EP0350111A1 - Dynode vom Blätter-Typ, Elektronenvervielfacher und Photovervielfacher, die mit solcher Dynoden versehen sind - Google Patents

Dynode vom Blätter-Typ, Elektronenvervielfacher und Photovervielfacher, die mit solcher Dynoden versehen sind Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0350111A1
EP0350111A1 EP89201727A EP89201727A EP0350111A1 EP 0350111 A1 EP0350111 A1 EP 0350111A1 EP 89201727 A EP89201727 A EP 89201727A EP 89201727 A EP89201727 A EP 89201727A EP 0350111 A1 EP0350111 A1 EP 0350111A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dynode
dynodes
emitting
multiplier
holes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89201727A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0350111B1 (de
Inventor
Pierre L'hermite
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Photonis SAS
Koninklijke Philips NV
Original Assignee
Radiotechnique Compelec RTC SA
Photonis SAS
Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV
Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
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Publication date
Application filed by Radiotechnique Compelec RTC SA, Photonis SAS, Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV, Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV filed Critical Radiotechnique Compelec RTC SA
Publication of EP0350111A1 publication Critical patent/EP0350111A1/de
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Publication of EP0350111B1 publication Critical patent/EP0350111B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
    • H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
    • H01J43/22—Dynodes consisting of electron-permeable material, e.g. foil, grid, tube, venetian blind

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electron multiplier dynode of the "leaf" type, that is to say essentially consisting of two half-dynodes in the form of sheets pierced with holes arranged in a network of a given pattern. It also relates to an electron multiplier and a photomultiplier tube comprising such multiplier dynodes.
  • the invention finds a particularly advantageous application in the field of photomultiplier tubes.
  • the holes of the emitting half-dynode are given a largely flared shape so that the walls of the holes, covered with a secondary emission material, constitute the useful zones of electronic multiplication.
  • the advantages that a "leaf" multiplier brings to photomultiplier tubes are numerous. They offer in fact under a reduced bulk, a large collection surface, which makes them particularly advantageous when the incident electrons are in the form of a wide beam, as is the case with proximity focusing or in association with a first large focused dynode.
  • the possibility of partitioning the multiplier makes it possible to produce, in the same tube, a certain number of secondary photomultiplier tubes, with the advantages that this provides in nuclear physics, for example, as regards the precise localization of the particles detected.
  • the electron multiplier dynodes known from the prior art have the drawback that the flared holes necessary for the multiplication of electrons are relatively expensive to produce since they require chemical attack and the use of masks.
  • the outlet opening of the holes is relatively small, which makes it more difficult to correctly position the metal sheets relative to one another within a same electron multiplier.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the object of the present invention is to produce an electron multiplier dynode, comprising a first half-dynode, called the extracting half-dynode, and a second half-dynode, called the transmitting half-dynode.
  • the half-dynodes being parallel, brought to the same electrical potential, and having the form of sheets pierced with holes arranged in a network of the same basic pattern, the second half-dynode having an electronic multiplication surface on which produces electron multiplication, a multiplying dynode which would be inexpensive to manufacture, and whose assembly would be facilitated by less severe tolerancing without harming collection efficiency.
  • the solution to the technical problem posed consists, according to the present invention, in that, said holes are holes with a straight edge, and in that the two half-dynodes are offset from each other so that each hole of one of the half-dynodes is located opposite the center of a basic pattern of the other half-dynode.
  • the holes being on a straight edge, since they are intended only for the passage of electrons, their production is much easier and less costly, and can be carried out using conventional mechanical means.
  • the surface of electronic multiplication being appreciably larger than in the case of the dynodes of the state of the art, one can envisage increasing the diameter of the holes without much affecting the power of collection of the emitting half-dynodes , which has the effect of making the assembly of dynodes in an electron multiplier less critical.
  • an electron multiplier comprising, in order, a first emitting half-dynode and a plurality of electron multiplying dynodes, according to the invention, is remarkable in that each extracting half-dynode is located in position of coincidence with the preceding transmitting half-dynode, and in that the first transmitting half-dynode and the successive multiplying dynodes are brought to increasing electric potentials.
  • the extracting half-dynodes can play their role of extraction of the secondary electrons produced by the preceding half-emitting dynodes, without creating an obstacle to the passage of these electrons towards the following half-emitting dynodes, insofar as the holes of the extracting half-dynodes coincide with the holes of the preceding emitting half-dynodes.
  • a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode, a first dynode, an electron multiplier according to the invention, coupled to the first dynode, and an anode, is remarkable in that, between said first dynode and the multiplier, is interposed a input gate, parallel to the first emitting half-dynode, and whose electrical potential is equal to the electrical potential of said first emitting half-dynode.
  • the grid input serves as a shielding electrode essential to the first emitting half-dynode so that the electrons which come from it can be extracted by the extracting half-dynode of the following dynode.
  • FIG. 1 shows, in section, an electron multiplier dynode D, consisting of two half-dynodes d, d ′ parallel and brought to the same electrical potential V.
  • These half-dynodes are in the form of metal sheets 10, 20, made for example from mild steel, and pierced with holes 11, 21 arranged in a regular repeating network of the same basic pattern 12, 22.
  • the basic patterns 12, 22 are both constituted by an equilateral triangle, but they could just as easily be constituted by a square, a rectangle, etc.
  • the holes 11, 21 are holes with a straight edge, very simple to make.
  • said holes 11, 21 can have a diameter of 0.5 mm, while the distance between two consecutive holes is of the order of 1 mm.
  • the second half-dynode d ′ called the half-emitting dynode is covered with a material 25 with secondary emission, such as antimony or beryllium oxide, the multiplication of incident electrons 30 occurring on the surface 23 of said corresponding metal sheet 20, the second dynode d ′ can also be made of a material giving rise to secondary emission such as a copper-beryllium alloy having undergone the conventional treatment: heating-migration of beryllium and oxidation.
  • the electron multiplier 50 shown in FIG. 3 comprises, in order, a first emitting half-dynode d′2 and a plurality of dynodes D3 ..., D i , D i + 1 , ..., D n electron multipliers, of the type described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. As shown in FIG. 3, each extracting half-dynode d i + 1 is located in the position of coincidence with the emitting half-dynode d ′ I previous.
  • the first emitting half-dynode dode and the d3 dynodes, ... , D i , D i + 1 , ..., D n successive multipliers are brought to electric potentials V2, V3, ..., V i , V i + 1 , ..., V n increasing.
  • the extracting half-dynode d i + 1 therefore has the function of attracting towards the half-emitting dynode of ′ i + 1 the electrons coming from the half-emitting dynode of ′ i , but it also serves to shield electrically the half-dynode emitting i + 1 of the preceding dynodes.
  • the distance between an extracting half-dynode and the emitting half-dynode of the same dynode is relatively large, for example from 0.5 to 0.8 mm.
  • the distance between a transmitting half-dynode and the following extracting half-dynode can be smaller, of the order of a few tenths of a mm, typically 0.3 mm.
  • FIG. 4 shows, in section, a photomultiplier tube 60 comprising a photocathode 61, a first large cylindrical d1 D1, a multiplier 50 conforming to that of FIG. 3, and an anode A.
  • the multiplier 50 of electrons is coupled to the first dynode Dode using the coupling means described in the French patent application, unpublished, No. 88 07 778, but, of course, other coupling means known to the skilled in the art can be used.
  • an input gate G is interposed between the first dynode D1 and the multiplier 50, an input gate G, parallel to the first half-dynode emitting d′2, and whose electrical potential is equal to the potential electric V2 of said first emitting half-dynode 2.
  • Said input gate G therefore constitutes, with the first emitting half-dynode, a second dynode D2 equivalent to higher order dynode waters D3, ..., D n .
  • the essential role of the input gate G is to ensure, with good transparency, a shielding for the first half-dynode emitting 2.
  • the electrical potential V1 of the first dynode D1 is less than the electrical potential V2 of the equivalent dynode D2.

Landscapes

  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
  • Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
EP89201727A 1988-07-05 1989-06-29 Dynode vom Blätter-Typ, Elektronenvervielfacher und Photovervielfacher, die mit solcher Dynoden versehen sind Expired - Lifetime EP0350111B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8809083A FR2634062A1 (fr) 1988-07-05 1988-07-05 Dynode du type " a feuilles ", multiplicateur d'electrons et tube photomultiplicateur comportant de telles dynodes
FR8809083 1988-07-05

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0350111A1 true EP0350111A1 (de) 1990-01-10
EP0350111B1 EP0350111B1 (de) 1995-01-18

Family

ID=9368084

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89201727A Expired - Lifetime EP0350111B1 (de) 1988-07-05 1989-06-29 Dynode vom Blätter-Typ, Elektronenvervielfacher und Photovervielfacher, die mit solcher Dynoden versehen sind

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4980604A (de)
EP (1) EP0350111B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH0254859A (de)
DE (1) DE68920644T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2634062A1 (de)
IL (1) IL90843A0 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0471563A2 (de) * 1990-08-15 1992-02-19 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photovervielfacher-Röhre mit gitterartigen Dynoden

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2644932B1 (fr) * 1989-03-24 1991-07-26 Radiotechnique Compelec Tube photomultiplicateur rapide a grande homogeneite de collection
FR2654552A1 (fr) * 1989-11-14 1991-05-17 Radiotechnique Compelec Tube photomultiplicateur segmente a haute efficacite de collection et a diaphotie limitee.
FR2693592B1 (fr) * 1992-07-08 1994-09-23 Philips Photonique Tube photomultiplicateur segmenté en N voies indépendantes disposées autour d'un axe central.
US5624706A (en) * 1993-07-15 1997-04-29 Electron R+D International, Inc. Method for fabricating electron multipliers
JP3392240B2 (ja) * 1994-11-18 2003-03-31 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 電子増倍管
FR2733629B1 (fr) * 1995-04-26 1997-07-18 Philips Photonique Multiplicateur d'electrons pour tube photomultiplicateur a plusieurs voies
JP3618013B2 (ja) * 1995-07-20 2005-02-09 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 光電子増倍管
US6314275B1 (en) 1997-08-19 2001-11-06 Telit Mobile Terminals, S.P.A. Hand-held transmitting and/or receiving apparatus
AU1891399A (en) * 1999-01-19 2000-08-07 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier
US6617768B1 (en) * 2000-04-03 2003-09-09 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Multi dynode device and hybrid detector apparatus for mass spectrometry

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3265916A (en) * 1963-12-10 1966-08-09 William H Johnston Lab Inc Focused mesh electron multiplier
EP0131339A1 (de) * 1983-07-11 1985-01-16 Hyperelec Elektronenvervielfacherelement, aus diesen Elementen aufgebaute Elektronenvervielfacheranordnung und seine Anwendung in einer Photovervielfacherröhre

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1490695A (en) * 1974-10-21 1977-11-02 Emi Ltd Radiation detecting arrangements
US4182969A (en) * 1976-03-29 1980-01-08 Rca Corporation Electron multiplier device with surface ion feedback
US4311939A (en) * 1980-03-21 1982-01-19 Rca Corporation Alkali antimonide layer on a beryllim-copper primary dynode
FR2566175B1 (fr) * 1984-05-09 1986-10-10 Anvar Dispositif multiplicateur d'electrons, a localisation par le champ electrique

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3265916A (en) * 1963-12-10 1966-08-09 William H Johnston Lab Inc Focused mesh electron multiplier
EP0131339A1 (de) * 1983-07-11 1985-01-16 Hyperelec Elektronenvervielfacherelement, aus diesen Elementen aufgebaute Elektronenvervielfacheranordnung und seine Anwendung in einer Photovervielfacherröhre

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0471563A2 (de) * 1990-08-15 1992-02-19 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photovervielfacher-Röhre mit gitterartigen Dynoden
EP0471563A3 (en) * 1990-08-15 1992-04-08 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier tube having grid type dynodes
US5254906A (en) * 1990-08-15 1993-10-19 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier tube having a grid type of dynodes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2634062A1 (fr) 1990-01-12
IL90843A0 (en) 1990-02-09
JPH0254859A (ja) 1990-02-23
DE68920644D1 (de) 1995-03-02
EP0350111B1 (de) 1995-01-18
DE68920644T2 (de) 1995-08-24
US4980604A (en) 1990-12-25

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