en) * | 1990-08-15 | 1992-02-19 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube having grid type dynodes |
EP0471563A3 (en) * | 1990-08-15 | 1992-04-08 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube having grid type dynodes |
US5254906A (en) * | 1990-08-15 | 1993-10-19 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube having a grid type of dynodes |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH0254859A (en) | 1990-02-23 |
IL90843A0 (en) | 1990-02-09 |
FR2634062A1 (en) | 1990-01-12 |
EP0350111B1 (en) | 1995-01-18 |
DE68920644D1 (en) | 1995-03-02 |
DE68920644T2 (en) | 1995-08-24 |
US4980604A (en) | 1990-12-25 |
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